| JC | after Newell Jenkins (1915-1996) & Bathia Churgin (b.1928), the cataloguers of music by Giovanni Battista Sammartini (1701-1755) |
| JD | abbreviation of 'Doctor of Jurisprudence' |
| je | (German) always, ever, each |
| Jealousy | an emotion and typically refers to the negative thoughts and feelings of insecurity, fear, and anxiety over an anticipated loss of something that the person values, such as a relationship, friendship, or love. Jealousy often consists of a combination of emotions such as anger, sadness, and disgust. Jealousy differs from envy in that jealousy is about something one has and is afraid of losing, while envy refers to something one does not have and either wants to acquire or to prevent another from acquiring |
| see 'delusional jealousy' |
- Jealousy from which this extract has been taken
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| jeden Ton | (German) each tone |
| jeden Ton gleich abdämpfen | (German) each note damped equally |
| jeder Couleur | (German) of every shade, of all stripes, from all walks of life |
| jeder mit 3 Pauken | (German) each with 3 timpani |
| jedoch | (German) however, nevertheless |
| Je dois dire que | (French) I must say |
| Je donne ma langue au chat. | (French) I give up (trying to answer). |
| Je donnerais beaucoup pour savoir | (French) I'd give a lot to know |
| je ein Ton von einem Pult | (German) one note for each desk, respectively |
| Jeel | Egyptian music of the younger generation |
| Jefe | (Spanish m.) head, chief, boss, manager |
| Jefe de negociado | (Spanish m.) head of department |
| Jefe de prensa | (Spanish m.) press director (public relations) |
| Jefe de redaccion | (Spanish m.) editor-in-chief |
| Jefe de ventas | (Spanish m.) sales manager |
| Jegeum | (Korean) see bara |
| jeglicher Couleur | (German) of all shades |
| Jegogan | in the Balinese gamelan orchestra, the jegogan is the lowest pitched of the gangsa, made of long resonating bamboo tubes, which a seated player strikes with mallets |
| Jehad | (Arabic) a holy war by Moslems against unbelievers (the Moslem equivalent of a crusade), a war or campaign inspired by some doctrine or principle |
| Jejy lava | or pikilanga, a Malagasy one-string musical bow with a smaller gourd resonator |
| Jejy voatavo | a Malagasy zither with two adjacent faces, each with courses of strings, one with frets and one without, mounted on a gourd resonator, used to accompany epic songs |
| Je l'ai vu naître. | (French) I've known him since he was born. |
| Jeli | a jeli, or jeli muso, is a Manding or Mandinka hereditary nomadic male or female praise singer and instrumentalist (the singer of epic songs and family histories) from Mali, Senegal, Guinea and the Gambia, whose traditions date back to the thirteenth century. Another word used to describe the jeli is griot, a term used by westerners |
| Jell | to come to the consistency of jelly, to congeal, to set, to take shape and achieve distinctness (also figurative), to become cohesive |
| Jelly shoes | brightly coloured clear plastic sandals, popular attire for the beach |
| jemand anders | (German) someone else |
| Jembe | see djembe |
| Je me donnerais des coups! | (French) I could kick myself! |
| Je m'en mords les doigts. | (French) I could just kick myself. |
| Je me suis arrêté juste le temps de | (French) I stopped just long enough to |
| Je me vois malheureusement obligé de refuser. | (French) Unfortunately, I'm obliged to decline. |
| Je monte la garde | (French) Beware of dog (sign) |
| Je m'y perds | (French) I'm lost, I'm confused |
| Je n'ai jamais vraiment réfléchi à | (French) I have never really thought about |
| Je n'ai pas d'opinion bien précise à | (French) I don't have strong feelings on |
| Je n'ai pas d'opinion bien précise arrêtée sur | (French) I don't have strong feelings about |
| Je n'ai pas pu m'en empêcher. | (French) I couldn't help myself. |
| Je n'ai rien à voir dans cette affaire. | (French) I have nothing to do with that. |
| J'en ai vu d'autres! | (French) I've see worse! |
| Je ne demande pas mieux que de faire ... | (French) I ask for nothing more than to do ... |
| Je ne demande qu'à vous voir. | (French) All I ask is to see you. |
| Je ne dis pas non. | (French) I won't say no. |
| Je ne fais qu'entrer et sortir. | (French) I can't stop. |
| Je ne l'ai pas sur moi | (French) I don't have it on me |
| Je ne me le suis jamais demandé. | (French) I've never wondered about it. |
| Je ne me suis jamais vraiment posé la question. | (French) I've never asked myself that question. |
| Je ne pense pas | (French) I don't think so. |
| Je ne peux pas. | (French) I can't. |
| Je ne peux pas les voir en peinture! | (French) I can't stand them! |
| Je ne peux pas me libérer. | (French) I'm unavoidably busy. |
| Je ne peux pas m'empêcher de penser que | (French) I can't help thinking that |
| Je ne sais pas comment vous remercier. | (French) I don't know how to thank you. |
| Je ne sais quoi | (French) literally 'I don't know what', an inexpressible or indescribable something |
| "The je ne sais quoi is the high-quality life, the sound of words, the soul of actions, the lustre of everything that is beautiful. Other perfections are the ornament of nature, the je ne sais quoi is the ornament of perfection. It can be observed even in the way one reasons, it comes more from privilege than from study, for it even is above all disciplines. It is not limited to facileness, for it reaches as far as the most refined gallantry. It presupposes a free and disengaged mind, and to this disengagement it adds the last touch of perfection. Without it all beauty is dead, all grace is graceless. It wins out over worth, over discretion, over prudence and even over majesty. It is a political road on which business is rapidly completed. And finally, it is the art of withdrawing gallantly from every embarrassing situation. The je ne sais quoi ... is the soul of all qualities, the life of all perfection, the vigour of actions, the bonne grâce of language and the charm of everything that is in good taste. It agreeably amuses ideas and imagination, but it cannot be explained. It is something that heightens the brilliance of everything that is beautiful, it is a formal beauty. Other perfections ornament nature, but the je ne sais quoi ornaments the ornaments themselves. Thus it is the perfection of perfection itself, accompanied by a transcendent beauty and a universal gracefulness. It consists of a certain worldly air, an agrément that has no name but that is seen in speech, in behaviour, and in the way one reasons. Its most beautiful aspect comes from nature, and the rest comes from reflection, for it has never been subjugated to any imperious precept, but always to the best of every sort. It has been called a "charm" because it steals hearts away; it has been called a "fine air" because of the way it appears in action; "worldly air" because of its politeness; "cheerfulness and good humor" because it is easy and compliant. All these names come from the desire yet the impossibility of defining it." - Amelot de la Houssaye's translation of maxim CXXVII of Gracian's L'Homme de cour, 1702, p. 163 |
|
| Je ne suis pas à même de dire si | (French) I'm not in a position to say whether |
| Je ne suis pas libre. | (French) I'm not free |
| Je ne suis pas né hier. | (French) I wasn't born yesterday. |
| Je ne suis pas payé pour ça. | (French) That's not what I'm paid for. |
| Je ne te le fais pas dire! | (French) I'm not putting words in your mouth! |
| Je ne te raconte pas | (French) You don't want to know, You can't imagine |
| Je ne veux pas de mais! | (French) No buts about it! |
| Jenkka | the Finnish word for schottische |
| J'en passe et des meilleures! | (French) And that's not all! It gets better! |
| Je n'y vois pas d'inconvénient. | (French) I have no objection, I see no problems. |
| Jeok | Korean flute |
|
| Jeolgo | Korean drum |
|
| Jeong-ak | (Korean) classical or court music |
|
| Jeongganbo | a special notation developed in the middle of the fifteenth century by Joseon composer Bak Yeon to notate Korean court music |
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|
| je pense que non | (French) I don't think so |
| je pense que oui | (French) I think so |
| Jera | originally a religious music and dance of the Kparibas in Dagbon, performed before and after hunting expeditions. It is now performed by most Dagbamba villages in Northern Ghana on diverse social occasions: festivals, funerals, and for recreation after a hard day's work. The religious costume is however retained |
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| jerárquico | (Spanish) hierarchical |
| Jerigonza | (Spanish f.) jargon, gibberish |
| Jerkin | a short, close-fitting coat or jacket, often sleeveless, worn in the 16th and 17th centuries |
| a short, sleeveless vest worn by women and girls |
| Jersey | stretchy fine knitted fabric, used in t-shirts and sportswear and figure hugging garments; especially good for draping |
| Jest-book | any collection of jokes or satirical anecdotes, but especially those jokebooks produced in England, Germany, and elsewhere in the 1500s and 1600s |
|
| Jester | also 'fool', 'buffoon' or 'boufon', 'narr' or 'naar', or 'juglar', was a specific type of clown mostly (but not always) associated with the Middle Ages. Jesters typically wore brightly coloured clothing in a motley pattern. Their hats, sometimes called the 'cap 'n bells', 'cockscomb' (obsolete 'coxcomb') (or, in German, schellenmütze and, in Italian, berretto a sonagli), were especially distinctive; made of cloth, they were floppy with three points ('liliripes') each of which had a jingle bell at the end. The three points of the hat represent the asses' ears and tail worn by jesters in earlier times. Other things distinctive about the jester were his incessant laughter and his mock scepter, known as a 'bauble' or 'marotte' |
- Jester from which this information has been taken
|
| Jesting, Jestingly | playful, playfully, joking, jokingly, burlando (Italian), burlesco (Italian), scherzando (Italian), scherzhaft (German), en badinant(French) |
| Je suis occupé. | (French) I'm busy. |
| Je suis pris. | (French) I'm otherwise engaged. |
| Jesus Music | the name given to American musicians in the late 1960s and early 1970s, before the Christian music industry had begun to take form. In the UK this was known as gospel beat music |
|
| Jet | hard black form of lignite that takes a brilliant polish and is used in jewellery or ornamentation |
| coal-black, of the blackest black, similar to the colour of jet or coal |
| Jetakh | Mongolian term for the Japanese koto |
| Jet d'eau (s.), Jets d'eaux (pl.) | (French) a jet of water issuing from a pipe in an ornamental fountain |
| jeté | (French, literally 'thrown') also known as ricochet, a violin technique in which the performer lets the bow skip or bounce across the strings of the instrument to produce fast, staccato arpeggios, gettato (Italian), geworfen (German) |
| jeté | (French, literally 'thrown') jogado (Portuguese m.), passo de allegro (Portuguese m.), in ballet, jumping from one foot to the other in which the working leg is brushed into the air and appears to have been thrown |
| there are a number of different jeté: |
| jeté battu | jeté beaten |
| jeté entrelacé | a jeté done in all directions and in a circle, usually preceded by a chassé or a pas couru to give impetus to the jump |
| grand jeté | large jeté |
| grand in attitude jeté | a big leap forward preceded by a preliminary movement such as a pas couru or a glissade, which gives the necessary push-off |
| petit jeté | small jeté |
|
| Jeté de lit | (French m.) bedspread |
| Jetée | (French f.) jetty, pier |
| Je te l'avais dit. | (French) I told you so. |
| Je te le donne en cent | (French) You'll never guess (in a million years)! |
| Je te le donne en mille | (French) You'll never guess (in a million years)! |
| jeter dehors | (French) to throw out |
| jeter du lest | (French) to climb down (figurative) |
| jeter son dévolu sur | (French) to set one's heart on |
| jeter un coup d'oeil à | (French) to glance at |
| Je t'invite à... | (French) I invite you to... |
| Je te vois venir! | (French) I know what you're up to! |
| je t'en prie | (French) it was my pleasure |
| Je tiens à vous exprimer notre gratitude. | (French) I wish to express our gratitude to you. |
| Je t'y prends! | (French) I've got you! |
| Jeu (s.), Jeux (pl.) | (French m.) course (of strings), Saitenchor (German m.), coro (Italian m.), córo (Spanish m.), choeur (French m.) |
| (French m.) stop or register on the organ |
| (French m.) game, play |
| (French m.) style of playing |
| Jeu à bouche | (French m.) flue-stop |
| Jeu céleste | (French m.) see 'celeste pedal' |
| Jeu consonant | (French m.) inside playing |
| Jeu d'anche | (French m.) a reed-stop |
| Jeu d'anges | (French m. pl.) in an organ, soft stops including the vox angelica |
| Jeu d'échoes | (French m.) in an organ, echo stop |
| Jeu de clochettes | (French m.) clarion, jeu de timbres, glockenspiel |
| Jeu de flûtes | (French m.) flute stop |
| Jeu de gongs | (French m.) tuned gong-carillon |
| Jeu de jambs | (French m.) footwork (ballet, football, etc.) |
| Jeu de mots (s.), Jeux de mots (pl.) | (French m.) a pun, a play upon words |
| Jeu d'esprit (s.), Jeux d'esprit (pl.) | (French m.) a witticism, an light hearted exercise in any artistic technique |
| Jeu de timbres | (French m.) glockenspiel, campanelli |
| Jeu de violes | (French m.) a consort of viols |
| Jeu de voix humaine | (French m.) a vox humana stop |
| Jeu d'orgue | (French m.) stop, register |
| Jeudg harp | (Dutch, literally 'youth harp') Jew's harp. Some researchers believe the English term, Jew's harp, derives from the Dutch |
| Jeu dissonant | (French m.) outside playing |
| Jeu inégal | (French m.) playing inégal, described by J.J. Quantz in his Flute tutor of 1752. He comments that 'in moderate and slow tempo the fastest notes
have to be played ein wenig ungleich (a little bit unequal) and he gives precise instructions as to which note has to be longer and which one shorter. He states that the inequality should be less extreme than would have been the case had there been a dot after the longer note. He adds that this "rule" is not appropriate in faster tempo, and is inappropriate also for quick cantabile passages. Further, the player must not use it, when there are dots (Striche) over the notes, when there is a slur over more than two notes, or on the quavers (eighth notes) in gigues |
| Jeune | (French m./f.) young person |
| jeune | (French) young |
| Jeûne | (French m.) fast (refrain from eating food) |
| Jeune amour (s.), Jeunes amours (pl.) | (French m.) young love, adolescent love |
| Jeune femme sérieuse | (French f.) an earnest young woman, a young woman who is not frivolous |
| Jeune fille | (French f.) a young girl, (clothes, etc.) suitable for a young girl |
| Jeune fille bien élévee | (French f.) a nicely brought-up girl |
| Jeune fille fatale | (French f.) a young woman who brings disaster on all those who love her |
| Jeune ingénue | (French f.) a young woman of artless simplicity |
| Jeune premier | (French m.) an actor who plays the part of a young hero or the young lover, a male juvenile lead |
| jeûner | (French) to fast (to refrain from food) |
| Jeune refusé | (French m.) an 'angry young man' |
| Jeunes, les | (French m. pl.) young people |
| jeunes de notre temps, les | (French m. pl.) young people today |
| Jeunes mariés | (French m. pl.) newlyweds |
| Jeunesse | (French f.) youth, youthfulness (appearance) |
| Jeunesse, la | (French f.) the young |
| Jeunesse dorée | (French f.) young people of wealth and fashion |
| Jeune voyou (s.), Jeunes voyous (pl.) | (French m.) a young hooligan, a teddy-boy |
| Jeu-partie | (French m.) also called partimen in Occitan, a poetic form from the troubadour or trouvère tradition of the Middle Ages formed of two or three sections. The first section consisted of a poem professing a particular viewpoint or asking a question calling for an answer on a courtly (secular) subject, to be provided by one or more other poets. The second section presented a response to the first poem. If necessary artistically, a third poem might attempt to resolve differences between the two poems |
| jeu perlé | (French) pearly |
| Jeux | (French m. pl.) plural of jeu |
| Jeux d'orgue | (French m. pl.) stops, registers |
| Jeux doux | (French m. pl.) soft, sweet stops |
| in French organ repertoire, the 'soft stops' comprises closed or open flutes with or without principals, resulting in a soft, quiet sound. This combination is most commonly used in récits to accompany solo stops |
| Jeux forts | (French m. pl.) loud, strong sounding stops |
| Je viendrai avec plaisir. | (French) I will be glad to come. |
| Je voudrais t'y voir! | (French) I'd like to see you try it! |
| Je vous adresse mes plus vifs remerciements. | (French) I send you my most sincere thanks. |
| je vous en prie | (French) it was my pleasure |
| Je vous invite à... | (French) I invite you to... |
| Je vous laisse. | (French) I'm leaving. |
| Je vous laisse à penser... | (French) You can imagine... I don't need to tell you... |
| Je vous le passe. | (French) I'm transferring your call. |
| Je vous prie d'agréer, Messieurs, l'assurance de mes sentiments distingués | (French) one of the formules de politesse, the French equivalent of the English expression 'Yours faithfully' |
| Je vous remercie. | (French) Thank you. |
| Je vous serais reconnaissant de (bien vouloir) ... | (French) I would be grateful to you (to be so kind as to) ... |
| Je vous serais très obligé de (bien vouloir) ... | (French) I would be obliged if you could (be so kind as to) ... |
| Jew's harp | or Jew's trump, a musical instrument placed between the teeth containing a freely vibrating metal strip that is plucked with the finger and where the player alters the note's timbre, various harmonics of this fundamental tone are made prominent, by modifying his or her oral cavity (i.e. mouth shape). The harmonic series produced is the same as that of a trumpet. It is neither a harp nor associated in any way with Jewish cultural tradition |
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| Jew's trump | see 'Jew's harp' |
| Jg. | abbreviation of Jahrgang (German: year of publication/volume) |
| Jhala | the final, fast movement of a raga, where the melody is interpolated with strokes on the chikari (sympathetic) strings. It marks the climax after alap and jod, and is sometimes also played after the gat |
| Jhanj | Indian cymbal |
| J-hip hop | see 'Japanese hip hop' |
| Jhoola | a genre of folk song from Uttar Pradesh, India |
| Jhurma | (Nepal) cymbals that are to be found in a Panche Baja ensemble |
| Jhuwari | a device found on the sitar which gives the sound a buzzing quality |
| Ji | (Japanese) chorus, for example in Noh drama |
| (Japanese) the meter or rhythmic feel of a piece, for example whether it is in a straight duple meter or has a swing feel |
| Jia hua | (Chinese, literally 'adding flowers') a style of embellishment in Chinese music using various ornamental figures |
| Jianban | (Chinese) bamboo clappers |
|
| Jianpu | (Chinese, literally 'simplified notation) the numbered musical notation system widely used among the Chinese people and probably some other Asian communities. Numbers 1 to 7 represent the seven notes of the diatonic major scale, and number 0 represents the musical rest. Dots above a note indicate octaves higher, and dots below indicate octaves lower. Underlines of a note or a rest shorten it, while dots and dashes after lengthen it. The system also makes use of many symbols from the standard notation, such as bar lines, time signatures, accidentals, tie and slur, and the expression markings |
- Jianpu from which this extract has been taken
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| Jiao | (China) horn trumpet |
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| Jibaro | a rural mountain-dwelling inhabitant of Puerto Rico |
| a term applied in Puerto Rico to the music from the countryside, a tradition that centres around the cuatro and drums |
| Jig | (English, German m.) or gigue, a dance related to the hornpipe and reel |
| (possibly from Old French giguer, "to dance, to kick, to gambol") in Renaissance drama, a jig was a song-and-dance performance by a clown and/or other actors at the conclusion of a play. The dances were often extremely bawdy, which lead to the 1612 English banning of "public jigs" under Puritan influences |
| Irish jigs come in various forms for dancing: |
| light jig | usually written in 6/8 time | the quickest of the jigs, danced in soft shoes |
| slip jig | usually written in 9/8 time | graceful dance, traditionally performed only by girls and women |
| hop jig | usually written in 9/8 time | no longer performed under the auspices of An Coimisiun |
| single jig or slide | usually written in 12/8 time | |
| double/treble (or triple) jig | usually written in 6/8 time | danced in hardshoe, and named for the doubles/trebles (triples) performed with the tip of the hardshoe |
| heavy jig | general term for a jig danced in hardshoe (modern hard shoes have fibreglass tips with elevated heels although, historically, the shoes were constructed with wooden heels) | dances danced in hardshoe, also called jig shoes or heavy shoes, are normally double/treble jigs, hornpipes, trebles (or triples), reels and traditional sets |
| soft jig | general term for a jig danced in ghillies (soft shoes), pumps or slippers, made of a soft leather that moulds to the foot. They are very light and are used in the Aran Islands and are called broga uirleathair | dances danced in soft shoes are normally reels, light jigs, single jigs and slip jigs |
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| Jiga | (Portuguese f.) jig |
| Jigatch | Kyrgyz wooden Jew's harp. It is an older relative of the temir komuz. Its tongue is vibrated by forcefully pulling a string. The jigatch is believed to be the oldest Kyrgyz musical instrument |
| Jigg | short comedic performance with few characters, popular in England and continental Europe from the mid sixteenth century to the late eighteenth century, sung in verse to the tunes of popular songs and containing lively dancing |
| (Swedish) jig |
| Jig piano | in ragtime, the strict rhythmic patterns played on the piano |
| Jig saw | a usually power-driven saw with a narrow vertical blade, used to cut sharp curves |
| see 'sabre saw' |
| Jiharo | Puerto Rican folk music which reflected European rather than African influence |
| Jikken Kobo | the 'Experimental Workshop' was founded in Tokyo in 1951 by Joji Yuasa, Toru Takemitsu, and other composers and artists to explore new musical and artistic trends, including multimedia. The group formed outside of an institutional context, but in 1953, they began to work in the Sony studios, which gave them access to equipment |
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| Jindyworobak Movement | a nationalistic Australian literary movement whose white members sought to promote indigenous Australian ideas and customs, particularly in poetry. They were active from the 1930s to around the 1950s. The movement intended to combat the influx of "alien" culture, which was threatening local art |
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| Jing | large Korean bronze gong played with a padded stick |
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| Jingbo | see bo |
| Jinggong | the Jew's harp of the Bidayuh people of Borneo, hand fashioned from brass |
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| Jing-hu | also called the 'Peking Opera fiddle', a soprano version of the erhu, the jing-hu, is the chief accompanying instrument for Chinese Opera and Han Opera. It was developed during the Qin dynasty (around 1790) and is sometimes, therefore, called the hu-qin. The compass of jing-hu is the highest of all the instruments of the hu-qin family. Due to its forceful and clarion timbre, the jing-hu is suitable only for melodies |
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| Jingle | (English, German m.) or 'company song', a short, memorable piece of music, often only a few seconds long, broadcast to act as an identifier for a radio station or to promote a product |
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| Jingle Bells | originally One Horse Open Sleigh, one of the best known and commonly sung secular Christmas songs in the world, though the song does not mention Christmas. It was written in 1857 by James Pierpont (1822-1893) to be sung at a Thanksgiving program at his church in Boston, and was repeated at Christmas due to its instant popularity. The song has been translated into many languages |
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| Jingles | also called 'jangles', small metal discs fitted into the wooden hoop-shaped frame of some types of tambourine |
| Jingling Johnny | see chapeau chinois |
| Jingo | (Korean) large drum |
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| Jing ping | a variety of Dominican dance music, also referring to the ensembles that play this kind of music (also known as accordion bands). Instruments used typically include the banjo, accordion, double bass and percussion (such as the chac-chac/shak shak, boom pipe and tamboo/tambou). Jing ping is often used to accompany a style of African-influenced Dominican quadrilles |
- Jing ping from which this information has been taken
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| Jingu | (China) barrel drum |
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| Jingyun dagu | (China) stories told in Beijing dialect with a drum accompaniment |
| dagu and gushu are terms that denote the same category of qu under the heading of quyi. They consist chiefly of jingyun dagu, xihe dagu and meihua dagu |
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| Jinrickshaw | (Japanese) first appearing in Japan in about 1870, a light hooded two-wheeled carriage, drawn by one or two men |
| Jit | percussive Zimbabwean dance music |
| Jitterbug | a lively, improvisational, athletic style of dancing performed to syncopated (boogie woogie) music which originated in 1940s New York |
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| Jitterbug stroll | a swing 'line dance' choreographed by Ryan Francois, a famous 'Lindy Hop' dancer and teacher |
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| Jiuta sookyoku | (Japanese) koto/shamisen music |
| Jive | a blues form popular in the 1940s |
| a style of jazz played by 1930s big bands with flowing rhythms but less complex than later styles of jazz, synonymous with swing, swing music |
| generic South African term for popular music |
| a dance style that originated among African-Americans in the early 1940s. It is a lively and uninhibited variation of the 'Jitterbug', one of the group of 'swing' dances |
| in ballroom dancing, 'Jive' is one of the five International Latin dances |
| see 'modern jive' |
| jiven | (German) to jive |
| JND | acronym for 'just noticeable difference' (in pitch) |
| Jobber | a wholesaler who acts as a middleman in the low end of distribution. Jobbers purchased inexpensive goods from regional or national distributors, and small manfacturers, then resold them to the stores and street-traders that made the goods available to the public |
| Jobbing platen | a smaller version of the platen press. They were created, and used almost exclusively, in the United States in the latter half of the 19th century in a variety of types to accommodate the specific needs of small print houses |
| Jobel | (Hebrew) also keren jobel, 'horn of jubilee' or signal trumpet (Joshua 6:4) |
| Jocose, Jocosely | joking, jokingly, giocoso (Italian), giochevole (Italian), freudig (German), en badinant (French) |
| jocosus | (Latin) merry, jocose |
| Jod | in Indian classical music, the second movement of a raga, that follows the alap, where the sitar, sarod and similar instruments perform permutations of the notes and rhythms but without the accompaniment of the tabla |
| Jodel | yodel |
| Jodelling | yodeling |
| jodeln | (German) to yodel |
| Jodhpur | trousers worn for horse riding, very full from hip to knee and tight over the calf, finished with a piece of elastic under the foot |
| Jodies | see 'cadence calls' |
| Jodler (s./pl.) | (German m.) yodel (sound, song), yodeller (person who yodles) |
| Jody calls | see 'cadence calls' |
| Jogado | (Portuguese m.) or passo de allegro (Portuguese m.), jeté (French) |
| Joged | a secular Balinese dance style often performed at festivals and parties that comes from Bali in Indonesia. The dance is typically accompanied by a gamelan ensemble playing on bamboo instruments |
| Joged bumbung | a style of gamelan music from Bali, Indonesia performed on instruments made primarily out of bamboo, for example, up to half a dozen marimba-like instruments called grantang or tingklik, suling (flute), kendang (drum) and ceng-ceng (cymbals) |
Johannes de Grocheio (Grocheo)
(c.1255-c.1320) |
| Parisian musical theorist. His French name was Jean de Grouchy, but he is more commonly known by his Latinized name. He is the author of the treatise Ars musicae (The art of music) (c.1300), an attempt to describe the music of his time as it was practiced in and around Paris. He divides music into three categories: |
| musica simplex | popular music; music of the layperson |
| musica composita | according to metrical rules; music of the educated person |
| musica ecclesiastica | music of the Church |
| in this regard he departs from Boethius' taxonomy, which divided music between music of the world, human music, and instrumental music |
|
|
| Johannes-Passion | J. S. Bach's St. John Passion BWV 245 |
|
| Johnstone flute | a simple flute made from metal tubing with a wooden embouchure and what he referred to as a 'spear head'. The spear head had a tapered spike to produce an effect similar to Boehm's headjoint. Robert Johnstone was born in Dublin in 1900. He had been professor of chemical engineering at Nottingham University and retired in 1967. The Johnstone flute has eleven fingerholes (you use the side and the tip of the left index finger, plus both thumbs) |
|
| John Canoe | see Jonkunnu |
| Johnston notation | named for Benjamin Burwell Johnston, Jnr. (born 1926), one of the best known composers writing in the just intonation system, Johnston notation is a notational system for applying 'just tuning' to traditional instruments by representing accidentals as pitch shifts in cents |
| John the Conqueroo | also known as High John the Conqueroo, John the Conqueror, or John the Conquer root, refers to a number of roots to which magical powers are ascribed in American folklore, especially among the hoodoo tradition of folk magic among African Americans. The root, in turn, is named after a folk hero called High John the Conqueror. The root and its magical uses are mentioned in a number of blues lyrics. Regardless of which name is used, in all of these contexts "conqueror" is invariably pronounced "conker" |
|
| John Reed Clubs | originally founded in 1929 in New York by CPUSA, by 1934 there were thirty branches across the country. The clubs were named for John Reed, an American radical leftist, and were intended to support and foster both artistic talent and sympathetic political viewpoints |
| Johtosävel | (Finnish) leading note |
| Joie | (French f.) delight, gladness |
| Joie de vivre | (French f., literally 'joy of living') a feeling of happiness and physical well-being, high spirits |
| Joik | (Sweden, Norway) also Yoik, archaic Saami mode of unaccompanied solo singing. The Joik is often compared to Amerind chanting, a description that is correct insofar it sounds similar, yet a joik is not a song about a person or place but an attempt of the joiker to sing the essence of the subject. This songmode is higly personal and touches upon the subject of Saami spirituality |
|
| joindre | (French) to join, to contact, put together (hands, feet), combine (efforts), enclose (in an envelope) |
| joindre à | (French) to join to |
| Joint | (French m.) a join, a washer |
| joint (m.), jointe (f.) | (French) joint (effort), together |
| Jointure | (French f.) a joint, a join (in a line) |
| joli | (French) pretty, nice |
| joliment | (French) prettily, awfully (very) |
| Jonc | (French m.) (bul)rush |
| jonché de | (French) littered with |
| Jonction | (French f.) junction |
| Jondo | a more serious flamenco style |
| Jondura | a more serious flamenco style |
| jongler | (French) to juggle |
| Jongleur (m.), Jongleuse (f.) | (French m./f.) juggler |
| Jongleur (m.), Jongleresse (f.), Jongleurs (pl.) | (French) jongleurs were public entertainers, divided (largely by Church opinion) into two classes. The jongleur was actor, conjuror and acrobat combined, and the profession suffered Church condemnation. However, the jongleur de gestes was received with respect by the high society of the day. A geste or chanson de geste was a long narrative poem recounting the deeds of national heroes. Jongleurs de gestes were later known as ménestrier
|
|
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| Jongo | a form of samba in the states of São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro and Espirito Santo |
| Jónico (m.), Jónica (f.) | (Spanish) Ionian |
| Jônio | (Portuguese) Ionian |
| Jonkunnu | (Jamaica) also called 'John Canoe', a traditional dance of African origin. It is performed mainly at Christmas time and a strong feature of the dance is the characters, all males whose movements match their roles. Some of these characters are 'Pitchy Patchy', 'Devil', 'Horsehead', 'Cowhead', 'Actor Boy', 'Belly Woman', 'Warrior', 'Wild Indian', to name but a few. The rhythm of the Jonkunnu music is quite distinct from other ritual folk music with its fife and "rattling drum"- carried on the shoulders and played with sticks |
|
| Jonquille | (French f.) daffodil |
| Jooruri | (Japanese) Japanese puppet theatre plays and music including gidayuu-bushi and tokiwazu-bushi |
| Jordanie | (French f.) Jordan |
| Jornaditas | traditional Christmas songs from Granada (Spain) about the advent of Christ |
| Joropo | (English, German m.) originally, joropo described a rural event of dance, string music, and singing. Now the term is used loosely to describe various celebrations, both private and public. As a name for the music involved, it can be used alongside other terms that categorize variants of it 0 corrido, galerón, golpe and pasaje. There is also the revuelta an extended version of a pasaje (although the different terms are sometimes used to refer to the same piece), and hornada, which refers to a medley of revueltas or pasajes. The joropo is fast-paced and permits polyrhythmic improvisation on the part of the performers |
| joropos are played by ensembles that differ, as does so much of Venezuelan music, according to region: |
| in the plains | the leading instrument is the arpa llanera, or plains harp, accompanied by a cuatro and maracas. The singer, who carries the melody in tandem with the harp, does not play an instrument. A bass may be added to emphasize the lower notes. The ensemble is usually all-male |
| in some states, such as Apure and Cojedes, but especially in Barinas and Portuguesa | the harp may be replaced by a bandola, which itself also varies in the number and arrangement of its strings according to region and state |
| in the central coast | the joropo ensemble is smaller, reduced to a harp or bandola and a singer who plays maracas. The music, incorporating some of the African tradition of the area, differs from the plains style in that verses are shorter and more repetitive with more improvisation |
| in the state of Lara | the golpe, a different kind of joropo, is performed with an instrumentation that includes a cinco and a tambora, or a violin or guitar and a large drum |
|
|
| Joseph, lieber Joseph mein | (German, literally 'Joseph, O dear Joseph mine') a fourteenth-century German carol which Johannes Brahms
(1833-1897) incorporated into Two Songs for Contralto with Viola Obbligato Op. 9l (1884). The second song, entitled Geistliches Wiegenlied, is a lullaby, written for Amalie and Joseph Joachim, the noted violinist and musical confidant of Brahms, who were awaiting the birth of their first child. As the voice sings the lyric to the poem, the obligatory viola plays the melody of the carol. Brahms even wrote the words to the carol under the viola part |
| Jot | 1/30103 part of an octave. This name was given by Augustus De Morgan (1806-1871). The 10-base (Briggs) logarithm of 2 (10log 2) is 0.30102999566 - so multiplied by 10000 this makes almost exactly 30103. Expressing intervals in this measure has the advantage of being able to calculate interval combinations without using logarithms, because rounding to the nearest integer 'jot' will (usually) give the correct answer, at least for the prime numbers up to 11. In addition, the 'jot' values can be looked up in a 10-base logarithm table. The 'savart' is a similar measure |
|
| Jota | (Spanish f., German f.) a quick dance with hopping steps in triple time from Aragon, Spain performed by a couple accompanied by a singer who plays the guitar |
| Jota de la vendimia | (Spanish f.) wine harvest dance from Ciudad Real, Spain, in which guitar, bandurria and percussion accompany the dancers |
| Joue | (French f.) cheek |
| jouer | (French) to play, to perform, to act (theatre), to gamble (casino, etc.), to work, to put on (a film, etc.), to back (a horse), to count (to be important) |
| jouer à | (French) to play (game or sport) |
| jouer à chat | (French) to play tag |
| jouer à colin-maillard | (French) to play blind man's buff |
| jouer à la demi-position | (French) (on a string instrument) to play in half position |
| jouer au chat et à la souris | (French) to play cat and mouse |
| jouer de | (French) to play (an instrument) |
| jouer de la musique | (French) to perform music, to play music |
| jouer d'un instrument | (French) to play an instrument |
| jouer en cinquième position | (French) (on a string instrument), to play in fifth position |
| jouer en deuxième position | (French) (on a string instrument), to play in second position |
| jouer en première position | (French) (on a string instrument), to play in first position |
| jouer en quatrième position | (French) (on a string instrument), to play in fourth position |
| jouer en troisième position | (French) (on a string instrument), to play in third position |
| jouer juste | (French) to play right, to play accurately, to play fair |
| jouer la comédie | (French) to put on an act |
| Jouet | (French m.) toy, plaything (a person, figurative), victim |
| Joueur (m.), Joueuse (f.) | (French) a player, a performer, a gambler |
| Joueur de cornemuse | (French m.) a performer on the bagpipes |
| joufflu | (French) chubby-cheeked, chubby |
| Joug | (French m., from Latin jugum, literally 'yoke') yoke |
| Jougs | (English, from the French joug, literally 'yoke') an iron collar, fastened by a chain to a wall, post or tree, in which an offender was held, once used in churches to expose sinners to public scorn |
| Jouhikko | bowed lute of Finland and Russian Karelia. It has a flat bridge. Drone strings and one melody string are played simultaneously. The jouhiko normally accompanies narrative and epic singing |
|
| jouir de | (French) to enjoy |
| Jouissance | (French f.) pleasure, use (usage) |
| Joujou (s.), Joujoux (pl.) | (French m.) toy (familiar) |
| Jounce | bounce, move up and down repeatedly |
| Jour | (French m.) day, daytime, daylight, light, gap (opening) |
| Jour chômé | (French m.) public holiday |
| Jour d'action de grâces, le | (French m.) Thanksgiving (Day) |
| Jour d'arrêt | (French m.) detention |
| Jour de l'An, le | (French m.) New Year's Day |
| Jour de congé | (French m.) a day off |
| Jour de deuil | (French m.) day of mourning |
| Jour de fête | (French m.) a holiday, a feast day (particularly, the feast day of a patron saint) |
| Jour des Morts, le | (French m.) All-Souls' Day |
| Jour de repos | (French m.) a day off |
| Jour des Rois, le | (French m.) Epiphany, Twelfth Night |
| Jour de sortie | (French m.) day off, day out |
| Jour de travail | (French m.) a working day, a weekday |
| Jour du Grand Pardon, le | (French m.) the Day of Atonement (Jewish religious holiday) |
| Jour du Seigneur, le | (French m.) Sunday, Sabbath |
| jour entra à flots, le | (French m.) (the) daylight flooded in |
| Jour et nuit | (French) day and night |
| Jour férié | (French m.) a public holiday, bank holiday |
| Jour J, le | (French m.) D-Day (day on which the Normandy Landings began, towards the end of World War II) |
| Jour mobile | (French m.) discretionary or personal day |
| Journal | (French m., English) sometimes called 'magazine', 'periodical' or 'serial', terms often used interchangeably to describe any work published on a regular basis which contains articles and has been published by an institution or a professional society |
| there are technical distinctions between these four terms: |
| journal | a term which describes scholarly publications |
| magazine | a term which describes a publication more for general interest |
| periodicals | both journals and magazines can be classified as periodicals, which are publications issued regularly, two or more times a year |
| serials | a term covering a broader range of publications: periodicals, annuals and works published on an irregular basis |
| Note: publications issued on a regular basis are periodicals. Weekly magazines, scholarly journals and newspapers are all examples of periodicals. Serials are any periodicals, books, yearbooks, or indexes that are issued in a series. So all periodicals are serials but all serials are not periodicals |
|
| Journal de bord | (French m.) log-book |
| journalier (m.), journalière (f.) | (French) daily |
| Journal intime | (French m.) diary (particularly, a confidential diary, one that records the details of the life of the writer and his or her associates) |
| Journalisme | (French m.) journalism |
| Journaliste | (French m./f.) journalist |
| Journée (s.), Journées (pl.) | (French f.) day |
| Journée de salaire | (French f.) day's wages |
| Journées d'émeute | (French f.pl.) days of rioting |
| journellement | (French) daily |
| Jour ouvrable | (French m.) a working day |
| Jour ouvré | (French m.) weekday |
| ... jours de suite | (French) ... days in a row |
| Jours | (French m.pl.) days |
| Les jours se suivent et ne se ressemblent pas (French: There's no telling what tomorrow will bring.) |
| jour tombe, le | (French) it's getting dark |
| Jouset | (Finnish) strings (i.e. orchestral section) |
| Joute musicale | (French f., literally 'musical joust') a 'musical duel' or competition between musicians to determine which is the finer player, for example Johann Jakob Froberger vs Matthias Weckmann (1650), Georg Friedrich Händel vs Domenico Scarlatti (1707), Johann Sebastian Bach vs Louis Marchand (1717), Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart vs Muzio Clementi (1781), Ludwig van Beethoven vs Daniel Steibelt (1800), Franz Liszt vs Sigismund Thalberg (1837) |
| jovialisch | (German) jovial, joyous, merry |
| joyeusement | (French) joyously |
| joyeux (m.), joyeuse (f.) | (French) joyous |
| joyeux drille, un | (French m.) a cheery character |
| Joyous, Joyously | elated, elatedly, happy, happily, giojoso (Italian), fröhlich (German), joyeux (French m.), joyeusex (French f.), joyeusement (French) |
| J-pop | an abbreviation of 'Japanese pop'. It refers to Western-influenced Japanese popular music |
- J-pop from which this short extract has been taken
|
| J-rock | see 'Japanese rock' |
| JSW | the catalogue prepared by Fabian Dahlström of music by Jean Sibelius (1865-1957) |
| Jtek | or 'Japanese techno', an electronic music genre that is also a subgenre of 'Techno' |
- Jtek from which this short extract has been taken
|
| Juan-hsieng | Taiwanese moon guitar |
| Jub | abbreviation of Jubilate (Latin) |
| Juba (dance) | or 'hambone', originally known as 'Pattin' Juba' (or Giouba, in Haiti, Djouba) a style of dance that involves stomping as well as slapping and patting the arms, legs, chest, and cheeks |
|
| Jubé | (French, originally from the Latin phrase Jube, domine, benedicere spoken before the reading of the Gospel by the deacon from the rood-loft) a rood-screen (also choir screen or chancel screen) and gallery (also called the rood-loft) dividing the chancel of a church from the nave. Sometimes the rood loft was substantial enough to be used as a singing gallery - access was via a rood stair |
| Jubelflöte | (German) an organ stop of the flute species |
| Jubelgesang | (German) a song of jubilation |
| Jubellied | (German) a song of jubilation |
| jubelnd | (German) jubilant |
| Jubilación | (Spanish f.) retirement, pension |
| Jubilación anticipada | (Spanish f.) early retirement |
| Jubilación forzosa | (Spanish f.) compulsory retirement |
| Jubilate | the one hundredth psalm, very prominent in the Anglican service |
| Jubilee | a term for an African American spiritual |
| Jubilee quartets | popular African-American religious musical groups in the first half of the twentieth century. The name derives from the 'Fisk Jubilee Quartet', a group of male singers organized by students at Fisk University in 1905 to sing Negro spirituals, which had typically been sung by mixed choirs before then. Students at other historically black schools, such as Hampton Institute, Tuskegee Institute and Wilberforce University, followed suit |
|
| jubiloso | (Italian) jubilant, exulting |
| Jubilus | an elaborate, joyful melisma on the final syllable of the word Alleluia |
| Jublag | in a gamelan orchestra, a six-keyed metallophone played with wooden mallets padded with rubber tips, an instrument pitched higher that the jegogan |
| jucken | (German) to itch |
| Juckreiz | (German m.) itching, itching |
| Judas | (French m.) peep-hole |
| Jude (m.), Jüdin (f.) | (German m.) a Jew, a Jewess (f.) |
| Judenharfe | (German f.) Jew's harp |
| Judenhetze | (German f.) anti-Semitism |
| Judentum | (German n.) Judaism, Jewry |
| jüdisch | (German) Jewish |
| Juego de timbres | (Spanish m.) or armónica de metal, glockenspiel |
| Juerga | a flamenco party or 'jam session' with festive drinking and merrymaking |
| Jug | a musical instrument that reached its height of popularity in the 1920s. Most jug players produce sound by buzzing their lips near the opening of the jug. The pitch is controlled by the tension of the player's lips and the flow of air through them. The jug forms a resonant cavity to modify and enrich the sound from the pure "buzz". In this way a single jug can produce many notes. Some players augment this sound with vocalizations |
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| Jugalbandi | Indian jam session |
|
| Jugalbmdi | in Indian classical music, the performance of a vocal or instrumental duet |
| jugar a dos barajas | (Spanish) to be deceitful, to indulge in double dealing |
| jugar a las adivinanzas | (Spanish) to play at guessing riddles |
| jugar a las cartas | (Spanish) to play cards |
| jugar a las sillas | (Spanish) to play musical chairs |
| jugar al stop | (Spanish) to play musical chairs |
| jugar con dos barajas | (Spanish) to be deceitful, to indulge in double dealing |
| Jug band | (English, Jugband (German f.)) a band employing a jug player and other traditional and homemade instruments, such as rhythm guitar, washtub bass, washboard, jug, mandolin, spoons, and kazoo. A jug player is required for a jug band, but other types of band employing a mix of traditional and homemade instruments are spasm bands and Skiffle bands |
- Jug band from which this extract has been taken
|
| Juge | (French m.) a judge, a referee |
| jugé au | (French) by guesswork |
| Juge d'instruction | (French m.) an examining magistrate (a magistrate who examines the evidence and decides whether there is a case for trial) |
| Jugement | (French m.) judgement, sentence (of a court) |
| Jugend | (German f.) boyhood, young people, youth, adolescence |
| Jugendblasorchester | (German n.) youth brass band |
| Jugend, in früher | (German) early in life |
| Jugend, in meiner | (German) in my younger days |
| jugendlich-dramatischer Sopran | (German m.) light dramatic soprano |
|
| jugendlicher Heldentenor | (German m.) light dramatic tenor |
|
| Jugendsinfonieorchester | (German n.) youth symphony orchestra |
| Jugendstil | (German m.) art nouveau, a style of drawing and domestic decoration introduced between 1890 and 1900 |
| the German term is taken from Jugend, the title of a journal devoted to the new movement and published in Munich from 1896 |
| Jugeote | (French f.) gumption (familiar), common sense (familiar) |
| juger | (French) to judge, to consider |
| juger de | (French) to judge |
| juger que | (French) to judge that |
| Juggler | active from the 800s-900s, the terms juggler and Gaukler (German) were used to refer to general public entertainers, including actors, bear-leaders, conjurers, acrobats, and musicians |
| today, the term is used for conjurors, particularly those that deceive their audience by legerdemain or sleight of hand |
- Jester from which the first entry has been taken
|
| Juglar (s.), Juglares (pl.) | (Spanish m.) minstrel |
| juguetón (m.), juguetona (f.) | (Spanish) playful, frolicsome, giocoso |
| juguler | (French) to stifle, to check |
| Juhuro | or Juvuro, Mountain Jews |
| Juif (m.), Juive (f.) | (French) Jew (m.), Jewess (f.) |
| juif (m.), juive (f.) | (French) Jewish |
| Juillet | (French m.) July |
| Juin | (French m.) June |
| Juju | (Nigeria) a popular style, derived from 'Palm Wine music', that relies on the traditional Yoruba rhythms, but, instead of being played wholely on percussive instruments as tradition demands, the instruments in Juju are more Western in origin, drum kit, guitars, keyboards, often pedal steel guitar and, some times, accordion used alongside the traditional dun-dun, a talking drum |
|
| Jukluitinstrumenten | (Dutch) yoke lutes (for example, the Greek lyre) |
| Julep | an ancient Arabian name for a cooling drink that contained mucilage or opium - these days applied to a variety of cooling alcoholic cocktails |
| Jules | (French m.) guy (familiar) |
| Julienne | vegetables cut into fine strips |
| Jukebox | one of the early forerunners to the modern Jukebox as we know was the Nickel-in-the-Slot machine. In 1889, Louis Glass and William S. Arnold, placed a coin-operated Edison cylinder phonograph in the Palais Royale Saloon in San Francisco. It was an Edison Class M Electric Phonograph in an oak cabinet that was refitted with a coin mechanism patented (U.S. 428,750) by Glass and Arnold. This was the first Nickel-in-the-Slot. The machine had no amplification and patrons had to listen to the music using one of four listening tubes. In its first six months of service, the Nickel-in-the-Slot earned over $1000 |
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| Juke joint | or jook joint, the vernacular term for an informal establishment featuring blues music, dancing, and alcoholic drinks, primarily operated by African American people in the southeastern United States. The term "juke" is believed to derive from the Gullah word joog, meaning rowdy or disorderly |
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| Jumbie dance | (Montserrat) the jumbie dance is said to induce spiritual possession and grant divination skills. Often, jumbie dances are intended to cure diseases, remove curses or discover the identity of a guilty party. There are generally three jumbie dancers in a unit, who perform accompanied by the tambourine (called 'jumbie drum' or babala), fife and most importantly the 'French reel', a skin drum that produces an ominous sound which is said to attract the jumbie spirits |
|
| Jumbie drum | (Montserrat) or babala, a tambourine used to accompany the 'Jumbie dance' |
| Jumeau (m.), Jumelle (f.) | (French) a twin |
| jumeau (m.), jumelle (f.) | (French) twin |
| Jumelage | (French m.) twinning |
| jumeler | twin (towns) |
| Jumelles | (French f. pl.) binoculars |
| Jument | (French f.) mare |
| Jump | in jazz, a very fast 4/4, usually played by dance-bands |
| Jump blues | an early form of rhythm and blues, an up-tempo style that featured the horn section |
|
| Jumping jack | plaything consisting of a toy figure with movable joints that can be made to dance by pulling strings |
| Jumpstyle | a style of electronic music that has evolved from hardstyle and includes influences from hard house. Unlike hardstyle, it does not have an off kick bassline, basing itself more on the kick drum. It is a new genre in the hard dance scene and has its origins in Belgium although is slowly spreading across Europe |
- Jumpstyle from which this extract has been taken
|
| Jumpsuit | boiler suit |
| Jump to coda |
 | | a mark indicating the point in a piece of music from which the player should jump to a special section marked Coda |
|
| Jump the gun | the idiom 'Jump the gun' has its roots in an athlete starting a race before the starting pistol is fired. It refers to someone or refers to an act when it is started earlier than expected or when something is spoken without required thinking |
| Jump-Up | a subgenre of jungle and drum and bass that was popular with fans of drum and bass in the late 1990s. It is characterized by deep synthesizer basslines and highly energetic and uptempo drum loops |
- Jump-Up from which this extract has been taken
|
| Jump up music | the term used for bouyon in Guadeloupe and Martinique |
| Jungle (music) | the name given to an electronic music style that incorporates influences from genres including breakbeat hardcore, techno, rare groove and reggae/dub/dancehall |
| see 'drum and bass' |
| see 'oldschool jungle' |
|
| Junggeum | (Korean) a medium sized bamboo flute |
|
| Junggrammatiker (s.), Junggrammatiker (pl.) | (German m.) a Neogrammarian, one of a group of German philologists who in the period after 1870 laid the foundations of modern linguistic science. The most outstanding members of this movement was Karl Brugmann (1849-1919). Despite their strong influence in their time, the methods and goals of the Junggrammatiker have been criticized from various points of view, but mainly for: reducing the object of investigation to the idiolect; restricting themselves to the description of surface phenomena (sound level); overvaluation of historical languages and neglect of contemporary ones |
|
| jungverheiratete Paar | (German n.) newly married couple |
| Juniper | (Dutch Jeneverbes, European Species: Juniperus sp.) a wood similar to boxwood and used as a supplement to it. The berries are used to flavour meats (and gin) |
|
| Jun-jun | (Nigeria) talking drum |
| Junkanoo | a street parade with music, which occurs in many towns across the Bahamas every Boxing Day (December 26) and New Year's Day. The largest Junkanoo happens in Nassau, the capital |
- Junkanoo from which this extract has been taken
|
| Junker | (German m., from jung Herr, 'young nobleman') an arrogant, overbearing member of the Prussian aristocracy |
| Junta | (Spanish f.) an adminstrative council |
| in English, where the pronunciation is fully anglicized, the term is usually reserved for a self-selecting committee exercising undue influence on the affairs of some organisation |
| Junta editora | (Spanish f.) editorial board |
| Junta rectora | (Spanish f.) editorial board |
| Jupon | a tightly fitted garment resembling a leather tunic worn over armor (particulary chain mail) in the fourteenth century, often blazoned with one's coat-of-arms |
| Juré | an African-American/Afro-Caribbean vocal tradition, sung in French Creole, accompanied only by hand clapping and foot stomping for rhythmic reinforcement. Juré has many parallels with African-American music sung in English such as the ring-shout and is one of several root sources for zydeco music. Some juré songs are religious, as are many of the ring-shouts, while other jurés are secular and spontaneously improvised. Juré singing has all but disappeared |
|
| jure dignitatis | (Latin) (a degree awarded) by right of distinction (for example, to someone who has achieved a distinguished position in public life) |
| jure divino | (Latin) by divine right |
| jurer par | (French) to swear by |
| Jurkel | (Mali) a guitar with only one string |
| Jus | (French m.) juice, gravy (meat) |
| Jus de fruit | (French m.) fruit juice |
| Jus lie | (French m.) thickened gravy |
| jus primae noctis | (Latin) droit de seigneur |
| jusqu'à | (French) until, (up) to, as far as, till, even |
| jusqu'à ce que | (French) until |
| jusqu'à concurrence de | (French) up to |
| jusqu'à nouvel order | (French) until further notice |
| jusqu'à présent | (French) until now |
| jusqu'au bout | (French) (right) to the end |
| jusqu'au bout des ongles | (French) through and through, right to one's fingertips |
| Jusqu'au-boutiste policy | hardline policy, extremist policy |
| jusqu'en | (French) until |
| jusqu'ou? | (French) how far? |
| jusque dans | (French) as far as |
| jusque sur | (French) as far as |
| Jus sanguinis | (Latin, literally 'right of blood') a social policy by which nationality or citizenship is not determined by place of birth, but by having an ancestor who is a national or citizen of the state. It contrasts with jus soli |
| Jus soli | (Latin, literally 'right of the soil') or birthright citizenship, a right by which nationality or citizenship can be recognised to any individual born in the territory of the related state |
| Just | all consonant intervals; the voices, strings, or pipes that sound them with precision |
| justa | (Spanish) just, exact, true, in tune, perfect (interval) |
| Just diatonic semitone | the interval between two notes whose frequencies are in the ratio (16:15). It is very slightly smaller than a Pythagorean chromatic semitone |
| Juste | (French m.) righteous man, righteous person |
| le juste (French: the righteous) |
| juste | (French) appropriate, just (fair, impartial, wise, equitable, ethically right), impartial, equitable, fair (just), righteous (morally justified), reasonable (fair), accurate, exact, true (musical note), in tune (piano, voice, etc.), perfect (interval), tight (garment), on the short side (quantity), right (correct, true, immediately), neither more nor less, rightly, correctly, in tune (singer), just (exactly, only a moment ago), o'clock (time), only (just) |
| juste à droite | (French) just right |
| juste à l'heure | (French) just in time |
| juste assez | (French) just enough |
| juste à temps | (French) nick of time, just in time |
| juste au cas où | (French) just in case |
| juste au coin de la rue | (French) just around the corner |
| juste avoir raison | (French) to be just right |
| juste comme ça | (French) just like that |
| juste dehors | (French) just out |
| juste en face de la rue | (French) just across the street |
| juste ici | (French) just here |
| juste maintenant | (French) just now |
| justement | (French) just, justly |
| Juste milieu | (French m.) happy medium, judicious moderation |
| (French) garder en tout un juste milieu, voilà la règle du bonheur: 'to observe a judicious moderation in everything, that is the key to happiness' (Denis Diderot: Salon de 1767) |
| juste pour | (French) for the sake of |
| juste pour que tu saches | (French) for the record |
| Justesse | (French f.) accuracy, equality, purity, exactitude, correctness (with regard to intonation) |
| Justesse de la voix | (French f.) purity of voice |
| Justesse de l'oreille | (French f.) correctness of ear (usually a reference to a performer who plays well in tune, or at the desired pitch, or a listener who is particularly sensitive to the tuning or pitch of another) |
| juste un enfant | (French) mere child |
| juste une fois | (French) just once |
| Justice | (French f.) the quality of being just or fair |
| (French f.) law (authorities), court (of justice) |
| Justierung | (German f.) adjustment, setting |
| Justification du tirage | (French f.) an enumeration of the copies of a work printed, with details of the paper, binding, etc. used, often appended to fine books printed in France |
| Justification, typographic | see 'typological justification' |
| justifier | (French) to justify |
| justifier de | (French) to prove |
| Justiniana (s.), Justiniane (pl.) | see Giustiniana |
| Just intonation | entonación justa (Spanish), intonazione giusta (Italian), intonation juste (French), reine Stimmung (German) |
also called 'rational intonation', any tuning system which exclusively employs intervals defined by ratios of integers, though some authors restrict the term to systems whose intervals are derived from the first six overtones, that is employing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. Such systems are often termed 'Five Limit' or 'Senary' after Zarlino's Senario (ref. Partch, 1949, 1974, 1979). The most common example of such a system is the tuning of the 'Major Mode' using the intervals 1/1 9/8 5/4 4/3 3/2 5/3 15/8 and 2/1. 'Just Intonation' differs from 'Equal Temperament' and 'Unequal Temperaments' such as 'Meantone' which combine rational with irrational intervals
[information taken from John Chalmers, Divisions of the Tetrachord] |
| there are two commonly used systems of just intonation |
| 5-limit just intonation | 'just intonation', 'JI', 'pure temperament', consisting of 'pure', 'true', 'just', or 'justly intoned' chords, ratios or intervals
| just intervals can be expressed by the formula 2m x 3n x 5o, where 2m is used to optionally keep the interval limited to a single octave. 5-limit just intonation is actually a superset of Pythagorean intonation (3-limit JI), so any that are found there can be found here. By a curious mathematical 'coincidence', many of the intervals (especially the simpler ones) approximate the equal tempered ones very closely |
| 3-limit just intonation | 'Pythagorean intonation', 'circle of fifths', 'cycle of fifths', 'spiral of fifths' | 3-limit just intonation is actually a subset of 5-limit just intonation, and is naturally one dimensional, rather than two as in 5-limit. Once again, it is curious mathematically how many of the ratios coincide closely with the intervals taken from equal temperament or 5-limit just intonation. Pythagorean intervals can be expressed very simply by the formula 2m x 3n, where 2m is used to optionally keep the interval limited to a single octave |
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| Just minor tone | the interval between two notes whose frequency ratio is (10:9) |
| Just noticeable difference (in pitch) | or JND, the 'just noticeable difference' in pitch is best expressed as a ratio or musical interval because the human ear tends to respond equally to equal ratios of frequencies. Frequency rations are most conveniently expressed in cents, a notation developed expressly for musical intervals. Although research reveals variations, a reasonable estimate of the JND is about five cents, regardless of the frequency range, but this proves to be an oversimplification. Measuring pitch discrimination with pure notes at about 80 dB for frequencies between 1 and 4 kHz, the JND is found to be about 0.5% of the pure tone frequency, which corresponds to about 8 cents. In addition, it has been reported that the JND depends on the frequency, the sound level, the duration of the note, the suddenness of the frequency change, the musical training of the listener, and the method of measurement |
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| juteux (m.), juteuse (f.) | (French) juicy |
| Juvenile | publishers use the term juvenile or children's literature to designate books suitable for children |
| juvénile | (French) youthful |
| Juvenilia | (Latin) works of art, literature, etc. produced during youth (often used as a title of a collection of such works) |
| Juvuro | or Juhuro, Mountain Jews |
| juxtaposer | (French) juxtapose |
| Juxtaposition | the arrangement of two or more ideas, characters, actions, settings, phrases, or words side-by-side or in similar narrative moments for the purpose of comparison, contrast, rhetorical effect, suspense, or character development |
| in music, the placing of two musical elements close together or side by side. This is often done in order to compare/contrast the two, to show similarities or differences |
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| Jwago | (Korean) slightly bigger than a sori-buk, this drum is hung on a wooden frame and is played by striking it with a stick. It was widely used in court music |
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| J'y perds mon latin! | (French) It's all Greek to me! I can't make heads or tails of it! |
| j'y suis, j'y reste | (French) here I am, and here I stay |
