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NAACP acronym for 'The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People' which was founded in 1909 under the leadership of W.E.B DuBois as an institution dedicated to fighting discrimination against African-Americans. Originally, the organization planned protests and participated in court cases to draw attention and opposition to racism. The also lobbied to pass laws against racism Nabal see nahbal Na bas singing (Croatia) the newer style of diatonic two-part singing from Croatia. What distinguishes the older style from the more modern, na bas singing, are the endings. They in on the unison in the older tradition, but on a perfect fifth in the newer tradition, na bas style Nabatny bell in Russia, the public tocsin or alarm bell Nacaire (French m.) a brass kettle-drum with a loud, metalic sound, once much used in France and Italy (French m.) nakers Nácar (Spanish m.) mother-of-pearl, nacreous, pearly Nacara (German f.) nakers nacarado (m.), nacarada (f.) (Spanish) mother-of-pearl, nacre nacarino (m.), nacarina (f.) (Spanish) mother-of-pearl, nacre Naccara (Italian f. s.) a castanet, a kind of Turkish drum Naccare (Italian f. pl.) also nacchere or gnaccare, castanets Nacchera (s.), Nacchere (pl.) (Italian f.) see naccara, naccare Naccheretta (Italian f.) a small kettle-drum Naccherino (Italian m.) a kettle-drummer Naccherone (Italian m.) nakers, a large pair of kettle-drums Nacelle (English from French f., literally 'little boat') the protective covering over a generator or motor, a separate streamlined enclosure on an aircraft for sheltering the crew or cargo or housing an engine, basket or car suspended from a hot-air balloon, the bowl-like framework enclosing the front or rear lamps of a motor-car nacer (Spanish) to be born, to hatch, to hatch out, to sprout, to come up (a plant), to begin to grow, to spring, to spring up, to originate, to start, to arise nach (German) after, to (in the sense of 'going from one thing to another') (German) according to nachahmen (German) to imitate, to copy, to counterfeit, to emulate, to mime, to mimic, to simulate, to taker the edge off something nachahmend (German) imitative nachahmenswert (German) worth imitating Nachahmer (German m.) an imitator, an echo Nachahmung (German f.) an imitation, a copy, an imitation, a shadow, a sham, a simulacrum, a take-off als Nachahmung von (German: in imitation of) die genaue Nachahmung von (German: the echo) nach Art der/des/von (German) in the manner of, alla maniera di (Italian), a la maniera (Italian), à la manière (French) nach Art der Zigeuner (German) alla zingarese (Italian) alla zingara (Italian), in a gypsy style, in the style of gypsy music, à la tzigane (French) nach außen (German) outwards Nachbarton (s.), Nachbartöne (pl.) (German m.) neighbouring note, neighbouring tone nach Belieben (German) or frei in Vortrag (German), free in style or delivery, as you like, at (the performer's) pleasure), ad libitum (Latin), a piacere (Italian), a bene placito (Italian), à volonté (French) nach dem Spiegel geschnitten (German) débité sur maille (French), taglio radiale (Italian), quarter-cut, wood cut in a radial direction to form a wedge, rather like cutting a slice of cake nach diesem Buch (German) according to this book Nachdruck (s.), Nachdrucke (pl.) (German m.) emphasis, accent, expressiveness, energy (German m.) reprint, reproduction nachdrücklich (German) emphatic, energetic, forcible, strongly marked, accented, expressive nachdrücksam (German) emphatic, energetic, forcible, strongly marked, accented, expressive nach Feierabend (German) after work Nachfolge (German) imitation nachgeben (German) give way, relax, rallentando nachgebend (German) cedendo (Italian), getting slower, yielding, en cédant (French) nach Gefallen (German) ad libitum nachgehend (German) following nachglassen (German) posthumous nachgiebiger (German) still slower Nachhall (s.), Nachhalle (pl.) (German m.) an echo, a reverberation, a response nachhallen (German) to echo, to reverberate nach jedem Schlag abdämpfen (German) dampen after each beat Nachklang (German m.) a resonance, an echo, a reverberation nachklingen (German) to ring, to resound, to echo Nachlass (s.), Nachlass (pl.), Nachlässe (pl.) (German m.) discount, estate, legacy (also figurative), rebate, reduction, property (inheritance), abatement, bequest, deduction, allowance, residue (of an estate), assets, diminution, drawback, sales discount (German m.) or Nachlaß, used in academia to describe the collection of manuscripts, notes, correspondence, and so on left behind when a scholar dies. The word is not commonly used in English, and when it is, it is often italicized or printed in capitalized form to indicate its foreign provenance nachlassen (German) slackening speed (usually while reducing the volume) nachlassend (German) slackening speed (usually while reducing the volume), releasing, rilasciando nachlässig (German) carelessly, negligently Nachmittagsvorstellung (German f.) afternoon performance, matinee nach oben abrunden (German) to round (a number) up Nachricht (German f.) communication, report, notice Nachrichtentrommel (German f.) talking drum Nachsatz (s.), Nachsätze (pl.) (German m.) fugal answer, comes, response, antithesis, consequent (i.e. what follows) (German m.) postscript (German m.) transcript nachschallen (German) to ring, to resound, to echo Nachschlag (s.), Nachschläge (pl.) (German m., literally 'after-beat') the two notes that sometimes terminate a trill, and which, when taken in combination with the last two notes of the shake, may form a turn (German m., literally 'after-beat') in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, a supplementary note that, placed after a main note, 'steals' time from it, similar to the 'springer' nach sich ziehen (German) entail (figurative) Nachsilbe (German f.) suffix nachsingen (German) to repeat a song, to sing after Nachspiel (German n.) postlude, or concluding piece (German n.) sequel (figuratively) nachstehend (German) following, below nächstemal, das (German) next time, the nächsteverwandte Töne (German m. pl.) the nearest relative keys nachstimmen (German) to retune Nachtanz (German m., literally 'after dance') the second of two contrasting dances, the first rather slow and the second normally a quick dance in triple time, for which reason it is also called Proportz (a reference to the particular relationship between the meters of the two dances) or Tripla (because it is in triple meter) Nachtglocke (German) night bell, curfew Nachthorn (German n,) a covered stop in the organ, usually at 2 ft., 4 ft. or 8 ft. pitch, with a horn-like tone Nachtigall (German f.) nightingale nach Tisch (German) after the meal Nachtlokal (German n.) a night-club Nachtmusik (German f., literally 'night music') a serenade, as, for example, Mozart's Eine Kleine Nachtmusik Nachtrag (German m.) appendix, postscript, supplement nachträglich (German) subsequent, later Nachtschall (German m.) Nachthorn Nachtschläger (German m.) nightingale Nachtstück (s.), Nachtstücke (pl.) (German n., literally 'night-piece') nocturne (German n.) a work that evokes the sounds and atmosphere of night nach türkischer Art (German) alla turca (Italian), à la turque (French), im Stil der Janitscharen-Musik (German), in the Turkish style Nachtwächter, Der or Hajnal, a melody found in many sources from central and eastern Europe and often quoted by eighteenth-century composers, often appearing in Christmas pastorellas. Haydn quotes it in Symphony No. 60; Divertimento a nove (Hoboken II/17); Sextet for Horns and Strings in Eb (original versions of H.II/21); the canonic setting of Hagedorn's Wunsch (H.XVIIb/13), Baryton Trio No. 35 (H.XI/35), Piano Sonata in C# minor (H.XVI/36), and Baryton Duo No. 19 (H.XII/19). Haydn's characteristic use of folk material is well demonstrated in these works nach und nach (German) bit by bit, little by little, gradually, by degrees, poco a poco, peu à peu nach und nach immer rascher, schneller (German) by degrees, continually increasing the speed nach und nach schneller (German) gradually quicker, getting quicker by degrees nach ungarischer Art (German) all'ungarese (Italian), all'ongherese (Italian), in the Hungarian style, which usually means 'in the Gypsy style', à la hongroise (French) nach unten (German) down (downwards), downstairs (the floor below) nach unten abrunden (German) to round (a number) down Nachweise (German f.) proof, record nach wie vor (German) 'as before', 'as previously' Nachwort (German n.) concluding remarks, epilogue, afterword, postscript nach Wunsch (German) at pleasure, a piacimento (Italian), a piacere Italian), a bene placito (Italian), ad libitum (Latin) nacido (m.), nacida (f.) (Spanish) born Naciente (Spanish m.) East naciente (Spanish) new, recent, growing, rising (sun) Nacimiento (Spanish m.) birth, origin (figurative), beginning (figurative), source (of a river), Nativity scene, crib, crèche Nación (Spanish f.) nation, country, state, people Nacional (Spanish m./f.) national (person of a particular country) nacional (Spanish) national, domestic Nacionalidad (Spanish f.) nationality Nacionalismo (Spanish m.) nationalism Nacionalista (Spanish m./f.) nationalist nacionalista (Spanish) nationalistic Nacionalización (Spanish f.) naturalisation, nationalisation nacionalizar (Spanish) to nationalise, to naturalize nacionalizarse (Spanish) to become nationalised, to become naturalised nacionalizarse español (Spanish) to take up Spanish nationality nació para músico (Spanish) he was born to be a musican Nacktkultur (German f.) nudism, the expression of the belief that absence of clothing leads to emancipation of the spirit. In German the movement became part of the Freikörperkultur (German: Free Body Culture), a movement that endorsed a naturistic approach to sports and community living Nada the Javanese concept of 'note', see laras in the Indian classical music tradition, 'sound', 'cosmic energy' (Spanish f.) nothingness nada (Spanish) nothing, anything Nadador (m.), Nadadora (f.) (Spanish) swimmer Nadales (Spain) the name given to Christmas songs in Catalonia and Galicia nadar (Spanish) to swim nadar entre dos aguas (Spanish) to sit on the fence Nadaswaram a South Indian version of the shehnai, it is also called nagaswaram. It is substantially larger than the shehnai and has a simple double reed rather than the more complex quadruple reed. It is considered an auspicious instrument and is found at temples and at weddings. It is normally accompanied by a surpeti, ottu and a tavil. There is a smaller version of the nadaswaram which is played in folk music and is known as the mukhavina Nagaswaram Nagaswaram Nadel (German f.) needle (on a gramophone player) Nadelspitze (German f.) needlepoint nadie acudió en su ayuda (Spanish) nobody went to his aid nadie trabaja por amor al arte (Spanish) nobody works out of the goodness of his heart Nádihegedü (Hungarian, literally 'reed violin') an instrument formed of a length of hollow dried reed over which are stretched two strings, attached to small wooden pegs, that are bowed with a primitive arched bow Nadimba an African name for the marímbula Nadir (Arabic) the point in the celestial sphere opposite the zenith, and thereofre directly below the observer in general usage, the lowest point, the time of greatest degradation Nadruk (Dutch) stress Naenia (Latin) dirge Naevus (s.), Naevi (pl.) a birthmark, a mole (small permanent dark spot on the skin) Nafa (Tonga) huge drums made from discarded 200 litre, iron, fuel drums, covered with a leather skin Nafiri an Indian trumpet Nagado-daiko long-bodied Japanese drum Nagahk (Korean) or nagak, a low toned, whistle-like instrument, introduced to Korea from the Ming dynasty, made of shells Nagak Nagak (Korean) nagahk Nagaswaram see nadaswaram Nagauta (Japanese, also called 'long song') Japanese classical music form derived from kabuki Nagel (German m.) fingernail Nagelgeige (German f.) violino di ferro (Italian), nail-fiddle, violon de fer (French) Nagellack (German m.) nail varnish Nagellackentferner (German m.) nail varnish remover (a solvent) Nagelzange (German f.) nail clippers Naghmeh see naymeh Nagkula a simple Indian bamboo-stick zither Nagla a dance performed by the Kasena Nankeni people of Paga and Navrongo in the Upper East Region of Ghana. In the olden days, it was performed at funerals but today, even though it still maintains this function, it can also be seen on most social occasions excluding marriage ceremonies. Movements in nagla reflect the spirit of togetherness Popular African Traditional Dances from which this information has been taken Nagphani a serpentine horn from Tibet Serpentine Horn from Tibet Nag's Head Swell developed by Kirkman, a form of lid swell, it consisted of two frames with, if you will, fixed shutters (flush to the face of the frame). These frames were, in turn, placed on the front of a three-sided box. One frame was positioned vertically in front of the other, and was arranged so that it could be raised or lowered, thus altering the co-incidence of the horizontal openings, creating more, or less egress for the tone to emerge. I believe that there was a counter-balancing device, to assist in moving the weight of the frame [part quoted from a contribution to Mander Organs Forum] nah am Steg (German) near the bridge (for example, the direction for playing flageolet tones on a guitar) Nahbal (Korean) a one-note Korean brass instrument Nabal nahe (German) near, close to nahe am Griffbrett (German) near or on the fingerboard, sul tasto (Italian), sulla tastiera (Italian), flautando (Italian), sur la touche (French) nahe am Korpus anzupfen (German) near the soundboard nahe daran (German) on the point nähere Angabe (German) particulars näher kommend (German) coming nearer nahverwandte Tonart (s.), nahverwandte Tonarten (pl.) (German f.) closely related key [entry provided by Michael Zapf] Nai Romanian panpipes with about 20 pipes, each of different length and diameter, set in a row Nai see ney naïf (m.), naïve (f.) (French) unaffected, simple, artless, sincere, without artifice, natural, artless, ingenuous in English, the feminine form is used as the general form, written 'naive' Nailhead decorative carved design of a line of pyramids Nailon (Spanish m.) nylon Nail pizzicato on a stringed instrument, plucking the strings with the fingernail Nail violin violino di ferro (Italian), Nagelgeige (German), violon de fer (French) a wooden board into which nails are driven, set in a semicircle, which the German violinist Johann Wilde is credited with inventing in 1740, and which was played with a violin bow Nail Violin naiv (German) simple, simple, unaffected, artless, naïve naïve see naïf Naïve art a classification of art that is often characterized by a childlike simplicity in its subject matter and technique. While many naïve artists appear, from their works, to have little or no formal art training, this is often not true Naïve art from which this extract has been taken naïvement (French) plainly, artlessly, simply, naively Naïveté (French) ingenuousness, absence of affectation, artlessness, simplicity of a person who does not use disguises "It is also used for that natural simplicity with which something is expressed or represented according to truth and verisimilitude. It also means a simplicity that is niais." - Dictionnaire de l'Académie Françoise, 1694 Ranums' Panat Times from which this quotation has been taken Nairile haolaibao (Inner Mongolia) one of the forms of Mongolian quyi known as haolaibao, specifically one in which the singer is accompanied by more than one musical instrument Nakajiru (Okinawan, literally 'middle-string') the middle of the three strings of the sanshin Naked also called 'bare', a two note chord (a dyad) is said to be 'naked' which requires an additional note to make the combination more pleasing to the ear Naked fifth two notes of a triad, the root and the fifth, with the third missing Nakers from the Arabic naqqarat, small Medieval kettledrums used mainly for marital music, but also for processionals, dance music and ensemble music Nakhchivan music Nakhchivan - a region of Azerbaijan with its own distinctive folk music tradition Nallari see taepyongso Namaskar the Indian salute with folded hands Namaz (1469-1538 or 1539 AD) founder of Sikhism Name batten the narrow strip of wood at the bottom edge of the nameboard on a keyboard instrument which must be taken off to permit the keyboard(s) to be removed. The maker of the instrument often inscribes his name on this piece Nameboard the fixed part of the case of a harpsichord or bentside spinet which is located transversely above the keys. To be distinguished from the 'name batten' which is screwed or pegged to it Namenszug (German m.) signature, monogram Naming notes see 'pitch names' Naming octaves see 'octaves' nämlich (German) the same, namely Nam-shub an incantation, chant, poem, or speech thought to have magical power in Sumerian texts Nana (Spanish f.) lullaby Nanako shakuhachi (Japan) an instrument with two finger holes more than the traditional five-hole shakuhachi, the extra holes been added in an attempt to improve the instrument's capacity to produce a chromatic scale. It was used by the Kinko school, but fell into disuse after World War II Nanako shakuhachi from which this information has been taken Nanaru a ting ting a vertical slit drum of the South Pacific Slit Drum from Ambrym Island in the South Pacific Nanda (Brazil) a goblet-shape drum found in Amazonia Nanga (Uganda) a seven-string harp, cousin to the ancient Egyptian harp Nangara an Indian two-piece drum played with sticks Nanhu see erhu Nänie (German) naenia Nankasa Ugandan drum Nanne (Corsica) lullabies that mothers sing to their children Nanourismata (Greek) lullabies Nao see bo Naobo see bo Ñaøn baàu an instrument consisting of a trapezoidal wooden resonator, on which is stretched a brass string. Fastened at one end to a peg and at the other to a flexible bamboo plate, the string passes again and again through a gourd shaped wooden amplifier. The thin bamboo plate is used to modulate of pitch Naphil (s.), Nephilim (pl.) (probably derived from Hebrew napal, 'to fall') in ancient Hebrew tradition, a race of giants Naphtaline (French f.) mothballs Napolitana (s.), Napolitane (pl.) (Italian) in French Napolitaine, an early light madrigal of Neapolitan origin (whose greatest master was Giovanni de Nola who died in Naples in 1570), revived in modern times as a type of popular song in which the verse is in the minor and the chorus is in the major Napolitain (m.), Napolitaine (f.) (French) Neapolitan napolitain (m.), napolitaine (f.) (French) Neapolitan Napolitaine (French f.) napolitana Nappage (French m.) in cooking, coating näppäillen (Finnish) pizzicato Nappe (French f.) table-cloth, the sheet of water falling over a weir, layer (of water, petrol, etc.) Nappe d'autel (French f.) altar cloth Nappe de brouillard (French f.) blanket or layer of fog Nappe de feu (French f.) sheet of flame Nappe-phréatique (French f.) ground water napper (French) in cookery, to coat or mask with sauce Napperon (French m.) (cloth) table mat, doily, mat (for a vase, light, etc.) Napperon individuel (French m.) place mat Naqqara or naqqare, North African kettledrums, tuned a third or fourth apart, played in pairs with two thin, stick-like beaters, one in each hand Naqqara from which this information has been taken Pair of kettledrums (naqqara), Saudi Arabia (possibly), 19th century Naqqare see naqqara Naqqarat see naqqara naquit (French) was born Naqus small Egyptian cymbals nar(s) abbreviation of 'narrator(s)' Narcisse (French) Narcissus (French m.) narcissus (bulb, flower) (French m.) narcissistic individual Narcissique (French m.) narcissist narcissique (French) narcissistic Narcissism self-love, an exceptional interest in and admiration for yourself Narcissisme (French m/f.) narcissism Narcissus in Greek mythology, a young man who pined away in love for his own image in a pool of water and was transformed into the flower that bears his name nadar en la abundancia (Spanish) to be rolling in money Narghile (Persian, literally 'coconut') an Oriental pipe in which the smoke bubbles through scented water before being inhalded through a long flexible tube (so called because the tobacco-bowl was originally made from a coconut) narguer (French) to mock Narimono Japanese term for small, handheld percussion instruments, as, for example, those used to accompany kabuki theatre Narine (French f.) nostril Nariz (Spanish f.) nose, nostril Narodna muzika (Serbian) indigenous folk music narquois (m.), narquoise (f.) (French) derisive, bantering, mocking, sneering Narración (Spanish f.) narration, narrative, account Narrador (m.), Narradora (f.) (Spanish) narrator narrante (Italian, Spanish) narrating, in a declamatory manner narrar (Spanish) to narrate, to tell narrare (Italian) to narrate, to tell Narrate give a continuous story or account of, provide a spoken accompaniment for (a film, etc.) Narrateur (m.), Narratrice (French) narrator Narration (French f.) narrative, narration, composition (a piece of writing) narration is the act of telling a sequence of events, often in chronological order. Alternatively, the term refers to any story, whether in prose or verse, involving events, characters, and what the characters say and do Narrativa (Spanish f., Italian f.) narrative, fiction Narrative na story that is created in a constructive format (as a work of writing, speech, poetry, prose, pictures, song, motion pictures, video games, theatre or dance) that describes a sequence of fictional or non-fictional events Narrative from which this extract has been taken Narrative ballet a ballet in one act that has a plot, or story Narrative ballet Narrative mode (also known as the mode of narration) the set of methods the author of a literary, theatrical, cinematic, or musical story uses to convey the plot to the audience. The collection of all narrative modes in order to construct a complete narrative is also called the narration (the process of creating the narrative); the terms are sometimes differentiated. It encompasses several overlapping areas of concern, most importantly narrative point-of-view, which determines the person whose perspective the story is viewed through, narrative voice, which determines how the story is expressed to the audience, and narrative tense, which determines whether the story occurs in the past, present, or future Narrative mode from which this extract has been taken narrativo (m.), narrativa (f.) (Spanish, Italian) narrative Narratology examines what all narratives, and only narratives, have in common as well as what enables them to differ from one another qua narratives. It aims to describe the narrative-specific system of rules presiding over narrative production and processing. The term 'narratology' is a translation of the French term narratologie - introduced by Tzvetan Todorov in Grammaire du Décaméron (1969) - and the theory historically falls into the tradition of Russian Formalism and French Structuralism. Narratology exemplifies the structuralist tendency to consider texts (in the broad sense of signifying matter) as rule-governed ways in which human beings (re)fashion their universe. It also exemplifies the structuralist ambition to isolate the necessary and optional components of textual types and to characterize the modes of their articulation. As such, it constitutes a subset of 'Semiotics', the study of the factors operative in signifying systems and practices. One important starting point in the development of narratology was the observation that narratives are found, and stories told, in a variety of media: oral and written language (in prose or in verse), of course, but also sign languages, still or moving pictures (as in narrative paintings, stained-glass windows, or films), gestures, (programmatic) music, or a combination of vehicles (as in comic strips). Furthermore, a folktale can be transposed into a ballet, a comic strip turned into a pantomime, a novel brought to the screen, and vice versa. This arguably means that narrative, or more specifically, the narrative component of a narrative text, can and should be studied without reference to the medium in which it occurs Narratology from which this extract has been taken Narrator the 'voice' that speaks or tells a story, a story teller (for example, in a dramatic work), someone who provides a spoken accompaniment (to a film, etc.) in Passion music, the Evangelist, by convention a tenor, narrates the story to recitative Narrator Narratore (m.), Narratrice (f.) (Italian) narrator Narrator, unreliable sometimes used for purposes of irony or humour, an unreliable narrator is a storyteller who "misses the point" of the events or things he describes in a story, who plainly misinterprets the motives or actions of characters, or who fails to see the connections between events in the story Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken Narrazione (Italian f.) narration, story Narrazione con le immagini (Italian f.) photojournalism (narration through images) narrer (French) to narrate Narrowcast network or programming aimed at a specialised audience Narrow-minded rigid or restricted in one's views, intolerant Narrow-mindedness the state of being narrow-minded Narrow transcription in linguistics, phonetic transcription that shows minute details, i.e., highly accurate transcription. The opposite term, broad transcription, implies quickly made or comparative transcriptions designed primarily to illustrate general pronunciation Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken Narsiga (Nepal) or narsiha, a snake shaped metal trumpet, an instrument of the pance baja instrumental ensemble Narsiga from which this extract has been taken Narsiha see narsiga Narthex (Greek) the rear portion of the nave of an early Christian church, partitioned off for use of women and catechumens (Christian converts under instruction before baptism) Narwhal (English from Dutch which is itself from Danish) Arctic white whale, the male of which has a long tusk nasaal (Dutch) nasal Nasal in linguistics, any sound that involves movement of air through the nose (English, German, French, Spanish) or 'nasality', one of the most important yet misunderstood aspects of singing technique, is the routing of air from vocal folds directly through the nostrils (nose) so as to impart a buzzy intense character to the voice. In general speech, the letters m, n and ng are sounded through the nose (you can demonstrate this by trying to sound the letters while pinching the nose so that air cannot pass through it) Sing like a duck? from which this information has been taken nasale (Italian) nasal Nasalización (Spanish f.) nasalisation nasalizar (Spanish) to nasalise nasallant (German) nasal sound, or tone Nasallaut (German m.) nasal sound (in phonetics) Nasard   (French) an organ stop found at a variety of pitches including 1 1/3 ft., 2 2/3 ft., 5 1/3 ft. and the pedal stop Grossnasat, 10 2/3 ft.   Nasard Nasarde nasard Nasat nasard Nasb (Arabic) secular songs nascere (Italian) to be born, to sprout (to germinate), to rise nascere da (Italian) to arise from (figurative) Nascita (Italian f.) birth nascondersi (Italian) to hide Nascondiglio (Italian m.) hiding-place Nascondino (Italian m.) hide-and-seek nascosto (Italian) hidden Nase (German f.) nose Nasello (Italian m.) hake (fish) Nasenflöte (German f.) nose flute Nasetto (Italian m.) point (or tip) of a bow Nasheeds many Muslims have adopted the idiom of a cappella music, songs known as nasheeds, since mainstream traditional Islam prohibits the use of instruments except for some basic percussion Nashville notation a method of writing, or sketching out, musical ideas, using numbers in place of chord names Nashville notation Nashville number system similar to the method invented by J. J. Rouseau and developed by Galin, Paris and Chevé for numbering the different notes in a scale, the Nashville number system is widely used for notating chords Nashville Number System Explained Nashville Numbers by Ron Buck Nashville sound a style of music created in the late 1950s that includes piano, strings, and background vocals along with the more traditional sounds of banjo and solo fiddle. The two record producers thought to be responsible for 'the sound' are Chet Atkins and Owen Bradley Nashville sound Nasis Central American vessel rattle Vessel Rattle (nasis), Cuna culture, San Blas Island, Panama, 1st half of 20th century naslag-akkorden-spel (Dutch) after-beat Naso (Italian m.) point (or tip) of a bow (Italian m.) nose Nason or 'nason flute', in older organs, a very quiet, sweet-toned flute stop of 4 ft. scale, which makes a pleasing addition when combined with the diapasons Nassart nasard Nassat nasard Nastro (Italian m.) ribbon, tape Nastro magnetico (Italian m.) magnetic tape Nastro trasportatore (Italian m.) conveyor belt Nasturzio (Italian m.) nasturtium nat. abbreviation of naturale (Italian: natural - a mark instructing the player to discontinue a special effect, such as col legno, sul tasto, sul ponticello or playing in harmonics) Natale (Italian m.) Christmas natale (Italian) birth Natalità (Italian f.) (number of) births natalizio (Italian) Christmas, of one's birth Natante (Italian m.) craft (boat) natante (Italian) floating Nataraja (literally, 'The King of Dance') the dancing posture of Lord Shiva, the aspect of God as the Destroyer in Hinduism. To understand the concept of Nataraja we have to understand the idea of dance itself. Like yoga, dance induces trance, ecstasy and the experience of the divine. In India, consequently, dance has flourished side by side with the austerities of meditation (as fasting, absolute introversion etc.). Shiva, therefore, the arch-yogi of the gods, is necessarily also the master of the dance. Dancing is an art in which artist and the art he creates are one the same, evoking the oneness of God and Creation, This dance is also called the 'Dance of Bliss' (anandatandava) Nataraja from which this extract has been taken Natica (Italian f.) buttock natio (Italian) native National anthem a song, usually an anthem, fanfare, march, or hymn, that is used as a national symbol, one of the oldest being the British, God Save the Queen or God Save the King depending on circumstances inno nazionale (Italian m.), Nationalhymne (German f.), hymne national (French m.), himno nacional (Spanish m.) see 'Royal anthem' List of National Anthems National Anthems National Anthems including mp3s Nationalhymne (German f.) national anthem, inno nazionale (Italian m.), hymne national (French m.), himno nacional (Spanish m.) Nationalism in music, a pride in those musical elements that can be identified with a particular country, nation or ethic group, and which were then incorporated into new works written during the nineteenth century Nationalist music identified with a particular nation, in particular that inspired by folk music, a term applied to certain nineteenth-century composers Nationalism, Folk Song & Primitivism National music see 'nationalist' Native American hip hop Native American hip hop Native American music Native American music Native American music Native language see 'first language' Natividad (Spanish f.) nativity Natividad de Nuestro Señor Jesucristo (Spanish f.) nativity of Jesus, celebrated annually in the Roman Catholic Church on the evening of 24th and the 25th December Nativity the birth of Christ nato (Italian, Spanish) born nato con la camicia (Italian) born lucky, born with a silver spoon in one's mouth Natura, artis magistra (Latin) nature, the mistress of art Natural a note that is neither sharpened nor flattened, or the sign that is used to contradict a sharp or flat in a key signature or that was used as an accidental earlier in the bar a white key on a piano keyboard Natural or 'natural sign' bequadro (Italian), Auflösungszeichen (German), Quadrat (German), bécarre (French), béquarre (French), the sign placed before a note that is neither sharpened or flattened Natural sign Natural accent see 'regular accent' naturale (Italian) natural, that is neither flattened (flatted) nor sharpened (sharped) (Italian) in a natural (or normal) manner, for example, without using the mute (for example as a marking cancelling a special effect) (Italian) natural, easy, free (Italian) a mark instructing the player to discontinue a special effect, such as col legno, sul tasto, sul ponticello or playing in harmonics) Natural flat see 'double accidental' Natural frequency also call the 'normal mode', the frequency of vibration or oscillation which a system (anything from a road bridge to an violin string) will inherently adopt according to its structure given a suitable excitation, such as a gale force wind or a bow Studio Musician's Jargonbuster from which this extract has been taken Natural gender the assignment of nouns to grammatical categories based on the gender or lack of gender in the signified object or creature. This term contrasts with grammatical gender, in which the designations are more or less arbitrary and do not correspond closely with any gender in the signified object or creature Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken Natural harmonics a vibrating string stopped at both ends, produces a fundamental note, determined by its unit mass, tension and length, as well as an infinite series of steadily frequencies, each an integral multiple of the fundamental. Thus, for a string with a fundamental frequency of 100Hz, the harmonic series will be notes with frequencies given by 100*n where n is an integer, i.e. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, etc. Vibrating columns of air also have associated harmonic series Harmonics on a stringed instrument, an effect produced when whilst bowing, the player lightly touches the string at a nodal point with a finger of the left hand. This produces a light, "fluted" sound. When a harmonic is required the composer will write a small circle above the note there is a lack of consistency in the use of the terms 'natural harmonics' and 'artifical harmonics'. Many writers distinguish between the harmonics present in any note, the contribution of which gives a note its particular character (which they call 'natural' because to some degree they are a feature of any note and are therefore part of the 'nature of the note'), and those which have to be produced by the intervention of the performer (for example, by the careful placing of a finger on a vibrating string, in order to stiffle particular harmonics including the fundamental, while allowing the presence of others, thereby causing a change in the pitch of the resultant note), which they term 'artificial' because the string is no longer vibrating in its natural modes. Other writers make no distinction and use both terms synonymously. natural harmonics are only obtainable at certain positions along each string: 1/2 of the way along an octave above the pitch of the open string 1/3 of the way along octave + 5th above the pitch of the open string 1/4 of the way along two octaves above the pitch of the open string 1/5 of the way along two octaves + a major 3rd above the pitch of the open string there are more natural harmonics, but these are relatively unreliable Natural harmonic series the sequence of natural harmonics Natural harmony the harmony of the triad or common chord Natural hexachord see 'hexachord' Natural horn a valveless horn Natural Horn in F by Johann Carl Kodisch, Imperial City of Nürnberg, 1684 Natural interval any interval between two notes of a diatonic major scale, unaltered by an accidental naturalis, naturale (Latin) natural Naturalism in art, naturalism refers to the depiction of realistic objects in a natural setting. The Realism movement of the nineteenth century advocated naturalism in reaction to the stylized and idealized depictions of subjects in Romanticism, but many painters have adopted a similar approach over the centuries. One example of Naturalism is the artwork of American artist William Bliss Baker, whose landscape paintings are considered some of the best examples of the naturalist movement. An important part of the naturalist movement was its Darwinian perspective of life and its view of the futility of man up against the forces of nature Naturalism from which this extract has been taken Literary Terms and Definitions Natural key a key whose signature contains neither sharps nor flats, C major or A minor naturalmente (Italian) naturally, easily, simply, in an unaffected style Natural minor scale scala minore naturale (Italian), forme du mode mineur ancien (French), reines Moll (German) a mode consisting of the rising interval sequence T-S-T-T-S-T-T, (T=tone or whole-step, S=semitone or half-step) Natural Minor Scale Natural modulation a transition from one key to one of its relative keys Natural note any note produced on a wind instrument with a cupped mouthpiece without using keys, values or the slide Natural pitch the pitch of any wind instrument when it is not overblown Natural scale a scale written without flats or sharps, i.e. a term applied particularly to the C major and A natural minor scales Natural sharp see 'double accidental' Natural sign see 'natural' Natural tone see 'natural note' Natural trumpet tromba naturale (Italian f.), Naturtrompete (German f.), trompette naturelle (French f.), trompeta naturale (Spanish f.) see 'baroque trumpet' Natural turn Natural turn Nartura non facit saltum (Latin, literally 'nature does not make a jump') nature works by gradual progression Nature (French f.) nature nature (French) plain, unadulterated Naturel (French m.) nature, naturalness naturel (m.), naturelle (f.) (French) natural (French) native character, temperament, or disposition naturelement (French) naturally Nature morte (French f.) still life, a representation of cut flowers, etc. Naturhorn (German n.) the natural horn, the horn without valves Naturklangspeicher (German m.) sound sampler natürlich (German) in a natural (or normal) manner, for example, without using the mute (for example as a marking cancelling a special effect) natürliche Intervalle (German n.) natural intervals, those proper to the key, i.e. not altered by additional sharps or flats. More especially, those belonging to the C major scale without any sharps or flats at all natürliche Position (German f.) bell down (when holding the French horn) natürliches Flageolettton (German m.) natural harmonic natürliches Moll (German n.) natural minor natürliche Molltonleiter (German f.) natural minor scale Natürlich-Moll-Tonleiter (German f.) natural minor scale Naturtheater (German n.) outdoor theatre Naturton (s.), Naturtöne (pl.) (German m.) natural or open note, one member of the natural harmonic series which on a horn, for example, can be produced without stopping or any mechanical means Naturtonreihe (German f.) natural harmonic series Naturtrompete (German f.) natural trumpet (trumpet without valves), tromba naturale (Italian f.), trompette naturelle (French f.), trompeta naturale (Spanish f.) natus (Latin) born natuurlijke mineur Toonaard (Dutch) natural minor scale Naufrage (French m.) shipwreck Naufragé (m.), Naufragée (f.) (French) shipwrecked person naufragé (m.), naufragée (f.) (French) shipwrecked Nauh (Arabic) sung elegies nauséabond (m.), nauséabonde (f.) (French) nauseating Nausée (French f.) nausea nautique (French) nautical, aquatic (sports) Navaho violin or 'Apache fiddle', a chordophone of North America which consists of a wooden tube with a single horsehair string that is strung over a bridge and tuned with a peg. The instrument is played with a horsehair bow. It is apparently a cross between the European fiddle and the Native Indian musical bow Navarin brown stew of lamb or mutton Navarraise a Spanish dance originating from Navarre Nave the western arm of a church, and more specifically the central axial section of that arm, used by the congregation and for sermons Navet (French m.) turnip, dud (film, etc.) Navette (French) shuttle (service) Navidad (Spanish f.) Christmas Navidás (Spanish f. pl.) Christmas songs Navideño (Spanish) Christmas Navigateur (French m.) seafairer, navigator (aeroplane) naviguer (French) to sail, to navigate Navire (French m.) ship n'avoir de cesse que (French) have no rest until n'avoir plus pied (French) to be out of one's depth navré (French) sorry navrer (French) to upset Naw see hulusheng Nawb nawbah Nawbah (s.), Nawbat (pl.) (Arabic, literally, 'turn') Zaryab (who died c. 850), a freed slave who moved from Baghdad to Cordoba where he became a highly respected singer, 'ud player, and music teacher, is credited with compiling a repertoire of twenty-four nawbat, each of which was a composite of vocal and instrumental pieces in a certain melodic mode. The nawbat were reportedly associated with the different hours of the day. According to Dr. Subhi Anwar Rasheed in his reference book Mujaz Tarikh Al Musiqa Wa Al Ghinae Al-'Arabi, published in Baghdad in 2000, the term nawba in its literary meaning was first used during the Abbasid Era (750-1258 AD), more exactly, under the reign of the third Caliph Al-Mahdi Ibn Abi Ja'afar Al-Mansur (Caliph from 775 to 785). The term was used to designate whose turn it was to entertain the Caliph. It was, hence, the poet's nawba, the dancer's nawba, the singer's nawba, etc., meaning the poet's turn, the dancer's turn, the singer's turn, etc. Under Harun Ar-Rasheed (Caliph from 786 to 809), the meaning of the term widened and started to be assigned to the actual program performed by an artist. It wasn't a turn anymore, but rather the structure of the repertoire performed. The structure of the nawba evolved over time and varied from one place to another The Moroccan Nawba: Definition and Structure from which some of this material has been taken Nay see ney Naymeh Iranian fishermen's songs from Bushehr Nazad nasard Nazard nasard n.b. abbreviation of nota bene (Latin: note well - observe carefully) NBC abbreviation of 'National Broadcasting Company' N.C. chords may be notated using chord symbols, for example, C, F#m, Badd9, etc. The symbols are written above the top staff of the written music usually where the chords change. Sometimes, when reading chord symbols, there may be a bar (or several of them) that has no chord symbol. In this case, the performer continues playing the same chord as indicated in the previous bar (or measure). N.C., meaning 'no chord', is used where no specific chord is to be used at that point in the music, although when the melodic material has a strong harmonic element the marking N.C. is probably inappropriate [entry prompted by Tammy Ford] Nconfi a 5-stringed lyre of Congolese origin n.d. abbreviation of 'no date of publication' Ndende (Senegal) a low-pitched Wolof drum N'der (Senegal) a high-pitched solo Wolof long drum, with open bottom, used in a sabar drum set Ndere African end-blown flute End-blown flute (ndere), unknown people, probably from Uganda, 19th century Ndingidi Ugandan one stringed fiddle Ndomu (Central Africa) Pygmy bow harp NDLR abbreviation of note de la rédaction (French: editor's note) Ndombolo a variant of kwassa kwassa, a Congo dance form Ndongo an African bowl lyre with eight-strings Bowl lyre (ndongo), Ganda people, Uganda, 19th century NDR abbreviation of Norddeutscher Rundfunk (German) NdT abbreviation of note du traducteur (French: translator's note) Ndzumara (Comoros) a small flute Ne (French) or n', used in French to mean 'not' Né (French m.) born il est né (French: he was born), premier-né (French: first born), dernier-né (French: last born) NEA abbreviation of 'National Endowment for the Arts' néanmoins (French) nevertheless Néant (French m.) nothingness, none le néant is used particularly with reference to existentialist philosophy Being and Nothingness: An Essay on Phenomenological Ontology Neapolitan chord in music theory, a Neapolitan chord (or simply a "Neapolitan") is a major chord built on the lowered second (supertonic) scale degree. It most commonly occurs in first inversion so that it is notated either as bII6 or N6 and normally referred to as a Neapolitan sixth chord Neapolitan chord from which this extract has been taken Neapolitanische Opernschule (German f.) Neapolitan school of opera neapolitanischer Sextakkord (German m.) any chord built upon the flat second degree of the tonic key Neapolitan mandoline see 'mandolin, mandoline' Neapolitan mass also called 'cantata' mass, a style in which the text (especially the Gloria and Credo) is divided into a number of short sections or movements each set variously as arias and choruses in contrasting styles. Although this style was associated with early eighteenth-century Neapolitan composers, the greatest work of this style is Bach's Mass in B minor Neapolitan opera see opera seria Neapolitan scale Neapolitan minor scale Neapolitan School in the 18th century, a school of composition supposedly centred around Naples, comprising the likes of Alessandro Scarlatti, Pergolesi, Cimarosa, and others, many of whom were active outside Naples Neapolitan sixth or 'Neapolitan sixth chord', the first inversion of a major chord on the flattened second degree (bII) of a major scale, also called a 'flat two chord', which in the key of C would be the notes F-A flat-D flat, called 'sixth' because it is a first inversion. Harmonically, the F-A flat-D flat followed by the triad E-G-C involves three descending semitones (F to E, Ab to G and Db to C) which provides the strong 'pull' between the triads. Altthough, from its name, one might expect it to have been a characteristic of music written by the Neapolitan school it is to be found beyond Naples and much earlier, for example, in the music of Purcell and Corelli an equivalent analysis of the chord would be to say that the chord is composed of a minor third and a minor sixth to the sub-dominant (4th degree) of the scale, although this would tend to mislead as to why it is called a 'sixth chord' Neapolitan Sixth Neapolitan sixth chord see 'Neapolitan sixth', 'Neapolitan chord' Nearly almost, quasi (Italian), beinahe (German), wie (German), presque (French) Near rhyme another term for inexact rhyme or slant rhyme Nebel (Hebrew) translated as 'psaltery' (1 Samuel 10:5), the name of various large harps Nebelhorn (German n.) siren, foghorn neben (German) near, 'at the side of', subsidiary Nebenbedeutung (German f.) cobbotation Nebendominante (German f.) secondary dominant Nebendreiklang (s.), Nebendreiklänge (pl.) (German m.) secondary triad Nebeneingang (German m.) side entrance Nebeneinkommen (German n.) additional income Nebengebäude (German n.) outbuilding Nebengedanke (s.), Nebengedanken (pl.) (German m., literally 'subsidiary thought') accessory idea, secondary subject Nebendarsteller (m.), Nebendarstellerin (f.) (German) supporting actor (m.), supporting actress (f.) Nebenbebäude (German n.) outhouse nebeneinanderstellen (German) to juxtapose nebeneinanderstellung (German f.) juxtaposition Nebengeräusch (German n.) background noise Nebenhandlung (German f.) episode nebenher (German) incidentally Nebenkosten (German f.) extra charges, extra expenses nebenläufig (German) concurrent Nebenlinie (s.), Nebenlinien (pl.) (German f.) leger line, ledger line Nebennote (s.), Nebennoten (pl.) (German f.) secondary note, auxiliary note Nebenregister (German n.) secondary or accessory stops in an organ, such as couplers, tremulant, bells, etc. Nebenrolle (German f.) bit part, minor part, minor role (in the theatre, etc.) nebensächlich (German) accidental, incidental, circumstantial, indifferent, immaterial Nebensatz (German m.) see Seitensatz nebenstehend (German) accompanying Nebenstimme (s.), Nebenstimmen (pl.) (German f.) subsiduary, subordinate or secondary voice or line, a term first used by Arnold Schönberg (1874-1951) Nebenstimmen (German f. pl.) secondary or mutation stops in an organ Nebenstunden (German f.) off-peak hours Nebentätigkeit (German f.) additional work Nebentonart (German f.) secondary key area Nebenverdienst (German m.) additional income Nebenzimmer (German n.) adjoining room Nebesko (Croatia) a folk dance with energetic jumps, found in the northern part of Croatia nébuleux (m.), nébuleuse (f.) (French) nebulous, cloudlike, indistinct, vague Nebra Sky Disc attributed to a site near Nebra, Saxony-Anhalt in Germany, and associatively dated to c.1600 BC and associated with the Bronze Age Unetice culture, this bronze disk of around 30 cm diameter, with a blue-green patina, is inlaid with gold symbols. These are interpreted generally as a sun or full moon, a lunar crescent, and stars (including a cluster interpreted as the Pleiades). Two golden arcs along the sides, marking the angle between the solstices, were added later. A final addition was another arc at the bottom surrounded with multiple strokes (of uncertain meaning, variously interpreted as a Solar Barge with numerous oars, as the Milky Way or as a rainbow) Nebra Sky Disc from which this extract has been taken nebst (German) 'together with', including Nebula (s.), Nebulae (pl.) (Latin) a luminous patch of gaseous or stellar matter lying in space beyond the solar system Nebula Nebuloso (Spanish) misty, vague, indistinct necesidad acuciante de dinero (Spanish) pressing need for money necesito alejarseme de todo (Spanish) I need to get away from everything necesito que alguien me aconseje (Spanish) I need some advice necesito silencio absoluto para poder escribir (Spanish) I need total silence to be able to write Nécessaire (French m.) a bag, kit le Nécessaire (French: the neccessities) nécessaire (French) necessary nécessairement (French) necessarily necessario (Italian) necessary Nécessité (French f.) necessity Nécessité fait loi. (French) Beggars can't be choosers. nécessiter (French) to necessitate Neck (of a stringed instrument) manico (Italian m.), Hals (German m.), manche (French m.), the part of a stringed instrument which bears the finger- or fretboard Neck block in a string instrument, the neck block is found inside of the body at the base of the neck. It provides a strong point where the neck in attached to, or mounted on, the body Necked lute a large family of related instruments many from the Middle East including: tanbur(s) which includes long-necked lutes called tanbur, tambura, etc. but excluding those found in South Asia nefer(s) spiked lute from North Africa pandour(s) including the long-necked lutes of Ancient Greece and Byzantium, as well as pandir, panturi, fandyr, etc. saz(s) Turkish long-necked lutes found in Asia Minor bozuq(s) long-necked lutes found in the vicinity of the Arabian Peninsula sehtar(s) the long-necked lutes of Iran dutar(s) long necked lutes of Afghanistan and Central Asia dombra(s) Central Asian and Eastern European lutes including dumbrak, dambura, dambiro, etc. sitar(s) and tamburas long-necked lutes of South Asia excluding those found above neckisch (German) teasing Neck pickup on a guitar, a reference to the pickup closest to the neck Neck plate in some models of guitar, a metal plate screwed to the neck which is the means to fastening the neck to the guitar body Neck press equipment that uses gentle heat and pressure to straighten a guitar neck Neck reset a procedure performed on guitars, the purpose of which is to restore the correct angle between the fingerboard bridge which provides the correct action needed to play the instrument Necrologia (Spanish f.) obituary (column, etc.) Nécrologie (French f.) obiturary (column, etc.) Necropolis (Greek, literally 'city of the dead') an Egyptian burial ground Necrosis (Latin, from Greek) the mortification of death of a piece of bone or tissue Nectar (Latin, from Greek) the drink of the Gods (in Classical mythology), any delicious drink, the sugary fluid produced by plants and collected by bees Nederpop a Dutch term that was invented during the early 1980s to name the sudden growth of Dutch language pop music from the Netherlands. The name roughly translates to Netherpop (obviously a play on the name of the country and of the language) Nederpop from which this extract has been taken Née (French f.) born née Smith (French: [a woman] born with the surname 'Smith') Needle feeling the sensation perceived by the operator when the insertion of an acupuncture needle reaches the acupuncture point Needle spring the term pertains to some of the post and rod key designs found on key wind instruments in which round, tapered springs wedged into small post holes controlled key return for some or all of the keys that pivoted on a hinge rod assembly. They usually work in parallel to the axis of the key, and the narrow end of the spring is engaged by a small hook brazed to a key element Needle stick injury accidental puncture of the skin by needles while in use or as a result of inappropriate disposal with the risk of introducing infectious agents neergaande Beweging (Dutch) descending motion Néerlandais (French m.) Dutch (language) Néerlandais (m.), Néerlandaise (f.) (French) a person from the Netherlands, a Dutchman or Dutchwoman néerlandais (m.), néerlandaise (f.) (French) Dutch Neerslag (Dutch) downbeat neerwaartse Stok (Dutch) downward stem (of a note) Nef (French f.) nave Nefas (Latin) not right, not proper (usually, socially or according to convention) néfaste (French) harmful, ill-fated néfaste à (French) harmful to Nefertiti [c.1370 BC - c.1330 BC] the Great Royal Wife (chief consort) of the Egyptian Pharaoh Akhenaten Nefertiti Negarit Ethiopian kettledrum, played with sticks Négatif (m.), Négative (f..) (French) negative négatif (m.), négative (f..) (French) negative Negativfilm (German m.) negative (of photographic film) negen (Dutch) nine negende (Dutch) ninth negentig (Dutch) ninty Neghinoth (Hebrew) or Neginoth, a term prefixed to certain of the psalms which is believed to indicate that they were to be sung to particular tunes or accompanied or performed in a particular manner Neginoth negli (Italian pl.) in the, at the other forms include nel (s.), nella (s.), nello (s.), nell' (s.), nei (pl.), nelle (pl.) Negligé (Spanish m.) négligée Négligé (French) informal dress (especially that worn by a woman), a 'wrap', a thin dressing gown Negligee (English, from French) a 'wrap', a thin dressing gown Negligencia (Spanish f.) negligence, carelessness Negligente (Spanish m./f.) negligent person, neglectful person, careless person negligente (Spanish) negligent, neglectful, careless negligénte (French) negligently, unconstrained, careless negligente (Italian) negligently, unconstrained, careless negligentemente (Italian) negligently, unconstrained, careless Negligenzia (Italian) negligence, carelessness negociable (Spanish) negotiable Negociación (Spanish f.) negotiation Negociación colectiva (Spanish f.) collective bargaining Negociado (Spanish m.) department, section, shady deal (Latin America) Negociador (m.), Negociadora (f.) (Spanish) negotiator negociador (m.), negociadora (f.) (Spanish) negotiating Negociante (Spanish m./f.) dealer Negocio de compraventa (Spanish m.) second-hand shop Negozio di rigattiere (Italian m.) junk shop Negra (Catalan f., Spanish f.) a crotchet (quarter note), a note one quarter the time value of a whole note or semibreve Negras por minuto (Spanish) crotchets or quarter notes to the minute (a tempo marking) nègre (French) Negro negrear (Spanish) to turn black, to turn dark Negrero (m.), Negrera (f.) (Spanish) black-slave trader, slave driver (figurative) negrero (m.), negrera (f.) (Spanish) of the black slave trade Negri, Cesare (c.1535-c.1605) Italian dancer and choreographer. Born in Milan, he founded a dance academy there in 1554. He was an active court choreographer for the nobility in Milan. He wrote Le Grazie d'Amore, the first text on ballet theory to expound the principle of the "five basic positions". It was republished in 1604 as Nuove lnventioni di Balli (New Inventions of the Dance) negrilla (Spanish) bold (face) Negrillas colonial Spanish villancicos written in rhythms understood to be the rhythms of African music with lyrics generally written in the creole dialect of West African slaves negrita (Spanish) bold (face) Negrito nose flute a nose flute from the Negrito (pygmy) peoples of Central Malaysia Negrito Nose Flute Négritude (French) an idea of 'blackness', of 'belonging to a black culture', that developed in the 1930s led by a group that included the future Senegalese President Léopold Sédar Senghor, Martinican poet Aimé Césaire, and Léon Damas. The Négritude writers found solidarity in a common black identity as a rejection of French colonial racism. The term négritude was first used in 1935 by Aimé Césaire in the 3rd issue of L'Étudiant noir, a magazine which he had started in Paris with fellow students Léopold Senghor and Léon Damas, as well as Gilbert Gratiant, Leonard Sainville, and Paulette Nardal Négritude from which this extract has been taken Negro (m.), Negra (f.) (Spanish) negro, negress Negro como el azabache (Spanish) jet black Negro spiritual (English, Spanish m., Negrospiritual (German m.)) see 'spiritual' NEH abbreviation of 'National Endowment for the Humanities' nehmen (German) to take nehmen nach und nach die Dämpfer ab (German) remove mutes one by one (i.e. one player at a time) Nehrung (German f.) a spit of land which nearly encloses the mouth of a river nei, nel, nello, nella, nell', nelle (Italian) in the, at the (see also negli) Neiderstrich (German m.) down-bow nei dintorni di (Italian) in the vicinity of Neige (French f.) snow, (in cooking) egg whites beaten to a froth neiger (French) to snow Neighboring tone (US) see 'neighbouring note' Neighbouring note or 'neighbour note' (US, 'neighbor tone'), a non-harmonic note (tone) that leaves and returns to the same chord note by a tone (whole step) or semitone (half step) ne jamais (French) never nel battere (Italian) at the downbeat, on the accented part of the bar nel bel mezzo (Italian) right in the middle nel corso di (Italian) during Ne le prends pas sur ce ton (French) Don't take it like that Neljännesosanuotti (Finnish) crotchet or quarter note, a note one quarter the time value of a semibreve or whole note Neljännesosatauko or (Finnish) crotchet rest or quarter rest, a rest one quarter the time value of a semibreve rest or whole rest nella parte di sopra (Italian) in the higher (or highest) part nell'insieme (Italian) as a whole nel stilo antico (Italian) in the ancient style nel tempo (Italian) in time, in the previous time Nembutsu songs originally used by Buddhist priests to popularize Buddhist teachings, but which, after substituting the Buddhist prayers with folk texts, became the songs that precede eisa dance nem.con. abbreviation of nemine contradicente (Latin: with no opposition) the term is often used to mean 'unanimous' although this is incorrect. Nemine contradicente may still imply that there were abstentions nem.diss. abbreviation of nemine dissentiente (Latin : with no one disagreeing) Nemesis (Greek) the goddess of vengeance, retributive justice (an inevitable consequence of doing wrong) Ne mets pas tous tes oeufs dans le même panier. (French) Don't put all your eggs in one basket. Nemine contradicente (Latin, 'with no one speaking in opposition') with no opposition the term is often used to mean 'unanimous' although this is incorrect. Nemine contradicente may still imply that there were abstentions Nemine dissentiente (Latin) with no one disagreeing Nemo propheta in patria (sua) (Latin) 'no one is a prophet in their own country' Nemo propheta in patria Nene (Spanish m./f.) baby, child Nenia (Italian) naenia n'en pas se laisser (French) to not be taken in, to be easily fooled ne pas arriver à (French) to not be able to ne pas être dans son élément (French) to be out of one's element ne pas être d'attaque (French) to not feel up to it ne pas être en forme (French) to not feel well ne pas être libre (French) to not be free, to not be available ne pas laisser de (French) to not fail to, to not refrain from ne pas laisser ... faire sans réagir (French) to not let ... get away with ne pas réveiller le chat qui dort (French) to let sleeping dogs lie ne pas ouvrir la bouche (French) to not say a word ne pas pouvoir faire autrement que de (French) to have no choice but to ne pas savoir ce que c'est la honte (French) to have no shame ne pas savoir où donner de la tête (French) to not know which way to turn ne pas savoir où se mettre (French) to not know what to do with oneself ne pas se le faire dire deux fois (French) not to have to be told twice Nénuphar (French m.) waterlily neo (Greek) a prefix indicating a revived interest in something old, for example, neo-classical and neo-romantic Neobarock see Neubarock neoclásico (Spanish) neo-classical, néoclassique (French), neoclassisch (German) Neoclassic an adjective referring to the Enlightenment Neo-classical (literally, 'new classicism') in music, a twentieth-century interest in concerto grosso form and contraputal writing, both associated with music from the classical period in European art and architecture, a style in vogue from the mid-eighteenth century until the end of the nineteenth century. Based as it was on the use of ancient Greek and Roman models and motifs, its development was greatly influenced by the excavations at Pompeii and Herculaneum, and by the theories of the German art historian Johann Joachim Winckelmann (1717-1768). Intellectually and politically it was closely linked to the Enlightenment's rejection of the aristocratic frivolity of Rococo, the style of the Ancien Régime. Among Neoclassicism's leading figures were the French painter Jacques-Louis David (1744-1825), the German painter Anton Raffael Mengs (1728-1729), and the Italian sculptor Antonio Canova (1757-1822) Neoclassicism (music) Neo-Classicism Neoclassical ballet a term describing the ballet style which uses traditional ballet vocabulary, but is generally more expansive than the classical structure allowed Neoclassical ballet Neoclassic couplet see 'heroic couplet' Neoclassicism sometimes rendered as Neo-Classicism or Neo-classicism, the name given to quite distinct movements in the decorative and visual arts, literature, theatre, music, and architecture. These movements were in effect at various times - during the English Restoration, the Enlightenment and the early twentieth century. What any "neo"-classicism depends on most fundamentally is a consensus about a body of work that has achieved canonic status. These are the "classics." Ideally - and neoclassicism is essentially an art of an ideal - an artist, well-schooled and comfortably familiar with the canon, does not repeat it in lifeless reproductions, but synthesizes the tradition anew in each work. This sets a high standard, clearly; but though a neoclassical artist who fails to achieve it may create works that are inane, vacuous or even mediocre, gaffes of taste and failures of craftsmanship are not commonly neoclassical failings. Novelty, improvisation, self-expression, and blinding inspiration are not neoclassical virtues; neoclassicism exhibits perfect control of an idiom. It does not recreate art forms from the ground up with each new project, as modernism demanded. "Make it new" was the modernist credo of the poet Ezra Pound Neoclassicism from which some of this information has been taken Neoclassic movement another name for the Enlightenment néoclassique (French) neo-classical, neoclásico (Spanish), neoclassisch (German) neoclassisch (German) neo-classical, néoclassique (French), neoclásico (Spanish) Neoclassicismo (Italian m.) neo-classicism Neo-Dada the term refers to musicians who use elements of the bizarre and outrageous in an integral way. Picking up where the Dadaists left off, these artists assault you with an array of disparate influences and sounds, making strange and wonderful contributions to the world of music Neofito (s.), Neofiti (pl.) (Italian) neophyte Neofolk a form of folk music that emerged from European ideals and post-industrial music circles. Neofolk can either be solely acoustic folk music or a blend of acoustic folk instrumentation aided by varieties of accompanying sounds such as pianos, strings and elements of industrial music and experimental music. The genre encompasses a wide assortment of themes including traditional music, heathenry, romanticism and occultism. Neofolk musicians often have ties to other post-industrial genres such as neoclassical and martial music, or have links with Heathen circles and various other societies Neofolk from which this extract has been taken Neo-Gallican chant a style of composition for the neo-Gallican religious movement in seventeenth-century France, consisting mainly of pseudo-plainchant Neo-grammarian see Junggrammatiker neoklassisch (German) neoclassical Neoklassizismus (German m.) neoclassicism Néo kýma (Greece) in the 1960s, a mixture of éntekhno and French chansons Neo-Latin Latin forms or words (especially scientific ones) invented after the medieval period, as opposed to classical or medieval Latin as a naturally occurring language Neolatino (Italian) neo-Latin, Romance neolitico (French) neolithic Neologism a word, term, or phrase which has been recently created ("coined") - often to apply to new concepts, or to reshape older terms in newer language form. Neologisms are especially useful in identifying inventions, new phenomena, or old ideas which have taken on a new cultural context. Occasionally, the neologism is so useful it becomes a part of common usage, such as the word 'new-fangled' that Chaucer invented in the 1300s Neologism from which some of extract has been taken Literary Terms and Definitions from which some of extract has been taken Néologisme (French m.) neologism Neologismo (Italian) neologism neonato (Italian) new-born Neonato (m.), Neonata (f.) (Italian) new-born child, infant, baby Neoprene a man-made fabric, used for wetsuits and other water sports attire that has a stiff, body hugging quality that seals body heat in Neo-progressive or 'neo-prog', a sub-genre of rock music, a form of progressive rock developed and briefly popular in the 1980s, although it lives on today Neo-progressive Neo-romantic the use of nineteenth-century Romantic forms in twentieth-century idiom Neo-Romanticism neoromantisch (German) neo-Romantic Neoromantizismus (German m.) neoromanticism Neo soul a mixture of 1970s soul-styled vocals and instrumentation with a contemporary R & B sound and hip hop beats and rap interludes that appeared in the mid-1990s Neo soul Neoteric of recent origin, modern Neoterism a neologism Neoterist an innovator, expecially a coiner of new words Neotraditional country also known as "new traditional" country, a country music style that rejects most elements of modern Top 40 country music. Neotraditional country emphasizes the instrumental background, and often even the dress and fashions, of country music of the 1940s, 1950s and early 1960s. Some neotraditional artists are frequently associated with the alternative country movement see 'alternative country' Neotraditional country from which the first entry has been taken Néo-zélandais (m.), Néo-zélandaise (f.) (French) New Zealander néo-zélandais (m.) néo-zélandaise (f.) (French) New Zealand Nepalese hip hop Nepalese hip hop Nepal pepper timur, winged prickly-ash, a red sweet chilli (Zanthoxylum armatum) Nepalpfeffer (German m.) or Flügelstachelige Stachelesche (German f.), Nepal pepper ne pas (French) no, not ne pas être dans son assiette (French) feel out of sorts ne pas mâcher ses mots (French) not mince one's words Nepal pepper timur, winged prickly-ash, a red sweet chilli (Zanthoxylum armatum) Nephilim see naphil ne plus (French) no longer, not any more ne plus avoir de raisons de vivre (French) to have nothing left to live for ne plus ultra (Latin) no further, beyond which one cannot go, the uttermost limit (usually of perfection) ne point (French) no, not Nepotismo (Italian m.) nepotism neppure (Italian) not even ne que (French) only Ne quittez pas. (French) Please hold. (speaking on the telephone) Nequizia (Italian f.) wickedness, iniquity Nera (Italian f.) or semiminima, a crotchet (quarter note), a note one quarter the time value of a whole note or semibreve nerastro (Italian) blackish Nerdcore hip hop or geeksta rap, a subgenre of hip hop music that is performed by nerds, and is characterized by themes and subject matter considered to be of general interest to nerds Nerdcore hip hop from which this extract has been taken Nereggiamento (Italian m.) blackening nereggiare (Italian) to turn black, to be nearly black, to appear black Neretto (Italian m.) heavy type, thick type neretto (Italian) blackish Ne réveillez pas le chat qui dort. (French) Let sleeping dogs lie. Nerezza (Italian f.) blackness Nerf (French m.) nerve, stamina (figurative: stamina) nericcio (Italian) blackish ne rien avoir à perdre (French) to have nothing to lose ne rien donner (French) to have no effect ne rien laisser à désirer (French) to be all that one could hope for ne rien laisser voir (French) to show no sign of, to show no inkling of Nero (Italian m.) a black man, a black boy, a man of colour nero (Italian) black, dark, swarthy, brown (bread), gloomy Nerofumo (Italian m.) lamp-black nerognolo (Italian) blackish Nerone (Italian m.) Nero Nerume (Italian m.) quantity of black, black things Nervatura (Italian f.) nervous system, ribbing (book-binding, architecture) nerveo (Italian) nerve, of the nerves nerveusement (French) nervously nerveux (m.), nerveuse (f.) (French) nervous, nervy, nerve- (centre), responsive (car) Nervio (Spanish m.) nerve, sinew nervioso (Spanish) nervous, sinewy, highly-strung Nervo (Italian m.) nerve, sinew, vein (leaf), rib (architecture), energy (figurative), vigour (figurative) nervosissima (Italian) very nervous Nervosità (Italian f.) nervousness Nervosité (French f.) nervousness, touchiness (irritability) nervoso (Italian) in an agitated or vigorous style, nervous, vigorous (style) nescientemente (Italian) unknowingly, unwittingly n'est-ce pas? (French) right? isn't that so? Nestinarstvo (Bulgaria) the Nestinari dance in which villagers fell into a trance and danced on hot coals as part of the joint feast of Sts Konstantin and Elena on May 21 Nestorianism the doctrine that Christ exists as two persons, the man Jesus and the divine Son of God, or Logos, rather than as two natures (True God and True Man) of one divine person. The doctrine is identified with Nestorius (c. 386-c.451), Archbishop of Constantinople. This view of Christ was condemned at the Council of Ephesus in 431, and the conflict over this view led to the Nestorian schism, separating the Assyrian Church of the East from the Byzantine Church Nestorianism from which this extract has been taken ... n'est pas donné à tout le monde. (French) Not everyone is gifted with ... NET abbreviation of 'National Educational Television' net (French) neat, clear, plain, neatly, clearly, plainly net, nette, netto, netta (Italian) neat, clear, plain, neatly, clearly, plainly Nete (Greek) the last and highest string of the lyre Ne tourne pas autour du pot! (French) Don't beat around the bush! Netsuké (Japanese) a small piece of carved wood or ivory worn by the Japanese on a cord suspended from the belt nett (German) neat, clear, plain, neatly, clearly, plainly nettamente (Italian) neatly, clearly, plainly (in a neat, clear, distinct style) Nette (French) neatness, clarity, plainness nettement (French) neatly, clearly, plainly (in a neat, clear, distinct style) Netteté (French) neatness, clarity, plainness Nettheit (German) neatness, clarity, plainness Nettigkeit (German) neatness, clarity, plainness netto (m.), netta (f.) (Italian) neat, clear, quick, nimble Network Improvisation the Hub, formed in 1984 in and around San Francisco, by Tim Perkis, John Bischoff, Scot Gresham-Lancaster, Phil Stone, Chris Brown, and Mark Trayle, used a network approach to improvisation, where each player controlled an aspect of the same compostion The Hub from which this extract has been taken neu (German) new (French) new Neuanfrage (German f.) new request Neuaufl. (German) abbreviation of Neuauflage (German: reprint, new edition) Neuauflage (German f.) new edition, reprint, remake neu auflagen (German) to reprint Neuausg. (German) abbreviation of Neuausgabe (German: reissue, revival) Neuausgabe (German f.) reissue, revival Neubarock (German m.) or Neobarock, neobaroque neu belebend (German) enlivening Neubesetzung (German f.) recast (play, etc.) Neudruck (German m.) reprint neue (German) new neue Abdruck (German m.) reissue Neue Bach-Ausgabe the most recent effort by Bärenreiter, Kassel (from 1954) to publish a critical edition of J. S. Bach's entire musical oeuvre. It replaces the Gesamtausgabe der Bach-Gesellschaft that was published over a century ago Neue Bach-Gesellschaft see Bach Gesellschaft neue Folge (German f.) new series, new issue this term is used to distinguish the serial numbers of the volumes of a journal which has changed editorship or passed into different hands Neueinstudierung (German f.) a fresh study of a work of art, a re-appraisal of an artist's intentions Neue Musik (German f.) new music, contemporary music neue Reihe (German f.) new series Neue Sachlichkeit (German f., literally 'new objectivity') a German artistic movement from the late 1910s. The term Neue Sachlichkeit was first used by museum director Gustav Hartlaub in 1923 in preparation for an exhibition of recent paintings that he said were grounded in the depiction of reality. Two major trends were identified under Neue Sachlichkeit. The so-called Verists, including Otto Dix and George Grosz, aggressively attacked and satirized the evils of society and those in power and demonstrated in harsh terms the devastating effects of World War I and the economic climate upon individuals. Max Beckmann was connected with these artists. A second term, Magic Realists, has been applied to diverse artists, including Heinrich Maria Davringhausen, Alexander Kanoldt, Christian Schad, and Georg Schrimpf, whose works were said to counteract in a positive fashion the aggression and subjectivity of 'German Expressionist' art. They employed a controlled manner and naturalistic coloring in painting unpeopled city views, seemingly airless spaces, escapist themes, portraits, and family scenes. Neue Sachlichkeit was replaced in the 1930s by the conservative style prescribed by the Nazis. In theatre and music the Neue Sachlichkeit movement found expression through Die Dreigroschenoper (The Threepenny Opera) (1931) by Bertolt Brecht (1898-1956) and Kurt Weill (1900-1950), in Brecht songs set by Hanns Eisler (1898-1962) and Paul Dessau (1894-1979) and in many of the German cabaret songs of this inter-war period New Objectivity neues Buch (German n.) new book Neue Tanz (German f.) the Ausdruckstanz movement, which flourished alongside the Bauhaus movement in art and architecture, in the work of Mary Wigman (1886-1973), a pioneer of German Expressionism in dance neuf (French) nine (French) new Neufassung (German f.) new version Neuinszenierung (German f.) a new production or staging of a dramtic or operatic work Neuma (Greek, Spanish f.) neume Neumae (Latin) old term for divisions neumático (Spanish) pneumatic Neumatic melody a musical setting in which, in the main, there are two to six notes per syllable, although the occasional syllable may only contain a single note Neumatic notation notation neumatique (French f.), notación neumática (Spanish f.), neumes are an ancient musical notation used to write down Gregorian chant, a monophonic singing style used by the Catholic church throughout its history the notation of neumes was never standardised although certain characteristics allow one to distinguish betwen them: type of notation description where used accent-neumes use mainly strokes (virgae) in a cursive hand that make ligatures bound together Sangallian (the abbey of St. Gall, in modern-day Switzerland), French (Isle de France), Norman (Laon, Chartres, Montpellier), Beneventan (from the monastery of St. Benevant in southern Italy) point-neumes virga rarely used so that the ligatures are not tied Aquitanian (southern France, also used in Spain), Paleofrankish mixed point and accent-neumes employ both forms Messine (from the monastery of Metz in northeast France) mixed point and accent-neumes employing thicker-cut quills of the Gothic era, a darker, heavier form derived from Messine notation Gothic or Hufnagel (in Germany Gothic neumes continued to be used until the sixteenth century) accent-neumes employing thicker-cut quills of the Gothic era, darker heavier form derived from Norman notation Square (in thirteenth-century England, Sarum chant was notated using square noteheads, a practice which subsequently spread throughout southern Europe) Neume Neume Notation through History The Schoyen Collection containing many examples of neumatic notation Neume (s.), Neumes (English pl.) (English, German f., Dutch, Greek, literally 'gesture' or 'sign') a neum is a note or a group of notes (melisma) belonging to one syllable, one of the set of symbols (simple or compound) used in medieval times for writing music. Neumes are quite different from modern musical symbols, both in appearance and meaning Neumen (German f. pl., Dutch) neumes Neumenschrift (Dutch) neumatic notation Neumes, diastematic see 'diastematic neumes' Neumes, heightened see 'heightened neumes' neun (German) nine Neunachteltakt (German m.) 9/8 time neunte (German) ninth Neunvierteltakt (German m.) 9/4 time neunzehn (German) nineteen neunzig (German) ninety Neurasthenia (Greek) functional nervous debility neuriend (Dutch) mouth closed Neurofunk commonly abbreviated 'neuro', a subgenre of 'Drum and bass' Neurofunk from which this extract has been taken Neurosis (s.), Neuroses (pl.) (pseudo-Greek) a functional nervous disorder Neutral clef see 'indefinite pitch clef' Neutral second there is no such a thing as a quarter tone in Persian music, but there are two intervals not used in Western music. One is the neutral second, which is very flexible, but always noticeably larger than the minor second (half-step, semitone) of our western scale, and smaller than the major second (whole-step, tone). The other interval peculiar to some of the Persian modes is an interval which is larger than the major second, but not as large as an actual augmented second. In authentic Persian music the Western augmented second is not used neuve (French) new Neuvième (French) the interval of a ninth neuvième (French) ninth, the interval of a ninth ne varietur (Latin, literally 'that it may not vary') (a document, edition, etc.) intended to be definitive and authoritative Névé (French m.) granulated snow on the upper part of a glacier, not yet compressed into ice Neven-toonaarden (Dutch) related keys ne voir aucun mal à ... (French) to not see any harm in ... New Acoustic Music an alternative term for 'New Age music' New Age music (English, Newage-Musik (German f.)) a compositional style conducive to meditation, produced by layering sounds over sounds to produce a deep, many-faceted wave of music, including natural sounds such as waves, rain, birds, wind, etc. New Age music New Age Music Made Simple New Beat New Beat music was a contemptorary genre to Techno and House music from Detroit and Chicago respectively, although not intrinsically linked New Beat from which this extract has been taken New comedy the Greek comedy the developed circa 300 BC, stressing romantic entanglements, wit, and unexpected twists of plot New Country known also as 'Country Pop', 'Hot Country' or 'Poptry', 'New Country' is contemporary, highly produced, pop-oriented country music style, commonly played on commercial country-music radio and cable TV stations New Culture Movement (1917-1923) a Chinese socio-cultural movement, embedded within which the movement for a 'New Literature' encouraged writing in the vernacular language, which had only just replaced classical Chinese as the country's official written language. In terms of genre, the New Literature drew heavily on Western examples, preferring the realist novel and short story over traditional romance, the spoken drama over Peking Opera and free verse over rhymed lyrics. The New Culture Movement, spearheaded by young, partly Western-educated intellectuals, was an anarchist movement that promoted Esperanto, forged links between social radicals and labor and helped to understand the Russian Revolution. It aimed to overthrow Confucian tradition and modernise China on the basis of science, democracy and respect for the freedom of the individual. Participants in this movement advocated all manners of change, reform or revolution, some more extreme than others. Perhaps the one thing on which all New Culture advocates agreed was the necessity to overhaul the Confucian family system and to allow young men and women to make their own life choices, including especially their choice of marriage partner. It culminated in the 'May Fourth Movement' of 1919 New England Contradance an American traditional dance evolved from English country dance and European contredanse New England School late nineteenth-century group of American New England composers, trained in the Germanic tradition, who aimed to create a music which was distinctly American but within the contemporary German aesthetic New England short O in linguistics, this term refers to the lax vowel used by some New Englanders in road and home corresponding to tense [o] in standard English New Flamenco see Nuevo Flamenco New Forest Shakers [1872-1886] founded by Mary Ann Girling, a community of 160 'Shakers' who lived at New Forest Lodge, Hordle, Hampshire. They were the followers of Mrs Girling who they saw as a female messiah. They were evicted from the Lodge in 1875 and moved to a farm at Tiptoe New German organ tablature or NGOT - according to Ibo Ortgies this should be more properly termed New German 'Organist's' tablature to discern it from the Old GOT that used letters only in the lower parts (tenor, bass), while the treble was written in mensural notation. The later NGOT gave up the mensural notation of the treble and was an all-letter-notation - the way in which organists from Northern Germany notated not only organ compositions (i.e. study material for improvisation and composition), but also vocal-instrumental repertoire. The first known source in NGOT is in the hand of the famous painter Albrecht Dürer from some time at the beginning of the 16th century! NGOT was spread in Germany in it's then boarders of the Holy Roman Empire (even in print, especially in the earlier phase, like Wolz, Bernhard Schmid, et al.), and regions influenced by German culture, especially Scandinavia, the Baltic area in general, and the Netherlands. The tradition faded out shortly after about 1700 - due, among other reasons, to the rise of modern minor-major tonality that made notation of remote keys awkward. Also the newer staff notation had advantages to the letter notation. Bach, early on in his career. Later in his life he used it to notate some of his own music (for example the Orgel-Büchlein et al. - where he seems to have used it only when running out of space, making good use of the place-saving properties of NGOT) and that of others (for example the recently discovered and probably earliest extant copies of the large chorale fantasias by Buxtehude and Reincken) Newgrass see 'progressive bluegrass' New jack swing (English, New Jack Swing (German m.)) or 'swingbeat', is a hybrid style popular from the late-1980s into the mid-1990s, which fuses the rhythms, samples and production techniques of hip-hop with the urban contemporary sound of R&B New jack swing from which this extract has been taken Newlyn Artists Colony [1883-c.1914] artists settled in Newlyn after a series of summer painting seasons. Some had been at the French artists colonies. They lived in lodgings and used fishermen's huts as studios. An art school and gallery were set up. The artists ran an Amateur Dramatic Society and played an annual cricket match with the colony at St Ives Newman, John Henry (1801-90) author of the poem The Dream of Gerontius set to music by Edward Elgar (1857-1934) John Henry Cardinal Newman The Dream of Gerontius New Music see 'contemporary music' New musicology the cultural study, analysis, and criticism of music. It is often based on the work of Theodor Adorno (and Walter Benjamin) and feminist, gender studies, or postcolonial hypotheses. As Susan McClary says, "musicology fastidiously declares issues of musical signification off-limits to those engaged in legitimate scholarship," including politics New Negro Movement see 'Harlem Renaissance' New Philharmonic pitch in England, the name of a pitch also called Diapason Normal or Concert where a'=439 Hz at 68° Fahrenheit (middle C=261 Hz.). The Old Philharmonic or military (Kneller Hall) pitch was higher (a'=455 Hz. and middle C = 270Hz.) New Objectivity see Neue Sachlichkeit New Orleans blues the phrase New Orleans blues is sometimes used to refer to a type of blues or R & B music that is characterized by extensive use of piano and horn sections, complex rhythms and celebratory lyrics. The lazy, plodding rhythms are perhaps most distinctive of all of Louisiana blues New Orleans blues from which this extract has been taken New Orleans jazz an early style of jazz originating in New Orleans in the first two decades of the twentieth century, produced by small ensembles and involving improvisation based on formulas and conventional figurations New Romanticism a term applied to the 'neo-romanticism' movement that flourish in 1970s United States New Romantic a 'new wave' music subgenre and fashion movement that occurred primarily in England during the early 1980s New Romantic from which this extract has been taken New Simplicity a 1970s movement among composers from Germany, Holland and Scandinavia who had been hugely influenced by American 'minimalism' Newsprint low-cost, non-archival paper most commonly used to print newspapers, plus other publications and advertising material. It usually has an off-white cast and distinctive feel. It is designed for use on printing presses that employ a long web of paper (web offset, letterpress and flexographic) rather than individual sheets of paper New Testament the latter part of the Bible, particular to the Christian religion, detailing the life, death and resurrection of Christ and its aftermath New Wave an American response to punk rock, utilising poetic lyrics and simple melodies New wave (music) New Wave of New Wave or 'NWONW', a term coined by music journalists to describe a sub-genre of the British alternative rock scene in the early 90s. NWONW bands typically consisted of young, white, working class males playing guitar-based rock music. The movement was short lived and several of the bands involved were later linked with the more popular and commercially successful Britpop New wave of new wave from which this extract has been taken New York blues a type of blues music, characterized by significant jazz influences and a more modernized, urban feel than the country blues. It arose in New York City in the early part of the twentieth century, and quickly spread to other urban areas and, often, more affluent listeners than country blues, which is distinctively rural in nature New York blues from which this extract has been taken New Zealand hip hop New Zealand hip hop Nexo (Spanish m.) link Nexus (Greek) old term for a phrase or sequence (Latin) a link or connection, a cluster of connected ideas or images suggested by a single stimulus Nexus anacamptos (Greek) descending Nexus circumstans (Greek) descending and ascending Nexus rectus (Greek) ascending Ney (from old Persian ney, literally 'reed') a Middle Eastern flute, the ney, probably the oldest pitched instrument known to man, is an oblique rim blown reed flute with five finger holes in front and one thumb hole in the back. It is one of the principle instruments in traditional Persian music. The ney has a range of two and a half octaves. The upper end is covered by a short brass cylinder which is anchored in the tiny space between the player's upper incisors. Sound is produced when a stream of air is directed by the tongue toward the opening of the instrument. In this way, sound is produced behind the upper teeth, inside the mouth, which gives the ney a distinct timbre than that of the sound produced by the lips on the outside of the mouth Ney The ney, nay, or nai Ney End-blown flute (nay), Egypt, 19th century Ney-anbon Iranian bagpipe, the earliest-known bagpipe, originating thousands of years ago in Mesopotamia Ney-hindi Indian flute played in Iran Neylavak (Iran) a wooden transverse flute with a tapered bore Neylavak from which this information has been taken Nez (French m.) nose NF abbreviation of norme française (French: approved French standard of manufacture, French seal of approval) Nga chen large pan-like bass drums, struck with curved drumsticks, by Tibetan monks as part of Buddhist rites Ngbiti the mouht bow of the Aka Pygmies Ngo (Bali) a free reed instrument cut from a pice of sugar cane bark. The back surface of the instrument is placed tightly against the lips, and a sound is made by inhaling and exhaling Ngo from which this information has been taken Ngoma also known as palo ("stick") drums, the ngoma were the instruments used in ceremonies and celebrations of the Palo Order. This religion was brought to Cuba by various ethnic groups of the Bantu peoples. The ngoma ensemble may have two, three or four drums of different sizes which together produce complicated cross-rhythms. In general these drums are barrel-shaped, although sometimes they may also be of a tubular cylindrical shape. They have a single head stretched over the upper opening while the lower end is open. The head is tacked to the wooden body of the instrument and its tone is brightened by placing it near a fire each drum is named in reference to the function it serves: caja the largest drum, also called llamador (caller) mula the middle-sized drum, also called segundo and dos y dos cachimbo the smallest drum, also called quinto the ngoma drum can be played with the drummer seated with the drum between the legs and resting on the ground. The drumhead is struck with both hands using both palms and fingers. Occasionally the drummer might strike the head with one or two sticks. The resulting cross-rhythms underlay the improvisations of a singer alternating with responses sung by a chorus. The music may serve a religious purpose for a ritual of the Palo Order, although it is also used for secular celebrations staged by people of Congo heritage. The ngoma or palo drums are also used to accompany the kinfuiti drum. This practice, however, survives only in the village of Quiebra Hacha in the province of Havana, Cuba A History of the Congas from which this material has been drawn Karyenda Ngombi (Central Africa) a stringed instrument from the Baka forest people of southeast Cameroon and the Central African Republic. The strings are made from fibres that run the length of a bamboo stem. If a string breaks, another can be separated from the body of the instrument. It is also known as the arched harp Ngomi extended improvised musical works, performed by orchestras made up of a dozen or so mbila (a xylophone from Mozambique, plural form timbila), the music, associated with the Chopi people of the coastal Inhambane region N'goni or ngoni, from Burkina Faso, Niger, Sengal and Mali, a small traditional four-stringed lute in the form of a teardrop, also known as koni in Gambia The ngoni, a plucked lute from West Africa Nguga Tanzanian Gogo ankle bells Nguyeät (Vietnam) also called the kìm, a guitar-like instrument with a long neck, which emits muted sounds, having 2 strings made of silk braid Nhac Hue (Vietnam) Hue music, one of the two genres of Vietnamese chamber music Music of Viet Nam Nhac tài tu (Vietnam) tài tu music, one of the two genres of Vietnamese chamber music Music of Viet Nam NHK Nippon Houso Kyokai (Japanese Broadcasting Company) housed the first institutional electronic music studio in Japan, founded in 1955 Nhò (Vietnam) a fiddle with two braided silk strings and a resonator covered with a snake skin membrane