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CH abbreviation of 'Companion of Honour' Ch. abbreviation of 'choir organ', 'choir', Chor (German: choir), choeur (French: choir) Chaabi popular Arabic music, also known as shaabi, sha-bii or sha'bii. Chaabi was originally performed in markets, but is now found at any celebration or meeting. In Morocco, for example, chaabi songs typically end with a leseb, a swift rhythmic section accompanied by syncopated clapping Chabara (Korean) see bara Chabarowsk (German n.) Khabarovsk (the administrative center and the largest city of Khabarovsk Krai, Russia. It is located some 30 km from the Chinese border) Chablis (English, German m.) Chablis wine (the Chablis region is the northernmost wine district of Burgundy, France) Chabretta (French f.) bellows-blown bagpipe from Limousin region of France Chabrette (French f.) bellows-blown bagpipe from Limousin region of France Chacal (French m.) jackal Chácaras (Spanish) large castanets from the Canary Islands Chacarera a folk dance and music originated in the northwest of Argentina in the nineteenth century. Chacarera is still played and danced in many provinces of Argentina, specially in Catamarca, Salta, Tucumán, Santiago del Estero, and Jujuy, and it can be also found in the south of Bolivia. Each Province has it own flavour of chacarera with subtle differences, mainly in the steps (Chacarera doble, Chacarera larga, etc) Chacarera Chacarrá fandango dance from Tarifa, in southern Spain, performed by two women and one man Chác-chás also called chullus (chew-use), a shaker, made from dozens of sheep or goat hooves, tied to a strip of cloth and either worn on the wrists or hand-held Chace (French) a fourteenth-century French term for 'canon', particularly two- and three-voice canons that imitated bird calls or the sounds of instruments, etc. A Documented Definition and Brief History of Rounds Chachá the smaller of the two heads of the batá drums Cha-cha bell the small bell mounted on the timbales and used for the chachachá, guajira and similar styles Cha-Cha-Cha (German m.) cha-cha-cha, chachachá (Spanish) Cha-cha-cha see chachachá (Spanish) Chachachá (Spanish) or 'cha-cha-cha', a dance and musical style evolving from the Nuevo Ritmo of the danzón style. Enganadora, by Cuban bandleader and violinist Enrique Jorrin, is generally considered to be the first chachachá, in 1953. As a dance, cha cha became popular in the 1950s and 1960s and is descended from mambo through triple mambo. It is in 4/4 time and follows a rhythmic pattern two crotchets (quarter-notes), three quavers (eighth-notes) and a quaver rest (eighth-rest) Cha Cha Cha Cha Cha Cha Cha Cha Chacona (Spanish f.) chaconne Chaconne (English, German f., French f.) or, in English, 'chacony', a slow stately dance with variations, popular during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, generally in triple time, played over a ground bass, similar to the passacaglia (Italian) or passecaille (French), that originated in Latin America in the late sixteenth century Chaconne Chacony (old English) chaconne chacun (m.), chacune (f.) (French) each (one), every one, everyone chacun à son goût (French) every man to his taste the more usual form, in French, is à chacun son goût chacun à son métier (French) every man to his trade, let the cobbler stick to his last (figurative) Chaddar shawl Chadera (German n.) Hadera (a city located in the Haifa District of Israel) Chador (English, German m.) a cloth used as a head covering (and veil and shawl) by Muslim and Hindu women Chadracha modern, popular Cuban music Chafing-dish (from the Old French chauffer, "to make warm") a kind of portable grate ("a dish of Coles") raised on a tripod, originally heated with charcoal in a brazier, and used for foods that required gentle cooking, away from the fierce heat of direct flames. The chafing dish could be used at table or for keeping food warm on a buffet. Double dishes that provide a protective water jacket are known as bain-marie and help keep delicate foods such as fish warm while preventing overcooking. A chafing-dish heated by a small spirit-lamp is known in French as a veilleuse Chafing-dish from which this extract has been taken Chagas disease enfermedad de Chagas (Spanish), mal de Chagas (Spanish), also called American trypanosomiasis, a tropical parasitic disease particularly found in the Southern American continent Chagas-Krankheit (German f.) Chagas disease Chaghana also called 'Turkish crescent', chapeau chinois or 'jingling johnnie', a ceremonial staff of ancient Central Asian origin which was adopted by the Turks and gained importance following their capture of Constantinople, when the crescent became the emblem of Turkish power. This symbolic and highly ornate staff is surmounted by a crescent and a metal ornament shaped like a Chinese hat. Attached are two horsehair tassels, and hanging at different points are a considerable number of bells and crotals which jingle as the staff is carried in procession. The chaghana was highly valued by Europeans as a war trophy during periods of conflict with Turkey and was incorporated in miltary bands following the Turkish custom. It still exists today Chagrin (French m.) sorrow, acute vexation, mortification, something that troubles the mind (German n.) shagreen (the rough hide of a shark or ray, covered with numerous bony denticles and used as an abrasive and as leather - formerly made from a horse's back, or that of an onager (wild ass)) Chagrin d'amour (French m.) the distrewss that results from an unhappy love-affair chagriné (French) accorato (Italian) sorrowful, grieving, worried, bothered, distressed, betrübt (German) chagriner (French) to distress, to grieve, to upset, to worry, to bother Chagrinleder (German n.) shagreen (the rough hide of a shark or ray, covered with numerous bony denticles and used as an abrasive and as leather - formerly made from a horse's back, or that of an onager (wild ass)) Chahut (French m.) row, din a noisy dance resembling the cancan chahuter (French) to make a row, to be rowdy with Chahuteur (m.), Chahuteuse (f.) (French) rowdy Chai (English, German m.) a beverage made by brewing tea with a mixture of aromatic spices (English, German n. from Hebrew) a symbol and word that figures prominently in Jewish culture and consists of the letters of the Hebrew alphabet Het and Yod Chail (Hebrew, literally 'bored through') pipe or flute (1 Samuel 10:5) Chain (in tuning theory) a chain is a type of linear tuning which is theoretically infinite on both ends, for example 'Pythagorean' see 'chains' Chaîné (French f.) chain, channel (television, satellite, etc.) Chaîne de fabrication (French f.) production line Chaîne de montage (French f.) assembly line Chaîne de montagnes (French f.) mountain range Chaîne hi-fi (French f.) hi-fi system Chaînés (French f. pl., literally 'chains', 'links') or deboulés (French), rolar (Portuguese), in dance, an abbreviation of the term tours chaînés déboulés, a series of rapid turns on demi-pointes in a straight line or in a circle see 'chains' Chaînette (French f.) small chain Chain form binary form extended with more sections, for example ABCD, and particularly when including repeated sections, AABBCCDD Chain mail flexible and luxury fabric of many interwoven metal rings, used in suits of armor: a similar version called 'Oroton' was popularized by Versace in the 1980s Chaînon (French m.) link (in a chian) Chain perforations a term applied to the 'breaking up' of otherwise long perforations for when long sustained notes are called for on automatic music players using a paper roll. The long perforation is broken up into a series of small perforations set close together in a line down the roll which makes the roll stronger and less likely to tear or wrinkle. The separations are so small that the air-actuated tracker action does not detect them, seeing the perforations as being continuous. The resultant note is therefore unbroken Chain rhyme the linking together of stanzas by carrying a rhyme over from one stanza to the next Chain rhyme from which this extract has been taken Chains chaines (French), Ketten (German), catene (Italian), cadenas (Spanish) a percussion instrument made of lengths of metal chain. Schoenberg used chains in Gurrelieder Chainse a white long-sleeved undertunic of fine linen worn in the early Middle Ages. In feminine costume it was ground-length. Later it developed into the shirt and the chemise Chaintanya Bengali religious reformer of the 15th century AD., who is worshipped by his followers as an incarnation of Sri Krishna Chair (French f.) flesh Chair à saucisses (French f.) sausage meat chair, (couleur) (French) flesh-coloured Chair de poule (French m.) goose-flesh Chaire (French f.) pulpit (in a church), chair (university) Chairman (m.), Chairwoman (f.), Chairmen (pl.), Chairwomen (f.pl.) (English, German) also chair, the person who acts as the senior member of the board of a company, as the presiding officer of a meeting or assembly, or as the adminstrative head of an academic department in a university Chair organ an obsolete term for 'choir organ' Chaise (French f.) chair (French f.) a light four-wheeled carriage (German f.) chaise longue, jalopy (colloquial), banger (colloquial: old car) Chaiselongue (s.), Chaiselonguen (pl.) (German f./n.) chaise-longue Chaise-longue (English, French f.) a day-bed, a kind of sofa with a back but one end (French f.) deck-chair Chaiti folk songs of Uttar Pradesh, sung in the month of Chaitra (March-April) Chajchas (South America) a rattle made from goat or sheep hooves Chakacha traditional rhythm from Kenya Chakasien (German) Khakassia (a federal subject of the Russian republic located in south central Siberia) Chakki grinding wheel or mill Chakra (English, German n.) one of the seven centres of spiritual energy in the human body according to yoga philosophy Chal. abbreviation for chalumeau, an instruction in a clarinet part that the player should transpose the wirrten notes down an octave. The instruction is cancelled with the marking Clar. Chalan in Indian classical music, the characteristic movement of notes in a raga Chaland (French m.) barge Chalazion (English, German n.) inflammed lump in a meibomian gland (in the eyelid), which usually subsides, but may need surgical removal Chalazium (German n.) chalazion Chalcedonian churches churches that accept the definition given at the Council of Chalcedon (451 AD) of how the divine and human relate in the person of Jesus Christ. While most modern Christian churches are Chalcedonian, in the 5th - 8th centuries AD the ascendancy of Chalcedonian Christology was not always certain. The dogmatical disputes raised during this Synod led to the Chalcedonian schism and as a matter of course to the creation of the non-chalcedonian body of churches known as Oriental Christianity. The Chalcedonian churches were the ones that remained united with Rome, Constatinople and the three Greek Orthodox patriarchates of the East (Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem), that under Justinian at the council in Trullo were organised under a form of rule known as the Pentarchy. The majority of the Armenian, Syrian, Coptic, and Ethiopian Christians rejected the Chalcedonian definition, and are now known collectively as Oriental Orthodox. However, some Armenian Christians (especially in the region of Cappadocia and Trebizond inside the Byzantine Empire) did accept the decisions of the Council of Chalcedon and engaged in polemics against the Armenian Apostolic Church, and churches of the Syriac tradition among the Eastern Catholic Churches are also Chalcedonian Chalcedonian from which this extract has been taken chalcedonische Kirchen (German pl.) Chalcedonian churches Chalcedony a translucent or grayish semi-precious stone that is a variety of banded quartz Chaldäer (German pl.) Chaldeans Chaldea a Hellenistic designation for a part of Babylonia, mainly around Sumerian Ur, which became an independent kingdom under the Chaldees. It pursued military campaigns against the foreign ruling dynasties ruling southern Mesopotamia, mainly the Akkadians and the Babylonians. It became a Babylonian colony in the early days of Hammurabi, but retained special status in relation to other cities ruled by Babylon in the region. The 11th dynasty of the Kings of Babylon (6th century BC) is conventionally known to historians as the Chaldean Dynasty. Their kingdom in the southern portion of Babylonia lay chiefly on the right bank of the Euphrates. Though the name came to be commonly used to refer to the whole of Mesopotamia, Chaldea proper was the vast plain in the south formed by the deposits of the Euphrates and the Tigris, extending to about four hundred miles along the course of these rivers, and about a hundred miles in average width Chaldea from which this extract has been taken Chaldean of or relating to Chaldea or its people, language, or culture ancient astrologers, originally based in Babylon, a city in Mesopotamia (Iraq), the birthplace of western astrology a member of the Chaldean Catholic Church, a uniate church of the Roman Catholic Church a wise man skilled in occult learning Chaldean wisdom among Greeks and Romans, the synonym of divination through the position and movements of planets and stars Châle (French m.) shawl Chaleco (Spanish m.) vest, waistcoat, sleeveless sweater, body warmer, cardigan (South America) Chaleco antibalas (Spanish m.) bulletproof vest Chaleco de fuerza (Spanish m.) straitjacket Chaleco reflectante (Spanish m.) (high visibility) reflective vest, fluorescent vest (also known as a safety vest) Chaleco salvavidas (Spanish m.) lifejacket Chalemie (French) a pipe Chalet (English, German n., French m.) chalet, a small wooden house of a Swiss peasant Chaleur (French f.) heat, warmth (intensity, colour, etc.), passion chaleureusement (French) with warmth chaleureux (m.), chaleureuse (f.) (French) warm Chalga a form of Bulgarian popular music drawing from Balkan folk traditions and incorporating Turkish, Greek, and Roma (gypsy) influences, as well as motifs from Balkan traditional music, flamenco and klezmer music. Often indistinguishable from Bulgarian pop music, it remains popular with the proletariat - music played in dance clubs and pubs. The word chalga comes from a Turkish word pronounced chalguh, which means 'playing' or 'music' and is itself derived from Arabic Chalga from which this extract has been taken Chalgazhia a type of musician, normally a Tsigani (gypsy), who could play virtually any type of music usually from memory, but to which he added his own distinctive beat or rhythm Chalghi a Middle-Eastern instrumental ensemble generally found accompanying maqam singing, which features santur, a type of hammer dulcimer, and the jawzah, a spike-fiddle Chalice the cup for holding the wine at the ritual of the Eucharist Challah a loaf of yeast-leavened egg bread, usually braided, traditionally eaten by Jews on the Sabbath, holidays, and other ceremonial occasions Challenge (French m.) contest chalm. abbreviation of chalumeau Chalmeau synonymous with chalumeau Chalmey synonymous with chalumeau Chaloupe (French f.) launch, boat Chalumeau (s.), Chalumeaux (pl.) (French m.) blowlamp, blowtorch (English, German n., French m.) or ciaramella (Italian f.), cennamella (Italian f.), Schalmei (German f.), Hirtenpfeife (German f.), pipeau (French m.), simple rustic reed pipe, ancestor of clarinet, with 6 to 8 finger holes (French m.) shawm (French m.) the double-reed chanter of a bagpipe the lowest register (the first octave from the fundamental) playable by instruments of the clarinet family the direction 'chalumeau' in music for clarinet or basset horn directs the player to 'play the music an octave lower than written' Chalut (French m.) trawl-net Chalutier (French m.) trawler Chalzedon (German m.) chalcedony Cham see 'Cham dance' Chamade the sounding of a drum to ask for a parley chamade see en chamade Chameleon lizard of Africa and Madagascar able to change skin color and having a projectile tongue a changeable or inconstant person Chamäleon (German n.) chameleon chamäleonartig (German) chameleon-like, like a chameleon Chamamé polkas, mazurkas and waltzes came to Argentina with the immigrants, where they became mixed with African and Amerindian music. Chamamé emerged from this mix, a ravishingly beautiful, evocative folk style that emanated from the Corrientes and Misiones provinces of Argentina's far north east chambarder (French) turn upside down Chamber a prefix used to describe smaller-scale musical activities in the organ, a room housing the pipes that opens into the main room Chamber jazz a fusion of impressionistic jazz and European classical music Chamberlain an officer of the royal household responsible for the Chamber, meaning that he controled access to the person of the king. He was also responsible for administration of the household and the private estates of the king. The Chamberlain was one of the four main officers of the court, the others being the Chancellor, the Justiciar, and the Treasurer Chamber music música de cámara (Spanish), musica da camera (Italian), Kammermusik (German), musique de chambre (French) music, including part songs, instrumental trios, quartets, etc., generally written to be played or sung one-to-a-part, geenrally in a domestic setting, or possibly in a small hall to an audience Chamber music Chamber opera an opera of intimate character often accompanied by a chamber orchestra Chamber orchestra a small orchestra generally employing the forces that would have been usually in the second half of the eighteenth century Chamber organ a pipe organ designed for continuo use with a limited number of ranks. As a domestic instrument in England, the chamber organ was often perceived to be as much a piece of furniture as an item of musical equipment Chamber Organ, by John Snetzler, London, 1742 Chamber Organs Chamber sonata also called sonata da camera (Italian) or Kammer Sonate (German), a suite from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, composed mainly of dance movements, generally for two or more soloists with accompaniment Sonata da camera Chamber symphony a symphony for a small ensemble of players Chambre (French f.) room, bedroom, chamber (politics, court) chambré (French) brought to room temperature Chambre à air (French f.) inner tube Chambre à coucher (French f.) bedroom Chambre à deux lits (French f.) double room Chambre à un lit (French f.) single/double room Chambre d'amis (French f.) spare ou guest room Chambre forte (French f.) strong-room chambrer (French) to bring (wine) to room temperature Cham Dance associated with some sects of Buddhism, a lively dance which employs dancers wearing masks and ornamented costumes. The dance is accompanied by music played by monks using traditional Tibetan instruments. The dances often offer moral instruction relating to non-harm to sentient beings and are said to bring merit to all who observe them Cham dance from which this extract has been taken Chameau (French m.) camel Chamfer Abkantung (German f.), Phase (German f.), Randel (German n.), chanfrein (French f.), smusso (Italian m.), a bevelled surface at an edge or corner Chamois (English, French m.) the European antelope or mountain goat, the skin of which is used as a wash-leather (when it is pronounced and sometimes written 'shammy') Chamoisleder (German n.) chamois leather Chamoisleder für Reinigungszwecke (German n.) chamois leather for cleaning Chamomile any of several plants of the aster family, with scented leaves and small daisylike flowers; the dried leaves and flowers were used in herbal cures Chamonge guitar made from a cooking pot strung with metal wires, it is one of the instrument particularly associated with the Borana who live in Kenya near the Ethiopian border. Their music reflects Ethiopian, Arab and other traditions Chamorro pertaining to the indigenous native islanders of the Mariana Islands consisting of Guam, Saipan, Rota, and Tinian (English, German n.) an indigenous native islander of the Mariana Islands Chamoru (German n.) Chamorro Champ (French m.) field (English, German m.) abbreviation of 'champion' (colloquial) Champagne (English, French m.) white sparkling wine from the Champagne region of Eastern France (English) pale cream colour Champagner (German m.) champagne, champagnes, bubbly (colloquial) champagnerfarben (German) champagne-coloured Champagnerflasche (German f.) champagne bottle Champagnerglas (German n.) champagne glass Champagnerherstellung (German f.) champagne production Champagnerlaune (German f.) festive mood Champagnersorbet (German n.) champagne sorbet Champagnerwein (German m.) champagne wine Champara Kosovar Albanian small metallic finger cymbals Champ de bataille (French m.) battlefield Champ de courses (French m.) racecourse Champeta criolla Afro-Colombian music style and dance from Cartagena, on the Caribbean coast, it is a combination of indigenous rhythms, Caribbean beats and African influences, with lyrics that are usually satirical; also known as terapia criolla champêtre (French) villanesco (Italian), agreste (Italian, Spanish), campestre (Italian), rural, rustic, pastoral, ländlich (German) see danse champêtre see fête champêtre Champignon (s.), Champignons (pl.) (German m., French m.) mushroom, fungus (caused by damp) Champignoncremesuppe (German f.) mushroom cream soup, cream of mushroom soup Champignon de Paris (French m.) button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus, Agaricus brunnescens) Champion (French) person who fights or argues on behalf of another or for a cause, person who surpasses all his or her rivals Champion (m.), Championne (French f.) (English, German, French) champion, champ (colloquial) Champlevé (French, 'raised field') Grubenschmelz (German m.), a form of enamel work in which the metal ground is engraved or hollowed out, the hollows being filled with opaque coloured enamel which is then fired Chamrieng Cambodian vocals Chamsa see hamsa Cham-Tanz (German m.) Cham Dance Chanaqin (German n.) Khanaqin (a city in eastern Iraq, south of Kurdish regions) Chancay culture a cultural grouping settled on the north central coast of Peru in the period 1000-1500 AD. The group is characterised by a distinctive ceramic style, typically an elongated jar with a face painted on a small neck. Numerous large cemeteries are known from this culture and the pattern of grave goods suggests marked social stratification. The group was conquered by the Inca empire in the sixteenth century Chancay-Kultur (German f.) Chancay culture Chançay a village and commune in the Indre-et-Loire département of central France Chance (s.), Chancen (German p.) (English, German f., French f.) luck, prospect, break, opportunity, venture (archaic), shot (as in best shot), good luck, chance (probability) Chance für einen Neubeginn (German f.) chance for a new beginning Chancel (from Latin, cancelli 'lattice') part of the apse, the word 'chancel' is a reference to the carving or construction of the rood screen often includes latticework, which makes it possible to see through the screen partially from the nave into the chancel. The 'chancel' itself is that part of a church around the main altar used by the priests and open to the choir and often enclosed by a lattice or railing Chancel arch the arch, generally stone, at the west end of the chancel Chancel screen see jubé chanceler (French) to stagger, to falter (figurative) Chancelier (French m.) chancellor Chance music see 'aleatoric' Chancengleichheit (German f.) equal opportunities, equal opportunity chancenlos (German) no-win, without a chance Chance operations see 'aleatoric' chanceux (m.), chanceuse (f.) (French) lucky Chan-chiki see atarigane Chancre (French m.) canker Chandail (French m.) sweater Chandelier (French m.) candlestick in English, a branched candle-holder, suspended from the ceiling and often ornamented with cut-glass lustres Chandelle (French f.) candle Chanelkostüm (German n.) Chanel suit Chanel-Kostüm (German n.) Chanel suit Chang a harp from Iran that dates back to about 2000 BC. The strings are attached to a soundbox but rather than coming from a crossbar, they are attached at an oblique angle from a neck at one end of the soundbox also called chang ko'uz and temir chang, a Jew's harp which has a flexible, thin lamella extending through the center of the iron frame to the handle the ancient Uzbek chang dates as far back as the Middle Ages. Up to forty-two wire strings are stretched across a wooden trapezoidal body. The musicians produce stirring clinking sounds by striking the strings with two cane or bamboo sticks Chang (Afghanistan) Changdan in Korea traditional music, cyclic rhythm patterns played on percussion instruments Change any order in which a number of bells are struck, other than that of the diatonic scale in harmony, modulation in the voice, mutation Change (French m.) (foreign) exchange Changeable a term applied to chants that may be sung either in a major or minor mode of the key or tonic in which they are written changeant (m.), changeante (f.) (French) changeable Changed note (sometimes called a changing note, a non-harmonic passing note, nota cambiata (Italian), Wechselnote (German), note changeante (French), note changée (French) the term was introduced in the seventeenth century for an accented passing note, but which has come now to mean an unaccented non-harmonic note that is quitted by a leap of a 3rd downwards (or by extension a 3rd upwards) Changeless system (in tuning theory) Ptolemy's name for the Perfect Immutable System (PIS), [systema teleion ametabolon] the amalgamation of the Greater Perfect System and the Lesser Perfect System into one "complete" system Perfect Immutable Sytem Changement d'amure de la clé (French m.) change of key signature Changement de chiffres indicateurs (French m.) change of time signature Changement de position (French m.) shift position (on a string instrument), cambiamento di posizione (Italian m.), Lagenwechsel (German m.) Changement de vitesses (French m.) gears Changement enharmonique (French m.) enharmonic change Changements (French m. pl.) in dance, short for changements de pieds Changements battu (French m. pl.) see royale Changements d'accords (French m. pl.) changes Changements de pieds (French m. pl., literally 'changing feet') a small or large jump in which the feet change position in the air changer (French) to change changer d'avis (French) to change one's mind changer de direction (French) to change direction changer de jeu (French) to change the stops in an organ or harmonium changer de nom (French) to change one's name changer de place (French) to change places changer de vitesses (French) to change gear changer d'idée (French) to change one's mind Change-ringing Wechselläuten (German n.), Variationsläuten (German n.), the ringing of a peal of church bells by a team of ringers, developed in England in the fifteenth century. It is a method of ringing tower bells or handbells for producing changes in the note sequences in sets of bells of various sizes. With four bells there are 24 possible changes; with eight, 40,320; and with twelve, 479,001,600. It is estimated that it would take nearly 36 years to ring, sequentially, the full number possible on a set of 12 bells; each bell rope is pulled by one member of the team; the term is also used to describe a peal performed by a team of hand-bell ringers Change ringing Changes the set of chord changes (progressions), or harmonies, contained in the central theme or melody around which a piece has been built. In jazz, for example, changes refers to the set of harmonies around which an improvisational performance of that piece will be based short for 'rhythmic changes' short for 'chord changes' the varied or altered passages produced by a peal of bells (see 'change-ringing') Changeur automatique (French n.) change machine changez (French) change (imperative) Changgo (Korea) double headed wooden drum Changgo Changguk Korean dramatic song Changguk (Dramatic Song) changieren (German) to shimmer (in different colours), to iridesce changierend (German) iridescent Changing note see 'changed note' Chang Jiang (English, German m.) also Chang or Yangtze, the longest river of Asia which flows eastward from Tibet into the East China Sea near Shanghai Chang ko'uz see chang Changó in Yorùbá mythology, Shango (Xango), or Changó in Latin America, is one of the most popular Orisha, (also spelled Orisa and Orixa) a spirit that reflects one of the manifestations of Olodumare (God). He is the focus of a number of South American and Caribbean festivals Changó Changüí an early form of Cuban music, characterised by its strong emphasis on the downbeat, as well as being fast and very percussive. It is usually performed with an instrumentation that includes très, bongos, güiro, maracas, and the marímbula Changüí Chanfrein (French f.) Randel (German n.) Abkantung (German f.), Phase (German f.), smusso (Italian m.), chamfer, a bevelled surface at an edge or corner Channel see 'release', 'bridge' (in electronics) a channel is a path for passing data. In MIDI, channels are used to separate different lines of a song that are going to play together. Each channel, which can contains note and non-note event data, is assigned to a single instrument in any particular instant of time. One channel is usually reserved for a percussion voice. Most MIDI devices can support up to 16 MIDI Channels at one time Channelize transmit, move from one channel to another channelized (English, German) moved from one channel to another, transmitted Chanoine (French m.) canon Chanson (French f.) song (English, German m., French f., from the Latin cantio, via the Provençal canso, French, literally 'song') a style of fourteenth- to sixteenth-century French song for voice or voices, often with backing instrumental accompaniment; the structure could be like the troubadour canso (see above), through-composed (i.e. free form) or by the fourteenth century, normally following one of the formes fixes. While some three-part pieces written before 1520 were given a fourth part, the majority of concordant three- and four-part chansons show the reverse: four-part chansons before 1550 were most often turned into three-part pieces by removing a line, usually the contratenor in the fifteenth century, the 'instrumental chanson' used one or more voices from the source forme-fixe chanson and added two or more repetitive and rhythmically dense parts as counterpoints against the source material; however, borrowed melodic lines were only used in part and never taken in entirety. This allowed for greater freedom and flexibility in instrumental chanson compositions. Phrase lengths varied more, since there were no textual considerations in instrumental music. Note values were often shortened to create more rhythmic uniformity among the parts. Sequential and repetitive devices were more common in the instrumental chansons in comparison to their vocal models, but such devices were commonly found in large sacred vocal works, where a more abstract relationship between the text and music invited the use of sequences and repetitive designs in the music. While instrumental music depends on a strong performance tradition, the most prominent pieces of instrumental music from the early sixteenth century were still composed by singer-composers who approached the instrumental medium from a vocal standpoint. Without true predecessors, instrumental works in the mid-sixteenth century either continued to borrow from vocal models or were newly invented Chanson Musical Borrowings from which the extract on instrumental chansons has been taken Chanson Chanson à boire (French f.) drinking song Chanson à danser (French f.) see troubadour Chanson à personnages (French f.) Old French songs or poems in dialogue form. Common subjects include quarrels between husbands and wives, meetings between a lone knight and a comely shepherdess, or romantic exchanges between lovers leaving each other in the morning Chanson à refrain (French f.) chanson in which the refrain is repeated after each couplet Chanson à succès (French f.) hit song Chanson à toile (French f.) chanson de toile Chanson d'amour (French f.) love song Chanson de charme (French f.) crooning Chanson de croisade (French f., literally 'crusade song') Medieval song or lay on some aspect of the crusades, most commonly associated with the troubadours Chanson de geste (s.), Chansons de geste (pl.) (French f., literally 'a song of deeds') lengthy Old French poems written between the eleventh and fourteenth centuries glorifying Carolingian noblemen and their feudal lords that were sung, or rather declaimed from memory, by a minstrel to the accompaniment of a vielle (a mediæval fiddle played with a bow) or a lyre. Over eighty texts survive, of which the most popular today is the Chanson de Roland (French: The Song of Roland) Chanson de geste Song of Roland Chanson de marche (French f.) marching song Chanson de marins (French f.) sea shanty Chanson de toile (s.), Chansons de toile (pl.) (French f.) or chanson à toile, spinning song, weaving song Chansonette (French f.) or chansonnette, little song, light-hearted song Chanson folklorique (French f.) traditional folksong Chansonier (German m.) chansonnier Chansonnette (French f.) or chansonette, little song, light-hearted song Chansonnier (German m., French m.) a song- or ballad-writer, a writer of satirical songs or lampoons (French m.) a medieval French collection of songs, a song book (French m.) the earliest chansonniers preserve the work of the troubadours, trouvères, stilnovisti and Minnesinger, manuscripts variously furnished with illuminations, music, even fanciful biographies of the poets Chansonnier Chanson paillarde (French f.) bawdy song Chanson populaire (French f.) traditional or popular song Chanson pour boire (French f.)a term for a French drinking song, frequently coupled with chanson pour danser (or "song for dancing"). It was used in from about 1627-1670. It is different from the air à boire primarily by the period the term was used, and that chansons pour boire are usually for one voice with lute accompaniment, and airs à boire are for multiple voices with lute accompaniment Chanson pour boire from which this extract has been taken Chanson pour danser (French f.) a song for dancing Chanson rustique (French f.) traditional folk song, the model for many noël-parodies, chanson rustique existed in both monophonic and polyphonic versions and are said to have been the invention of Mathieu Gascongne and Antoine de Févin. Few sixteenth-century chansons rustiques survive, although some of the popular monophonic tunes can be reconstructed from polyphonic chansons that incorporate the original. These preexisting tunes are most often found as a cantus firmus in the tenor of the new work, with or without new text added to the free voices; as two cantus firmi in canon surrounded by new material; as a cantus firmus in the superius; or paraphrased in multiple voices. Polyphonic chansons rustiques prior to 1500 show more contrast between the new and preexistent material, while those after 1500 integrate imitation more carefully. Composed works in this manner indicate that the division between popular and courtly style was beginning to dissolve Musical Borrowings from which most of this extract has been taken Chanson sans paroles (French f.) song without words Chansons avec des refrains (French f. pl.) refrains found in chansons à refrain appear interpolated in other works, often with their own melodies, or borrowed (with or without music) in chansons avec des refrains Chanson spirituelle (French f.) the French equivalent of the Italian madrigale spirituale, the chanson spirituelle is a spirtual song encouraged and disseminated by the Calvinists for performance in the home. Except for one collection, all extant chansons spirituelles are in the form of text, meant to be set to well-known secular songs. The exception is a collection by Jacques Buus from 1550. Four of his pieces are based on preexisting works. In these chansons Buus's method of composition involves the reshaping of a tune by compression or fragmentation, which is then surrounded by new material. In an earlier secular chanson anthology (1543), Buus parodies eight models. Typically, he either quotes the existing material exactly and surrounds it with new material, or treats each voice as a model to be paraphrased, with one in particular dominating Musical Borrowings from which this extract has been taken Chant (from 'plainchant', 'plainsong') plainchant manuscripts began to survive in some quantity in Western Europe from about 890. There were some isolated and intriguing examples prior to this period, but they pose many difficulties of interpretation. Generally speaking, as chant evolved from the medieval era into modern times, its rhythm became more regular and less varied. This fact is partly conjectural, as early chant notation did not include rhythm. The medieval era saw the creation of many varieties of plainchant, especially if one includes those of Byzantine provenance. Even restricted to Western Europe there was Roman chant, Ambrosian (Milanese) chant, Mozarabic (Spanish) chant, Sarum (English) chant, and even Cistercian (a monastic order) chant. The type of chant mainly identified with "Gregorian" today is what might be called Carolingian chant, the style installed in France under Charlemagne, with the help of advisors from Rome see 'Christian Chant' Medieval and Renaissance Music - A Brief Survey from which this extract is taken Chant (French) singing (French m.) song, hymn the vocal line or voice part of a song as opposed to the accompaniment Chantage (French m.) blackmail Chantage psychologique (French m.) emotional blackmail Chant anglican (French m.) Anglican chant chantant (French) tunable, cantabile, in a singing style Chant à plusiers voix (French m.) part-song Chant à répondre (French m.) call and response Chant des oiseaux (French m.) bird-song Chant des Partisans the Chant des Partisans was the most popular song in Free France. Based on a Russian song written by Anna Marly, it was written in London in 1943. Joseph Kessel and Maurice Druon wrote the French lyrics. Performed by Anna Marly and broadcast by the BBC, it was then adopted by the maquis. After the war the Chant des Partisans was so popular that it was proposed as the new national anthem of France. Indeed, for a short time, it became the unofficial national anthem Chant des Partisans from which this extract has been taken Chant de triomphe (French m.) a song of victory, a triumphal song Chant du départ the Chant du Départ (French, 'Song of departure') is a revolutionary and war song written by Étienne Nicolas Méhul (music) and Marie-Joseph Chénier (words) in 1794. It was the official anthem of the First Empire. The song was nicknamed "brother of the Marseillaise" by Republican soldiers. It was presented to Robespierre, who called it "magnificent and republican poetry way beyond anything ever made by the Girondin Chénier" Chant du départ from which this extract has been taken Chant du 14 juillet a poem written by Marie-Joseph Chénier (1764-1811) which, in 1791, was set for for three voices, men's chourus and wind orchestra by François-Joseph Gossec (1734-1829). The song was sung in the Écoles Normales until the Second World War Chant du 14 juillet chantée (French) in a singing style, sung Chant en ison (French f.) a form of psalmody in which only two different notes are employed Chanter one who chants (English, German m.) the fingered melody pipe on a bagpipe, as opposed to the drones Folk Shawms : bagpipe chanter Chanter (Anglicized form of 'cantor') the superintendent or leader of a cathedral choir chanter (French) to sing chanter à livre ouvert (French) to sing at sight chanter avec âme (French) to sing with a lively and impassioned expression, with feeling or with taste chanter à vue (French) to sing at sight chanter comme une seringue (French slang) to sing badly, with a grating voice, out of tune Chanterelle (French f.) top string on a stringed instrument (for example, the top e" string of a violin, or the top string on a lute, etc.), cantino (Italian), Sangsaite (German), Singsaite (German) chanter en canon (French) to sing a round Chanter en choeur (French) choral singing chanter faux (French) to sing out of tune, with poor intonation chanter juste (French) to sing in tune, with perfect intonation Chanterres (French) the singers of songs or ballads in the medieval period chanter trop bas (French) to sing flat chanter trop haut (French) to sing sharp Chanteur (m.), Chanteuse (f.) (French) singer Chanteur compositeur (French m.) singer-songwriter Chanteur de charme (m.), Chanteuse de charme (f.) (French) crooner Chanteur interprète (French m.) singer-songwriter Chanteur soloiste (French m.) solo singer, vocal soloist Chantey (from the French chanter, 'to sing') shanty Chant funèbre (French m.) lament, dirge. funeral song Chant hispanique (French m.) Spanish chant Chantier (French m.) building site Chantier naval (French m.) shipyard Chantilly whipped cream, sweetened and flavoured with vanilla Chantilly lace named after the northern French town of Chantilly, a finely decorative floral lace sewn onto a sheer hexagonal mesh ground Chantilly sauce a sauce is mainly used on poultry dishes Chantilly-Sauce (German f.) chantilly sauce Chant mozarabe (French m.) Mozarabic chant Chant nuptial (French m.) wedding song chantonnement (French) humming chantonner (French) to hum, to croon (to sing softly) Chantoosie slang term for a 'female singer' (corruption of chanteuse (French f.)) Chantor synonymous with 'chanter', the precentor in a choir Chant parlé (French m.) speech-song see Sprechgesang Chant pastoral (French m.) a pastoral song Chant profane (French m.) profane song Chantre (French m.) chanter, cantor, precentor, singer Chantrerie see 'chantry' Chantry or 'chantrerie', a endowed chapel where masses are said for the souls of the donors Chantry chapel or 'chantrerie', a chapel in which masses for the soul of a dead person are recited Chantry priests priests who are appointed to sing in the chantry Chant sacré (French m.) sacred song Chant sans paroles (French m.) song without words Chants des marins (French m. pl.) Breton sailor songs Chant sur le livre (French m.) an extemporised counterpoint added by one or more singers to the canto fermo sung by another, identical to contrappunto alle mente Chantuelle see bélé (Trinidad and Tobago) as calypso developed, the role of the griot (traveling musician in West Africa) became known as a chantuelle and eventually, calypsonian Chantwell (Windward Islands, Caribbean, corruption of chantuelle) the female singer who sings the socially aware or satirical lyrics in 'Big Drum' music and is accompanied by dancers in colourful skirts and headresses Big Drum from which this extract has been taken Chant Wisigothique (French m.) Visigothic chant Chanty alternative spelling of 'shanty' Chanukah (English, German n.) also Hanukkah, Chanukka, Hanukah, Chanukah an eight-day Jewish holiday commemorating the re-dedication of the Temple of Jerusalem in 165 BC Chanvre (French m.) hemp Chanz Mongolian long-necked spiked lute with an oval wooden frame and snakeskin covering stretched over both faces. The three strings are fixed to a bar, which is inserted in the body. The instrument is struck or plucked with a plectrum made of horn or with the fingers. As the tones do not echo, every note is struck several times Chanzy three-stringed Tuvan bowed string instrument Chaos (English, French m., German n.) utter confusion, disorder, havoc, mayhem, turmoil, anarchy (figurative: disorder), mess, a term applied to music that lacks a clear structure Chaostage (German pl.) chaotic days, chaotic period, meeting of the lunatic fringe Chaos und Verwüstung anrichten (German) to wreak havoc Chaos verursachen (German) to cause chaos, to cause mayhem Chaot (m.), Chaote (m.), Chaotin (f.), Chaoten (pl.), Chaotinnen (f.pl.) (German) anarchist Chaotic hardcore see 'mathcore' chaotique (French) chaotic chaotisch (German) bedlam, chaotic, messy, helter-skelter, shambolic (colloquial), chaotically chaotischer (German) more chaotic chaotisches Durcheinander (German n.) bedlam chaotischste (German) most chaotic chaotische Turbulenz (German f.) bedlam Chap from Thailand, a pair of small cymbals. Held in the right and left hands and struck together either with the flat surfaces facing each other or at a right angle. Immediately after striking they are held slightly apatt to allow them to reverberate Chap from which this extract has been taken Chapa (Spanish f.) (metal) plate chapado a la antigua (Spanish) old-fashioned chaparder (French) to filch Chaparejos (Spanish m. pl.) stout leather trousers worn by cowboys as a protection against thorny scrub Chaparral (Spanish) a dense undergrowth of thorns, brambles, etc. as commonly found in Texas and Mexico Chapati (Hindi) a small flat unleaved bread made of flour Chapbook a generic term to cover a particular genre of pocket-sized booklet (usually of 24 pages bearing a paper cover illustrated with a woodcut generic to the content), popular from the sixteenth through to the later part of the nineteenth century. No exact definition can be applied. Chapbook can mean anything that would have formed part of the stock of chapmen, a variety of pedlar. The word chapman probably comes from the Anglo-Saxon word for barter, buy and sell. The term chapbook was formalised by bibliophiles of the nineteenth century, as a variety of ephemera. It includes many kinds of printed material, such as pamphlets, political and religious tracts, nursery rhymes, poetry, folk tales, children's literature and almanacs see 'patterer' Chapbook from which part of this extract has been taken chapear (Spanish) to plate (to cover with metal) Chapeau (French m.) hat Chapeau-bras (French m.) a three-cornered hat, designed to be carried under the arm Chapeau chinois (French m.) alternatively, Turkish crescent, bell tree, albero di sonagli or Schellenbaum, an instrument met in some marching bands, which consists of a staff (called the 'carriage'), a crescent with two horse-tails, and a metal ornament like a Chinese hat, to the latter parts being attached a number of small bells, which will sound when the staff is shaken Chapeau claque (German m., French m.) opera hat Chapel a part of a church with a separate altar, which may be dedicated differently to the church as a whole a self contained building dedicated to worship, the saying of prayers or the celebration of masses for the dead, but which does not serve the functions of a parish church a church which serves parochial needs, but which is dependent upon another church within the parish, sometimes called a chapel of ease a group of musicians associated with a private chapel or church the cost of which would be met by a person of some considerable rank, for example, a king, queen, other members of the royal family, duke, cardinal, bishop, etc. Chapelet (French m.) rosary, string (figurative) Chapel master English equivalent of Kapellmeister (German), maestro di cappella (Italian), maestro di capilla (Spanish), maître de chapelle (French) [entry corrected by Michael Zapf] the director of music in a church or the person whose duty it is the compose music for a church or for a private chapel Chapelle (French f.) chapel, cappella (Italian), Kapelle (German), capilla (Spanish) Chapelle ardente (French f., literally 'burning chapel') chapel of rest, a chapel used for the lying-in-state of a distinguished person Chapel Royal Chapel Royal referred originally not to a building but an establishment in the Royal Household. It is a body of priests and singers to serve the spiritual needs of the Sovereign. Over time the term has become associated with a number of chapels used by monarchs for worship over the centuries. Today the two main Chapels Royal are located at St James's Palace in London: The Chapel Royal and The Queen's Chapel. Since such establishments are outside the usual diocesian structure, they are known as royal peculiars Chapel Royal from which this extract has been taken Chapelure (French f.) crumbs made from dried bread Chaperon (s.), Chaperone (German pl.) (English, German n., French m., literally 'little hood') a woman, usually someone older, who accompanies a young unmarried woman on social occasions usually for the sake of propriety Chaperone erroneous spelling of chaperon Chaperonfunktion (German f.) chaperone function chaperonner (French) to chaperon Chapiteau (French m.) big top (circus), capital (column) Chapitre (French m.) chapter, subject (figurative) chapitrer (French) to reprimand Chaplain a priest who was paid an annual wage to serve in a parish church or dependent chapel Chaplet flower arrangement (wreath) consisting of a circular band of foliage or flowers for ornamental purposes a band worn around the head, made of metal with repoussé decoration or embellished with gemstones and pearls a moulding in the form of a string of beads a term used commonly to designate Roman Catholic prayer forms which use prayer beads (but are not necessarily related to the Rosary) Chapman (s.), Chapmen (pl.) itinerant seller of chapbooks, broadside ballads, and other items in early modern Britain Chapman Stick a guitar-like musical instrument devised by Emmett Chapman in the early 1970s. He set out to create an instrument designed for the tapping technique and the first production model of the Chapman Stick was shipped in 1974 Chapman Stick from which this extract has been taken Chapi a hoe (a tool for cultivation), used on Curaçao to perform tambú chaps. abbreviation of 'chapters' Chapter the members of a religious house in their corporate capacity, corporate ecclesiastical bodies in the Roman Catholic, Anglican and Nordic Lutheran churches the members of any corporate body responsible for an ecclesiastical institution a meeting of the members of a religious institution a subdivision of a written work, usually numbered and titled any distinct period in history or in a person's life a series of related events forming an episode administrative division of an organisation, usually local to a specific area Chapter house a place of assembly for the members of a monastery, cathedral or collegiate church, for the discussion of business chaque (French) each, every Char (French m.) tank (military vehicle), float (carnaval), cart, chariot Charabia (French m.) gibberish Char-à-banc (French m.) in English 'charabanc', a vehicle for carrying a large number of passengers, with all the seats facing forward, what, today, would be called a 'coach' or 'motor-coach' Character collective qualities or characteristics that distinguish a person or thing, carattere (Italian m.), Charakter (German m.), caractère (French m.), carácter (Spanish m.) in literature, any representation of an individual being presented in a dramatic or narrative work through extended dramatic or verbal representation. E. M. Forster describes characters as "flat" (i.e., built around a single idea or quality and unchanging over the course of the narrative) or "round" (complex in temperament and motivation; drawn with subtlety; capable of growth and change during the course of the narrative). The main character of a work of a fiction is typically called the protagonist; the character against whom the protagonist struggles or contends (if there is one), is the antagonist. If a single secondary character aids the protagonist throughout the narrative, that character is the deuteragonist (the hero's "side-kick"). A character of tertiary importance is a tritagonist. These terms originate in classical Greek drama, in which a tenor would be assigned the role of protagonist, a baritone the role of deuteragonist, and a bass would play the tritagonist Literary Terms and Definitions from which the second entry has been taken Character dancing Charaktertanz (German m.), a style of dancing derived from national, traditional or folk dances, for example, mazurka (Polish), csárdás (Hungarian), bolero (Spanish), gigue (French). The term character dance also refers to roles that are largely mimed or comic such as the role of Dr. Coppélius in the ballet Coppélia (1870) by Léo Delibes (1836-1891) Character indelibilis (German m.) indelible character Characteristic interval (in tuning theory) the largest and nominally uppermost interval in the tetrachord - the size of this interval is the principal determinant of the genus, as diatonic, chromatic or enharmonic Characteristic note or 'characteristic tone', the leading note a note (tone) that distinguishes a particular key from its near relations Characteristic tone (US) characteristic note Characterization an author or poet's use of description, dialogue, dialect, and action to create in the reader an emotional or intellectual reaction to a character or to make the character more vivid and realistic Literary Terms and Definitions from which this entry has been taken Character piece a musical piece representing a definite mood, impression, location, event or personality Characters the signs employed in the notation of music Charade (English, French f.) riddle in which each syllable of a word, and finally the word itself, forms part of a brief dramatic scene (although originally the term was used too for a written puzzle along similar lines) (French f.) mummery Charakter (German m.) character, carattere (Italian m.), caractère (French m.), carácter (Spanish m.) Charakteranlage (German f.) disposition Charakterbariton (German m.) comic baritone see 'Fach' Charakterbass (German m.) or Bassbariton, bass-baritone see 'Fach' Charakterbeschreibung (German f.) delineation of character Charakterbeurteilung (German f.) appreciation of character Charakterbild (s.), Charakterbilder (pl.) (German n.) character sketch charakterbildend (German) character moulding Charakterdarsteller (m.), Charakterdarstellerin (f.) (German) actor of complex parts, character actor, character actress (f.) Charaktereigenschaft (s.), Charaktereigenschaften (pl.) (German f.) characteristic, character attributes Charakter einer Person (German m.) character of a person Charakterfehler (s./pl.) (German m.) fault in character, defect in character, defect in one's character, defect of character, character flaw, character defect charakterfest (German) high principled, steadfast, steadfastly charakterfester (German) more high principled Charakterfestigkeit (German f.) grit charakterisieren (German) to characterise charakterisierend (German) characterising charakterisiert (German) characterised Charakterisierung (s.), Charakterisierungen (pl.) (German f.) characterisation, definition Charakteristik (s.), Charakteristika (pl.) (German f.) characteristic, characteristics Charakteristikum (German n.) feature charakteristisch (German) discriminatory, symptomatic, characteristic, characteristically, symptomatically, distinguishing, distinctive, representative, significant, specific, typical charakteristische Eigenschaft (German f.) attribute charakteristische Note (German f.) characteristic note charakteristischer Unterschied (German m.) distinction charakteristisches Gebäude (German n.) landmark building charakteristisches Merkmal (German n.) feature charakteristisch für (German) typical of charakteristisch für einen Briten (German) British Charakterkomik (German f.) character comedy Charakterkomödie (German f.) character comedy (play, genre) charakterlich (German) temperamentally (as regards disposition) charakterlos (German) unprincipled, lacking character, characterless, spineless (figurative) charakterloser (German) more unprincipled charakterloseste (German) most unprincipled Charakterlosigkeit (German f.) lack of character, characterlessness Charakterlump (German m.) scoundrel Charaktermangel (German m.) character flaw Charaktermerkmale (German pl.) personal characteristics Charakterneurose (German f.) character neurosis Charakterorientierung (German f.) character orientation Charakterrolle (German f.) character part Charakterschwäche (s.), Charakterschwächen (pl.) (German f.) weakness of character Charakterskizze (German f.) sketch of a character, character sketch, vignette Charaktersopran (German m.) comic soprano see 'Fach' charakterstark (German) incorruptible Charakterstärke (German f.) strength of character, grit Charakterstück (s.), Charakterstücke (pl.) (German n., literally 'character pieces') pieces that represent definite moods, impressions, scenes, people or events Charakterstudie (German f.) character study, sketch of a character Charaktersyndrom (German n.) character syndrome Charaktertanz (German m.) character dance [entry provided by Michael Zapf] see 'character dancing' Charaktertenor (German m.) (dramatic) comic tenor see 'Fach' Charaktertest (German m.) character test, test of character charaktervoll (German) full of character Charakterzeichnung (German f.) character drawing Charakterzug (s.), Charakterzüge (pl.) (German m.) trait, lineament, character trait, feature, characteristic, streak Charanga (Spanish f.) a brass band, a din, a racket, a hullabaloo, informal dance (Latin America) a genre of Cuban dance music popular in the 1940s, heavily influenced by son and performed on European instruments such as the vioin and flute Charanga Charanga a la francesa a Cuban musical group, developed in the early twentieth century, which played danzón and danzonete (a combination of the danzón and the Cuban son), and later chachachá Cuban groups that interpret the danzón style, initially called charanga francèse, French-influenced in their instrumentation with flute, strings section and rhythm section of string bass, European tympani (which later became the timbales) and the güiro. This chamber music ensemble performed a repertoire of minuets, waltzes and contradanses at the parties and grand balls of the elite. Many flautists continued using the 5-key flute developed by Georg Tromlitz of Bavaria in the early nineteenth century, instead of the more modern Boehm flute, because of its warm sound, its subtlety, and its facility in the fourth octave, as well as because of a desire to keep with tradition Charanga Charanga: Then and Now from which some of this material is taken Charanga bell the smallest of the mounted timbale bells, used for the tipico charanga style Charanga orchestra the first charanga orchestra was formed at the turn of the twentieth century by Antonio María Romeu. These orchestras play lighter and faster versions of the danzón without a brass section, emphasising flutes, violins, and piano. The movement climaxed in the 1930s Charanga-vallenato 1980s mixture of salsa, charanga and vallenato Charango the first charangos, from Potosi (Bolivia), a mountain once fabulously rich in minerals as well as the city that prospered around it before the earth was stripped of its wealth, were almost certainly made of wood in the style of a vihuela and had a vaulted back. But the Andes, while rich in minerals, are poor in forests. Over time, as it became a typical instrument of what are now Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru and part of northern Chile and Argentina, the charango came to be made from the shells of the quirquincho, the abundant Bolivian relative of the armadillo, or, in the valleys, carved from solid wood. Although charangos are made in a variety of sizes, the instrument best known today is small enough to be cradled in the musician's arms. It carries five double strings, the third, or middle, of which includes the bass string and its octave, an arrangement that at least one author traces to 1780. The same author, Campos Iglesias, traces the name to the quechua charaancu (dried tendon) and the aymara chara ancu (leg tendon), and relates it also to the quechua words chajhuancu (noisy) and chajhuncu (joyful). The charango is strummed with the middle finger or plucked, for different effects such as accompanying the lead musician or carrying a melody. The standard charango has a smaller cousin called waylacho (also hualaycho, or maulincho) as well as two larger relatives ronroco and rocongo both large and lower sounding Charango Charango The Charango from which this material has been taken Charango Lute (charango), Peru, 19th century Charangón a larger charango also called the ronroco Charangon Charanguista (s.), Charanguistas (pl.) musicians who play instruments of the charango family Charbon (French m.) coal Charbon de bois (French m.) charcoal Charbonnages (French m. pl.) coal-mines Charcuterie (French f.) pork-butcher's shop, (cooked) pork meats Charcutier (m.), charcutière (f.) (French) pork-butcher Chardon (French m.) thistle Charente (English, German f.) a department in western France named after the Charente River which rises in the foothills of the Massif Central and flows about 354 km (220 mi) westward to the Bay of Biscay Charfreitag (German m. - Switzerland) Good Friday (the Friday before Easter Sunday) [corrected by Michael Zapf] Karfreitag (German m.: Good Friday) Charge (French f.) load, burden, charge (military, judicial), responsibility (German f.) batch, lot chargé (French) busy (day), coated (tongue) Chargé de mission (French m./f.) head of mission Chargé d'affaires (s.), Chargés d'affaires (French pl.) (English, German m., French m./f.) ambassador's deputy, envoy in a minor country Chargé de cours (French m./f.) lecturer Chargement (French m.) loading, load (objects) Chargen (German pl. - Austria) enlisten men Chargen mischen (German) to batch-mix Chargenspieler (German m.) character actor charger (French) to load, to charge (attack), to charge (battery) Charges (French f.pl.) expenses, service charges Charges sociales (French f. pl.) social security contributions Charikawi a dance music form of the Garifuna of Honduras and Belize Charikawi Chariot (French m.) trolley, cart Charis (s.), Charites (pl.) (English, from Greek) the goddesses of charm, beauty, nature, human creativity and fertility. They ordinarily numbered three, from youngest to oldest: Aglaea (Beauty), Euphrosyne (Mirth), and Thalia (Good Cheer). In Roman mythology they were known as the Gratiae (Graces). Although the Graces usually numbered three, according to the Spartans, Cleta, not Thalia, was the third, and other Graces are sometimes mentioned, including Auxo, Charis, Hegemone, Phaenna, and Pasithea Charites from which this information has been taken Charisma (s.), Charismata (French pl.), Charismen (German pl.) (English, German n., from the Greek kharis, 'grace') power to charm or attract others, a spiritual gift (religious), a special grace (religious) Charismatiker (m.), Charismatikerin (f.) (German) charismatic person charismatique (French) charismatic charismatisch (German) charismatic charismatische Bewegung (German f.) charismatic movement charismatischer Anführer (German m.) charismatic leader charitable (French) charitable Charité (French f.) charity (German f.) Charité Hospital (famous hospital in Berlin) Chariten (German pl.) charites Charivari (French) to extemporise music of a violent discordant nature (sometime including the use of tin kettles, fire-tongs, penny whistles, etc). Also termed 'rough music' or 'mock music' (England), scampanata (Italian), Katzenmusik (German), shivaree (U.S.), chiasso (Italian) and 'Calthumpian Concert' (U.S.) for more information refer to Customs in Common by E. P. Thompson - chapter VIII - Rough Music Charkha spinning wheel Charkiw (German n.) Kharkov (former capital of the Ukraine, a city in northeastern Ukraine) Charkow (German n.) Kharkov (former capital of the Ukraine, a city in northeastern Ukraine) Charkula every aspect of the culture of the Braj region of Uttar Pradesh is associated with Lord Krishna, so it would have been impossible for any dance form or song, story or legend of Braj to have remained untouched by the Krishna legend! So with the charkula dance, a folk dance of the Braj area, which has also finds its origin in this legend. It is believed that the charkula dance celebrates the happy victory over Indra by Krishna and the cowherd community of Braj. This dance, therefore, became a symbol of happiness as well as joyful rapture. Krishna raised the mount Gobardhan and as if to re-enact the Gobardhan, Leela the dancing damsel of Braj, raises the 60 kg charkula on her head while performing the charkula dance. Wearing long skirts that reach her toes and a blouse, the dancing damsel covers her body and face with the odhani and with its lighted lamps on her head and lighted lamps in both the hands, she dances, synchronizing her steps with the beat of the drum. Her movements are limited because of the heavy load on her head. She cannot bend her body, nor can she move her neck. In spite of these limitations the slim, sturdy and courageous dancer dances, gliding, bending, pirouetting to the tune of the song. The climax is reached when enraptured by the collective merriment of the occasion, the singers also starts dancing and, with the swift beat of music and movement, the onlookers find themselves carried away by the rejoicings Charla (Spanish f.) talk, chat, informal lecture, address Charlador (Spanish m./f.) chatterbox charlador (Spanish) talkative charlar (Spanish) to talk, to chat Charlatan (English, French m.) ciarlatano (Italian), cerretano (Italian), saltimbanco (Italian), Scharlatan (German m.), curandero (Spanish m.), curandera (Spanish f.), person falsely claiming knowledge or skill (particularly a fake doctor), an unfinished or superficial performer [German translation provided by Michael Zapf] Charlatán (m.), Charlatána (f.) (Spanish) chatterbox, gossip, charlatan, bigmouth, trickster, charmer charlatán (m.), charlatána (f.) (Spanish) talkative, gossipy Charlataneria (Spanish f.) verbosity, talkativeness, sales patter Charlemagne (742-814 AD) (English, German f.) also Carolus Magnus or Karolus Magnus (meaning Charles the Great), arguably the founder of the Frankish Empire in Western Europe, Charlemagne was the elder son of Pepin the Short (714--768: reigned 751-768) and his wife Bertrada of Laon (720-783); he was the brother of the Lady Bertha, mother of Roland (who may have been the same Roland, the legendary hero of medieval minstrelry, the title character of the 12th century Song of Roland, which recounts Roland's final stand against the Muslims during the Battle of Roncevaux Pass). Charlemagne later became the first Carolingian king Charles-Bonnet-Syndrom (German n.) Charles Bonnet syndrome Charles Bonnet syndrome a disease that causes patients to have complex visual hallucinations Charleston (English, German m.) a social dance characterized by a lively syncopated rhythm, cut-time with rhythmic pattern repeating over two bars (measures) quaver (quarter note), quaver rest (eighth note rest), followed by a quaver tied to a minim (eighth note tied to an half note) Charleston Charleston (Italian m.) or Charleston cymbal, a term used in some European orchestrions and dance organ for the hi-hat pedal Charlestón (Spanish m.) Charleston Charleston-Becken (German n.) Charleston cymbal Charlestonmaschine (German f.) hi-hat pedal charmant (German) charming, adorable, pretty, winsome, suave, alluring, debonair, charmingly charmant (m.), charmante (f.) (French) charming charmante Dame (German f.) winsome lady charmanter (German) more charming charmantes Benehmen (German n.) charming manner charmanteste (German) most charming charmant lächeln (German) to give a charming smile Charme (German m., French m.) charm, allure, congeniality Charm offensive especially in a political or diplomatic field, a campaign of deliberately using charm and flattery in order to achieve some goal Charmeoffensive (German f.) charm offensive charmer (French) to charm Charmeur (German m.) charmer, enchanter, ladykiller, smoothy (colloquial), wheedler (US) Charmeur (m.), Charmeuse (f.) (French) a charmer charmeur (m.), charmeuse (f.) (French) fascinating Charmeuse (French f.) a soft smooth fabric (usually of silk) with a satin-like surface charnel (m.), charnelle (f.) (French) carnal Charnier (French m.) mass grave Charnière (French f.) hinge charnu (French) fleshy Charpente (French f.) framework, build charpenté (French) built Charpentier (French m.) carpenter Charpoy (Hindi) a light Indian bed, a camp-bed Charretier (French m.) carter Charrette (French f.) cart Charrette à bras (French f.) handcart, barrow (wheelbarrow) charrier (French) to carry Charrue (French f.) plough Chart (English, German m./n.) diagram, detailed plan, a visual display of information, a map designed to assist navigation by sea or air colloquial or jazz term for a full score, lead sheet or arrangement Charta (German f.) charter Charta emporetica a kind of paper that was very soft and porous, used by pharmacists as a filter. It was also used as packing paper Chartal see dhrupad Chartbreaker (German m.) chart topper Charte (French f.) charter Charter (German m., French m.) charter flight Charterdienst (German m.) charter service Charterflug (German m.) charter flight Charterfluggesellschaft (German f.) charter airline Charterflugzeug (German n.) charter aircraft, charter plane, chartered plane, chartered aircraft Chartergeschäft (German n.) charter business Chartermaschine (German f.) chartered aircraft, chartered plane Chartern (German n.) chartering chartern (German) to charter, to hire Chartern eines Flugzeugs (German n.) temporary chartering of an aircraft charternd (German) chartering charterte (German) chartered Charter-Urkunde (German f.) charter Charter-Vertrag (German m.) charter agreement Chartervertrag (German m.) charter, charter contract, charter party, charter-party Chartist (English, German m.) a 19th-century English reformer who advocated better social and economic conditions for working people chartorientierter Spekulant (German m.) chartist (a person who relies on the price charts to make investment decisions) Chartreuse (English, German f.) a liqueur flavoured with orange peel, hyssop and peppermint oils, is made in France by Carthusian monks at a monastery near Grenoble, France. There are two varieties - the green is 110 proof and is said to contain over 230 botanicals, while the yellow, coloured with saffron, is 86 proof and contains fewer herbs yellow green, a shade of green tinged with yellow (having the yellowish green colour of Chartreuse liqueur) Charts (German pl.) charts (pop music) Chart topper in popular music, an extremely popular recording identified by its inclusion in a ranked list of top selling records, records getting the most air play, etc. Chartular (s.), Chartularien (pl.) (German n.) cartulary, chartulary Chartulary or cartulary, a register, or record, as of a monastery or church or cartulary, an ecclesiastical officer who had charge of records or other public papers Charumera (Japan, name derives from the Portuguese charamela) an oboe with a wheat straw reed, used by night-time noodle vendors, which probably derives from the Chinese suona brought to Japan sometime in the sixteenth century Charumera from which this information has been taken Charvaka materialist school of thought known by the name of its preacher Charybdis (English, German f.) in Greek mythology, a whirlpool off the Sicilian coast, opposite the cave of Scylla Chasápikos alternative name for hasapiko Chasaren (German pl.) Khazars (a semi-nomadic Turkic people who dominated the Pontic steppe and the North Caucasus from the 7th-10th century AD) Chaschuri (German n.) Khashuri (a town in central Georgia) Chase (English, German n./f.) chases are most often associated with blues and jazz performances, occurring during improvisations where one player performs a melodic riff and other members in the band take up the theme, often adding additional phrases, each trying to outplay the others [entry amended by Michael Zapf] an iron or steel frame containing letterpress type or block images, that when locked together for printing on a press bed, create a form Chase The Rabbit one of the figures unique to, or traditionally associated with, square dancing Four-couple figures Chase the Rabbit/Lady Round the Lady one of the two-couple figures danced in a circle of four people traditionally associated with square dancing Little Circle Figures Chase The Squirrel one of the figures unique to, or traditionally associated with, square dancing Four-couple figures Chaskowo (German n.) Haskovo (a province in southern Bulgaria, neighbouring Greece and Turkey to the southeast) chasquear los dedos (Spanish) to snap one's fingers Chasquido (Spanish, literally 'crack' or 'snap') an effect musically employed and clearly explained in the guitar works of the Uruguayan composer Guido Santorsola Chassawjurt (German n.) Khasavyurt (a city in the Republic of Dagestan, Russia) Chasse (French f.) hunting, shooting (with a gun), chase (pursuit), hunt (searching) (French f.) in a hunting style short for chasse-café, a liqueur or spirit taken after coffee (in French, the correct term is pousse-café Chassé (French, literally 'chased') in dance, a series of steps in each of which one foot literally chases (i.e. displaces) the other foot out of its position Châsse (French f.) shrine, reliquary chasse, Cor de (French m.) hunting horn Chasse-cousin(s) (French f.) an inferior dinner served with bad wine, designed to discourage unwelcome guests Chassé-croisé (French f.) a dance movement in which partners repeatedly change places (the term is used more generally in a figurative sense, for situations where people or objects are repeatedly changing places) Chasse d'eau (French f.) (toilet) flush Chasse-neige (French m.) snow-plough Chassepot (English, French) named for the French inventor, Antoine Alphonse Chassepot (1833-1905), a breechloading rifle introduced into the French army in 1866 Chassepotgewehr (German n.) chassepot chasser (French) to hunt, to chase away, to get rid of (smell, staff, etc.) Chasse sous-marine (French f.) underwater fishing Chasseur (French m.) page-boy, fighter (plane), a tout (for a night-club or similar establishment) Chasseur (m.), Chasseuse (f.) (French) hunter Chasseur alpin (s.), Chasseurs alpins (pl.) (French m.) a member of a French light infantry regiment, all experienced mountain climbers Chassidic of or pertaining to a Jewish sect (Chassidism) that developed in the 18th- and 19th-centuries in Poland and the Ukraine. The theoretical structures and conceptual framework for music are found in the Zohar which includes angelic harmonies, secret melodies, a disregard for art music and inspired melodies and rhythms as music is spontaneously sung while participants revel in a state of ecstasy Chassidim (German pl.) also, in English, Hassidim, Hasidim, Chassidism or Chasidim, a Jewish sect that developed in the 18th- and 19th-centuries in Poland and the Ukraine chassidisch (German) Hassidic, Chassidic, Chasidic, Hasidic Chassidism also Hassidim, Hasidim or Chasidim, a Jewish sect that developed in the 18th- and 19th-centuries in Poland and the Ukraine Chassis (English, German n., from the French, châssis) the frame on which a canvas is stretched, the framework of a car, bus, etc. Châssis (French m.) (window) frame, (car) chassis chaste (French) chaste Chasteté (French f.) chastity Chastushki humorous, often anti-establishment Russian folk songs Chasuble item of mass vestments; simple loose sleeveless garment with an opening for the head Chat (English, German m.) colloquial term for 'informal conversation' Chat (m.), Chatte (f.) (French) cat Châtaigne (French f.) chestnut Châtaignier (French m.) chestnut tree châtain (French) chestnut (brown) Chateau (English, German n.) château Château (s.), Châteaux (pl.) (French m.) castle (see comment below), palace (see comment below), manor, a large French mansion a château (plural châteaux) is a manor house or residence of the lord of the manor or a country house of nobility or gentry, with or without fortifications, originally - and still most frequently - in French-speaking regions. Where clarification is needed, a fortified château (that is, a castle) is called a château fort, such as Château fort de Roquetaillade. Care should be taken when translating the word château into English: it is not used in the same way as "castle" is in English, and most châteaux are more appropriately described as "palaces" or "country houses" in English than as "castles". For example, the Château de Versailles is so called because it was located in the country when it was built, but it does not bear any resemblance to a castle, so it is usually known in English as the Palace of Versailles. The urban counterpart of château is palais, which in French is applied only to grand houses in a city. This usage is again different from that of the term "palace" in English, where there is no requirement that a palace must be in a city, but the word is rarely used for buildings other than the grandest royal residences Château from which the second entry has been taken Chateaubriand (French) head of the fillet of beef Château d'eau (French m.) water-tower Château en Espagne (French m.) castle in Spain, a day-dream of extreme good fortune Château fort (French m.) fortified castle Chat forum a moderated chat group with a well-defined purpose, for example, offering support for a particular piece of software Chat-Forum (German n.) chat forum Chatgroup (English, German f.) primarily meant to refer to direct one-on-one chat or text-based group chat (formally also known as 'synchronous conferencing'), using tools such as instant messengers, Internet Relay Chat, talkers and possibly MUDs Chat-Group (German f.) chat group Châtelain (m.), Châtelaine (f.) (French) lord of the manor, lady of the manor Châtelaine (French f.) a bunch of keys, etc, worn suspended from the waist Chatham-Inseln (German pl.) Chatham Islands Chatham Islands a group of ten Pacific Islands east of New Zealand châtier (French) to chastise, to refine (style) Châtiment (French m.) punishment Chaton (French m.) kitten Chatouillement (French m.) tickling chatouiller (French) to tickle chatouilleux (m.), chatouilleuse (f.) (French) ticklish, touchy Chatoyance (English, German f., French f.) chatoyancy, iridescence, variable in colour or lustre (a term applied to materials like shot silk, certain jewels, etc.) Chatoyancy (English from French oeil de chat, literally 'cat's eye') the property of movement, illumination or opalescence found within many gemstones which are always cut en cabochon, for example moonstone and tigers eye Chatoyant having a changeable, varying lustre or colour chatoyer (French) to glitter, to shine like a cat's eyes Chat, pas de see pas de chat châtrer (French) to castrate chatten (German) to chat Chatter (m.), Chatterin (f.), Chatter (pl.) (German) chatterer Chatting having an informal conversation in popular music, one of many alternative Jamaican terms for what in other parts of the world is called 'rapping', 'toasting' or 'Deejaying' Chaturang a Hindustani classical music composition with four distinct features - khayal, bols of tabla, sargam and tarana Chatzozerah (Hebrew) the straight trumpet (Psalms 98:6) Chaucha a giant wild pod up to two feet long that is dried and filled with seeds or beans. It is used as a rattle in traditional Andean melodies Chaucerism in the Renaissance, experimental revivals and new word formations that were consciously designed to imitate the sounds, the "feel," and verbal patterns from an older century - a verbal or grammatical anachronism Literary Terms and Definitions from which this entry has been taken Chaud (French m.) heat chaud (m.), chaude (f.) (French) warm (literally and figurative), hot chaudement (French) warmly, (dispute) hotly Chaud-froid (French m.) a culinary dish composed of cooked chicken served cold in jelly or sauce Chaudière (French f.) boiler Chaudron (French m.) cauldron Chauffage (French m.) heating Chauffage central (French m.) central heating Chauffant (French) pan of hot salted water used for reheating foods Chauffard (French m.) reckless driver (pejorative) chauffer (French) to heat, to heat up Chauffe-eau (French m.) water-heater Chauffeur (m.), Chauffeuse (f.) (English, German, French) a servant paid to drive a car in France, the term is applied also to an owner-driver chauffieren (German, dated) to chauffeur chauffierend (German) driving chauffiert (German) driven, chauffeured Chaume (French m.) thatch Chaunter alternative spelling of 'chanter' Chaussée (German f., French f.) road, roadway, causeway, country road, highway chausser (French) to put on (shoe, shoes), to put shoes on (or onto) a child chausser bien (French) to fit well Chausse-pied (French m.) shoehorn Chausseur (French m.) shoemaker Chaussette (French f.) sock chaussieren (German) to macadamise chaussierend (German) macadamising chaussiert (German) macadamises Chausson (French m.) slipper, bootee (of a baby) Chausson (aux pommes) (French m.) turnover, apple turnover Chaussure (s.), Chaussures (pl.) (French f.) shoe Chaussures de ski (French f. pl.) ski boots Chaussures de marche (French f. pl.) hiking boots Chaussures vernies (French f.) patent leather shoes Chautal see dhrupad Chau van (Vietnam) mediums' trance songs, an ancient form of goddess worship chauve (French) bald Chauve-souris (s.), Chauves-souris (pl.) (French f.) bat Chauvin (m.), Chauvine (f.) (French) chauvinist chauvin (m.), chauvine (f.) (French) chauvinistic Chauvinisme (French m.) chauvinism Chauvinism or jingoism, fanatical patriotism Chauvinismus (German m.) chauvinism, jingoism Chauvinist (m.), Chauvinistin (German f.) (English, German) fanatical patriot, jingoist chauvinistisch (German) jingoistic, chauvinistic, chauvinist Chaux (French f.) lime chavirer (French) to capsize (boat) Chavittunatakom a Christian musical drama from Kerala in Southern India that evolved at the turn of the sixteenth century during the Portuguese colonization and bears many traces of the European Christian 'miracle play'. In this musical drama, the actors wear Greco-Roman costumes and even the stage props show foreign influences. In the past, the Chavittunatakom was performed on open stages, though sometimes the interior of a church was also a venue. It is performed in a language that is a colloquial mix of Tamil and Malayalam Chazzanut cantorial singing chbr abbreviation of 'chamber' che (Italian) who, than, which Cheap (archaic) to buy or sell (which meaning survives in the London street name Cheapside) costing little, low in price or cost, or lower in price than might be expected brassy, tastelessly showy, tawdry, gaudy, garish, flashy embarrassingly stingy, reluctant to spend money, sometimes to the point of forgoing even basic comfort Cheb (Arabic, literally 'young') a singer of raï, a form of folk music, originated in Oran, Algeria from Bedouin shepherds, mixed with Spanish, French, African-American and Arabic musical forms, which dates back to the 1930s and has been primarily evolved by women in the culture Check-action the check is a contrivance in the pianoforte that prevents the hammers from rebounding checken (German) to check, to clock (colloquial: notice) Check-in (English, German m./n.) the process of confirming one's arrival at hotels or airports Check-in-Bereich (German m.) check-in area (for example, at an airport) Checking a term for the cracking found in lacquer finished guitars Checking is the result of the wood of a guitar expanding and contracting with changes in temperature and humidity. The term is also used more generally for a small splits that might form in a piece of timber that is not properly seasoned Check-in-Schalter (German m.) check-in counter, check-in desk Checklist (English, German f.) a list of items (names or tasks etc.) to be checked or consulted Checkliste (German f.) check list Checkpoint (English, German m.) a place (as at a frontier) where travellers are stopped for inspection and clearance Checksum a digit representing the sum of the digits in an instance of digital data, used to check whether errors have occurred in transmission or storage Checksumme (s.), Checksummen (pl.) (German f.) checksum Cheddar (German m.) cheddar (cheese) Cheddar cheese a hard smooth-textured cheese, originally made in Cheddar in Somerset, England Cheddarkäse (German m.) cheddar cheese Cheek the shortest side of a harpsichord, connected to the bentside and opposite the spine, usually to the right (treble) side of the wrestplank Harpsichord Jargon Cheerful alegre (Spanish), giovale (Italian), lustig (German), gai (French) in good spirits, noticeably happy, bright pleasant Cheerleader or cheer-leader, one who leads cheers of applause, etc. Cheerleader (m.), Cheerleaderin (f.), Cheerleader (pl.) (German) cheerleader Cheerleading the organized use of song, dance and/or gymnastics to encourage crowds to cheer on sports teams at games and matches Cheerleading Cheerleader-Rock (German m.) cheerleader skirt Cheerleader skirt most commonly, a short pleated skirt Cheeseburger (English, German m.) a hamburger which has been topped with a thin sheet of melted cheese Cheesecloth thin, loosely-woven cloth Cheesed (off) bored, fed up (slang) Cheese-paring stingy (tight, for example, with money) Chef (m.), Chefin (German f.) (German m., French m.) leader, head, head cook (in this case, short for chef de cuisine, although the full form is never used), chief (tribal), boss, employer, manager (m.), manageress (f.), principal, gaffer, top dog (colloquial) (familiar), guv (colloquial) Chef- (German) senior (prefix) Chefankläger (German m.) chief prosecutor Chefarzt (m.), Chefarztin (f.), Chefärzte (pl.) (German) head physician, chief physician, senior consultant (hospital) Chefassistentin (German f.) executive assistant (female) Chef d'accusation (French m.) charge (judicial) Chef d'attaque (French m.) orchestral leader, leader of a body of singers, concert master (U.S.) Chef de choeur (French m.) choirmaster, choral director Chef d'école (French m.) the founder of a 'school of art' (for example, the school of Rubens, etc.) Chef de communard (French m.) staff cook Chef de Cuisine (German m.) head cook, executive chef, chef de cuisine, head chef Chef de cuisine (French m.) head cook, executive chef, head chef Chef de famille (French m.) head of the family Chef de file (French m.) (political) leader Chef de gare (French m.) station-master Chefdelegierter (German m.) chief delegate Chef de Mission (French m., German m.) Chef de Mission Chef de nuit (French m.) head night cook Chef de Partie (German m.) chef de partie Chef de partie (French m.) also station chef or line cook, a chef who is responsible for a department of the kitchen sauté chef chef de saucier responsible for all sautéed items and their sauce. This is usually the highest position of all the stations fish chef chef de poissonier prepares fish dishes and often does all fish butchering as well as appropriate sauces. This station may be combined with the saucier position roast chef chef de rotisseu prepares roasted and braised meats and their appropriate sauce grill chef chef de grillardin prepares all grilled foods, this position may be combined with the rotisseur fry chef chef de friturier prepares all fried items, position may be combined with the rotisseur position vegetable chef chef de entremetier prepares hot appetisers and often prepares the soups, vegetables, pastas and starches. In a full brigade system a potager would prepare soups and a legumier would prepare vegetables soup chef chef de potage in a full brigade system, prepares the soups roundsman chef de tournant also referred to as a swing cook, fills in as needed on station in kitchen pantry chef chef de gardemanger they are responsible for preparing cold foods, including salads, cold appetisers, pâtés and other charcuterie items butcher chef de boucher butchers meats, poultry and sometimes fish. May also be responsible for breading meats and fish pastry chef chef de pâtissier prepare baked goods, pastries and desserts. In larger establishments, the pastry chef often supervises a separate team in their own kitchen or separate shop Chef from which this information has been taken Chef de pupitre (French m.) principal Chef d'équipe (French m.) foreman, captain (sport's team) Chef de Rang (French m.) chef de rang Chef de rang (French m.) head station waiter Chef de service (French m.) department head Chefdesigner (m.), Chefdesignerin (f.) (German) chief designer Chef des Stabes (German m.) chief of staff Chef des Unternehmens (German m.) head of the business Chef d'État (French m.) head of State Chefdirigent (German m.) chief conductor, principal conductor, music director, musical director Chef d'oeuvre (s.), Chefs d'oeuvre (pl.) (French m.) masterpiece, capo d'ôpera (Italian m.) the f is silent Chef d'orchestre (French m./f.) orchestral conductor, leader of an orchestra, concert master (U.S.) Chef d'orchestre militaire (French m./f.) bandmaster Chefdramaturg (German m.) head dramaturg, head dramaturge Chefe do balé (Portuguese m./f.) mâitre-de ballet (French m.), maitresse du ballet (French f.) Chefermittler (m.), Chefermittlerin (f.) (German) chief investigator, lead investigator Chefetage (German f.) executive floor Cheffe (German m.) top dog (colloquial) Chefideologe (German m.) chief ideologist Chefingenieur (German m.) chief engineer Chefkoch (m.), Chefköchin (f.) (German) chef, head cook, head chef Chefkochmesser (German n.) chef's knife Chefkorrespondent (German m.) senior correspondent Cheflektor (German m.) chief editor Chef-lieu (s.), Chefs-lieux (pl.) (French m.) the chief town of a district, especially of a French département Chefökonom (German m.) chief economist Chefportier (German m.) bell captain Chefredakteur (m.) , Chefredakteurin (f.) (German) chief editor, editor in chief, head editor Chefredaktion (German f.) (chief) editorship, main editorial office Chefsache (German f.) matter for the boss Chefschreibtisch (German m.) executive desk, boss's desk Chefsekretär (m.), Chefsekretärin (f.) (German) chief secretary, director's secretary, personal assistant Chefsessel (German m.) executive chair, executive arm chair Chef Sous (French m.) second in command, in the kitchen Chefsprecher (German m.) anchor Chefsteward (m.), Chefstewardess (f.) (German) purser Chefsyndikus (German m.) general counsel Cheftexter (German m.) copy chief Cheftheoretiker (German m.) chief theoretician Chefunterhändler (m.), Chefunterhändlerin (f.) (German) chief negotiator Chefverteidiger (German m.) lead defence attorney Chefvolkswirt (m.), Chefvolkswirtin (f.) (German) chief economist Chef vom Dienst (German m.) duty editor Cheikh (Arabic, literally 'old') a singer of chaabi (also called 'sha-bii' or 'sha'bii'), a popular music of North Africa (French m.) sheikh Cheiloschisis (English, German f.) or, in English, chiloschisis, cleft lip (a congenital cleft in the middle of the upper lip Cheironomic notation or chironomic notation, symbols that represent the gestures of the hand that inform singers of the correct note to sing in a chant. Cheironomy (i.e. the hand signs themselves) was used in ancient Egypt and is evident today in isolated Jewish religious practice and other traditions lacking a written notation, including Vedic, Byzantine and Roman chants. Unheighted neume notation is sometimes called 'cheironomic notation', as it indicates the general melodic shape, rather than specific note pitches Chironomy in the Ancient World Cheironomie (German f.) cheironomy cheironomisch (German) cheironomic (notation) Cheironomy (from the Greek khier, 'hand' and nomos, 'law') or 'chironomy', the use of hand signals to direct vocal music performance. Whereas in modern conducting the notes are already specified in a written score, in cheironomy the hand signs indicate melodic curves and ornaments Cheironomy from which this extract has been taken Cheirosophy palm-reading Chekeré chékere Chékere or abwe, a beaded gourd instrument of African origin used in Cuban music of the Lucumi, which are played, for example, in ceremonies celebrating ritual 'birthdays' Abwe Cheke system a proposed method for indicating long vowels and standardizing spelling first suggested by Sir John Cheke (1514-1557), in Renaissance orthography. Cheke would double vowels to indicate a long sound. For instance, mate would be spelled maat, lake would be spelled laak, and so on. Silent e's would be removed, and the letter y would be abolished and an i used in its place Literary Terms and Definitions from which this entry has been taken Chekker see dulce melos Chelsea Artists Colony based in and around Manresa Road, Chelsea, London, and founded during the 1880s, a group of artists living in the rundown riverside area. Most of the members were also members of the New English Art Club Chelseaporzellan (German n.) Chelsea ware Chelsea ware chinaware made in the mid-18th century at a factory in Chelsea, London, the finest example of which were inspired by Sèvres porcelain. Characteristic figure subjects were produced, as were miniatures for curtain tiebacks, scent bottles, dressing-table accessories, and toys Chelys (from Greek, literally 'lyre') a name applied to members of the viol family during the 16th- and 17th-centuries Chelys hexachorda a six-stringed member of the viol family, on which the fourth-third tuning is employed (as on other members of the viol family), described by Athanasius Kircher (1602-1680) in his important musicological work Musurgia Universalis (1650) Chelys lyra (ancient Greek) using a tortoise shell covered by leather and the instrument used at weddings (epithalamia), symposia, and komoi (activities where men danced), it was played by women (hetairai or courtesans who entertained at the symposia) or by respectable women who played at weddings or for their own entertainment. It was believed to have been discovered by Hermes when, at the age of one day, he climbed out of his cradle and he found the shield of a turtle. He stretched the skin of a cow around it, fixed two horns through the holes were once the paws of the animal stood and he tied strings at the horizontal connection between the arms Chelys Chemical breaks see 'Big beat' Chemical paper paper made by cooking wood chips in a bisulphate of lime or a caustic soda at high temperatures. This reduces wood into pure cellulose that can be further processed into different paper types. It is often bleached and sometimes combined with other types of fibres. It contains a high chemical residue that eventually causes paper made with this pulp to yellow and become brittle with age Chemie (German f.) chemistry Chemiebuch (German n.) chemistry book, book about chemistry, book on chemistry Chemiefaser (German f.) chemical fibre, synthetic fibre, man-made fibre chemiefrei (German) untreated Chemikalie (s.), Chemikalien (pl.) (German f.) chemical Chemiker (m.), Chemikerin (f.), Chemiker (pl.) (German) chemist Chemin (French m.) path, road, way (direction) Chemin de fer (French m.) railway (French m.) a card-game resembling baccarat Chemin de halage (French m.) towpath Chemin vicinal (French m.) by-road Cheminée (French f.) chimney, fireplace, mantelpiece, funnel (of a boat) Cheminement (French m.) progress cheminer (French) to plod, to progress (figurative) Cheminot (French m.) railwayman chemisch (German) chemical, chemically chemisch behandelt (German) chemically treated chemisch frei von (German) chemically free from chemisch rein (German) chemically pure chemisch reinigen (German) to dry-clean chemische Analyse (German f.) chemical analysis chemische Behandlung (German f.) chemical treatment chemische Formel (German f.) chemical formula chemische Reinigung (German f.) dry cleaner's, dry cleaning chemisches Zeichen (German n.) (chemical) symbol (in the periodic table) chemische Veränderung (s.), chemische Veränderungen (pl.) (German f.) chemical change chemische Zusammenstellung (German f.) chemical composition Chemischreinigung (German f.) dry cleaning Chemischreinigungsechtheit (German f.) fastness to dry-cleaning Chemise (English, originally French) woman's loose-fitting linen undergarment or long bodice, or any dress resembling these (French f.) shirt, folder, (book) jacket Chemise de bain (French f.) a linen gown worn in the bath for the sake of modesty Chemise de nuit (French f.) a woman's nightgown Chemisette (French f.) short-sleeved shirt, an ornamental panel of lace or muslin which fills the open neck of a woman's dress Chemisier (French m.) blouse Chemnitzer concertina see 'Polka Box' chemotherapeutisch (German) chemotherapeutic, chemotherapeutical, chemotherapeutically Chemotherapie (German f.) chemotherapy Chenal (s.), Chenaux (pl.) (French m.) channel Chenda a cylindrical wooden drum from Kerala, Southern India Chenda from which this extract has been taken Chêne (French m.) oak Chenet (French) a fire-dog, an andiron Cheng smallest and highest-pitched of Chinese zithers, related to the ch'in and the Japanese koto Chinese gong Chengcheng Balinese cymbals Chengcheng Chengdu-Ebene (German f.) Chengdu Plain Chengdu Plain a plain in Sichuan, China on which Chengdu is situated Chengi Turkish female dancer Chengkok or cengkok, patterns played by the elaborating instruments in the Javanese gamelan Cengkok from which this short extract has been taken Chenille (French f., from Latin canicula, 'little dog') caterpillar (German f., French f., English) soft and luxurious to touch, silk, rayon, cotton or wool combined and tufted creating a velvet-like pile Chenillette (French f.) tracked vehicle Chennai (English, German n.) Indian city, formerly called Madras Cheong-sam (Chinese) a long red dress worn by women in China on ceremonial occasions such as weddings, a tight-fitting dress in a quasi-Chinese style with a split at each side seam Cheopspyramide (German f.) Pyramid of Cheops, Great Pyramid Che ora è? (Italian) What time is it? Cheptel (French m.) livestock Cheque written order to a bank to pay a stated sum from a specified account, printed form upon which this instruction is written Chèque (French m.) cheque Chèque déjeuner (French m.) Luncheon voucher. In France, spending on meals is considered a joint expense, with employer and employee each contributing half Chèque de voyage (French m.) traveller's cheque Chequer pattern of squares often alternately coloured Chequered marked with a pattern of squares often alternately coloured, with varied fortunes (as in 'chequered career') Chéquier (French m.) cheque-book cher, chère (French) dear, expensive, a lot (of money) chercher (French) to look for, to seek (help, peace, happiness) chercher à faire (French) to attempt to do chercher chicane à ... (French) to needle ... chercher la femme (French, literally 'look for the woman') there's certainly a woman at the bottom of it (figurative) chercher la petite bête (French) be finicky, be overfussy Chercheur (m.), Chercheuse (f.) (French) research worker Chère amie (French f.) a mistress (polite and inoffensive euphemism) chèrement (French) dearly Cherewa (Zanzibar) maracas made out of coconuts Chéri (m.), Chérie (f.) (French) darling (as a form of address) chéri (m.), chérie (f.) (French) beloved chérir (French) to cherish cher maître (French) dear master (as a form of address, sometime ironic) Cherokee (English, German n.) a Native American people formerly inhabiting the southern Appalachian Mountains from the western Carolinas, the Iroquoian language spoken by the Cherokee Cherophobia (German) an irrational fear of merriment or gaiety Cherophobie (German f.) cherophobia Cherry (German Kirsche, French Cerise, Dutch Kers, European Species: Prunus cerasus (sour cherry), P. avium (wild or bird cherry), American Species: P. serotina (black cherry): Average Weight: 35 to 50 pounds per cubic foot) Cherry was used for musical instruments, turned pieces, tool grips and spoons. Cherry is a good wood for making furniture Woods in Use in the Middle Ages & Renaissance from which this information has been taken Cherrybrandy (German m.) cherry brandy Cherry-Brandy (German m.) cherry brandy Cherry brandy colourless spirit produced from the distillation of cherries, which is also known as Kirschwasser (German n.) Cherrytomate (German f.) cherry tomato Cherry tomato a variety of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum var. cerasiforme) having small red to yellow fruits Cherub a winged celestial being, the second of the nine orders of angels in medieval angelology Cherub (s.), Cherubim (pl.), Cherubinen (pl.) (German m.) cherub, cherubim (plural form), cherubs (plural form) Cherubism a genetic disorder of childhood that leads to prominence of the lower face and an appearance reminiscent of the cherubs Cherubismus (German m.) cherubism Cherté (French f.) high cost Chesapeake Bay Retriever (English, German m.) American breed of dog having a short thick oily coat ranging from brown to light tan che sarà, sarà (Italian) what will be, will be Chest (in the anatomical sense) pecho (Spanish), petto (Italian), Brust (German), poitrine (French) the part of body enclosed by the ribs (anatomical), a large strong box or small cabinet (for valuables, for medicines, etc.) see 'wind chest' Chesterkäse (German m.) Cheshire cheese (an English cheese) Chestnut (Kastanie (German f.), Châtaigne (French), Kastanje (Dutch), European Species: Castanea sativa, American Species: Castanea dentata: Average Weight: 36 pounds per cubic foot) Chestnut is native to southern Europe, but was introduced to England by the Romans. The wood was widely used as a substitute for Oak (to which is very similar in appearance), especially in Mediterranean regions. The nuts were a major source of grazing for swine and were used as food by the poor. European chestnut, like its American cousin, is highly weather-resistant and is used by French farmers for outdoor applications [corrected by Michael Zapf] Woods in Use in the Middle Ages & Renaissance from which this information has been taken Chest of Viols (German m.) chest of viols Chest of viols a set of six viols of various sizes (although commonly 2 trebles, 2 tenors and 2 basses) - used in the 16th- and 17th-centuries for consort playing Chest organ Truhenorgel (German f.), where full sized pipe organs were impractical, through reasons of space or expense, portable chests containing a small number of sets of pipes (called 'ranks'), fitted with a single keyboard, and with bellows generally placed on the top of the chest, were built to serve the functions of a larger instrument [supplementary information by Michael Zapf] Chest Organ, ca. 1620 Chest register Brustregister (German n.), alternatively 'chest voice', 'chest tone' or Brustton (German m.), an adjustment that produces heavy tones suitable for loud singing and the lower range of the voice, where the singer feels the voice coming from the chest as opposed to the head [supplementary information by Michael Zapf] Chest register Chest tone the vocal quality that characterises the chest register Chest vibrato diaphragmatic vibrato or Zwerchfellvibrato (German n.), whether slow or fast, chest vibrato is a pitch-, intensity-, and timbre vibrato. Delusse writing in his L'Art de la Flûte Traversieres (c. 1760) writes: "There is yet another kind of Tremblement flexible, called Tremolo by the Italians, which, when used properly, adds a great deal to the melody. It is done only by "blowing" the syllables "Hou, hou, hou, hou, etc." actively with the lungs ..." Corrette in his sonata for flute and continuo no. 5 op. 13 (c. 1735) entitles one of the airs Imitation du tremblant doux de l'Orgue, par Bordet and comments: "To play this piece in the correct style, ... you may also play it like the soft organ tremolo .... This is accomplished by causing the air to pulsate as it leaves the chest and passes through the throat, creating an effect similar to that of an organ valve." [supplementary information provided by Michael Zapf] Flute vibrato of the 18th and 19th centuries Chest voice see 'chest register' chétif (m.), chétive (f.) (French) puny, under-developed, sickly-looking Cheval (s.), Chevaux (pl.) (French m.) horse, vaulting horse (gymnastics) cheval (French) horsepower (engine) Cheval à bascule (French m.) rocking horse Cheval-d'arçons (French m.) (gymnastique) horse Cheval de bataille (French m.) a war-horse, a favourite subject, a favourite argument (implying that the subject or argument has been overworked) chevaleresque (French) chivalrous Chevalerie (French f.) chivalry Chevalet (French m.) bridge (of a stringed instrument, piano, etc.), Steg (German m.), ponticello (Italian m.) (French m.) easel Cheval-glass a larger type of toilet mirror in a frame with four legs, also known as a horse dressing-glass (dated from the end of the eighteenth century) Chevalier (French m.) knight Chevalier d'industrie (French m.) an adventurer, a swindler, one who lives by his wits Chevalière (French f.) signet ring chevalin (m.), chevaline (f.) (French) horse, equine Chevauchée (French f.) (horse) ride chevaucher (French) to straddle Chevaux de frise (French m. pl.) a rotating bar bristling with spikes set on the top of a wall to discourage entry, also a line of broken glass, barbed wire, etc. serving a similar purpose chevelu (French) hairy Chevelure (French f.) hair Cheveret see secretaire Chevé rhythm syllables Émile-Joseph Chevé (1804-1864) the originator of a system that uses syllables to learn rhythm in music. This mnemonic approach is included in the Galin-Paris-Chevé sight-singing method widely used in France and which was incorporated into the method for teaching music to children developed by the Hungarian composer and teacher Zoltán Kodály (1882-1967). The Galin-Paris-Chevé method is named after Pierre Galin Exposition d'une Nouvelle méthode (1818)] and Émile-Joseph Chevé (1804-1864), Chevé's wife Nanine Paris and Nanine's brother Aimé Paris (1798-1866) [E. Chevé (Mme Nanine Paris) Méthode élémentaire de musique vocale (1864); E. Chevé (M. & Mme) Méthode élémentaire d'harmonie (1846); E. Chevé (M. & Mme) Exercices élémentaires de lecture musicale à l'usage des écoles primaires (1860)] duration modern rhythm names French time names of Aimé Paris aa = ah; é = eh; i = short i (as in tip) simple time crotchet (quarter note) ta taa (sound: tah) 2 quavers (2 eight notes) ti-ti ta-té (sound: ta-teh) 4 semiquavers (4 sixteenth notes) tika-tika tafa-téfé (sound: ta-fa-teh-feh) 3 triplet quavers (3 triplet eight notes) tre-o-la   quaver + 2 semiquavers (eight note + 2 sixteenth notes) ti-tika ta-téfé (sound: ta-teh-feh) 2 semiquvers + quaver (2 sixteenth notes + an eighth note) tika-ti tafa-té (sound: ta-fa-teh) semiquaver + quaver + semiquaver (sixteenth note + eighth note + sixteenth note) syn-co-pa   semiquaver + dotted quaver (sixteenth note + dotted eighth note)   tafa-é (sound: ta-fa-eh) semibreve (whole note)   taa aa aa aa (sound: tah-ah-ah-ah) minim (half note) too taa aa (sound: tah-ah) dotted crotchet (dotted quarter note) tum   dotted crotchet + quaver (dotted quarter note + eighth note) taam-ti taa até (sound: tah-ateh) dotted quaver + semiquaver (dotted eighth note + sixteenth note) tim-ka ta-éfé (sound: ta-ehfeh) compound time 3 quavers (3 eighth notes) ti-ti-ti ta-té-ti (sound: tah-teh-ti) crotchet + quaver (quarter note + eighth note) ta-ti   quaver + 2 semiquavers + quaver (eighth note + 2 sixteenth notes + eighth note) ti tika ti   4 semiquavers + quaver (4 sixteenth notes + eighth note) ti-ka-ti-ka ti   6 semiquavers (6 sixteenth notes)   tafa-téfé-tifi (sound: tafa-tehfeh-tifi) dotted minim (dotten half note) toom taa aa aa (sound: tah-ah-ah) Chevé Rhythmus-Solfège (German n.) Chevé rhythm syllables Chevet (French) the apse of a church Cheveu (s.), Cheveux (pl.) (French m.) hair des cheveux de jais (French: jet-black hair) Cheville (s.), Chevilles (pl.) (French f.) tuning peg, wrest pin, tuning pin, pirolo caviglia (Italian), bischero (Italian), pirolo caviglia (Italian), Wirbel (German - peg), Stimmnagel (German m. - tuning pin, wrest pin), clavija (Spanish f.) (French f.) ankle, pin, (wall) plug Chevillier (French m.) pegbox, cavigliera (Italian f.), cassa dei bischeri (Italian f.), cassetta dei piroli (Italian f.), Wirbelkasten (German m.), clavijero (Spanish m.) Chèvre (French f.) goat Chevreau (s.), Chevreaux (pl.) (French m.) kid Chevreuil (French m.) roe(-deer), venison Chevron (French m.) rafter, a pattern like an inverted V, used in decorative art chevronné (French) experienced, seasoned chevrotant (m.), chevrotante (f.) (French) quavering, bleating, wobbling Chévrotement see 'bleat' chevroter (French) to perform a chévrotement, to wobble, to perform a shake or trill badly chez (French) at the house of, to the house of, among, in (about the characters found in a book, play, etc.) chez le boucher (French) at the butcher's Chez nous (French) at our house, at home Chez-soi (French m.) home chez-soi (French) at home, home Chhand in Indian music, the pulse Chhing Cambodian finger cymbals Chi (China) transverse flute Transverse flute (chi), China, 19th century (Korea) reed pipe played horizontally like the daegeum Chi (Greek) Χ (upper case) or χ (lower case), the 22nd letter of the Greek alphabet the circulating life energy that in Chinese philosophy is thought to be inherent in all things Chiacchiera (Italian f.) gossip, chatter, idle talk, false rumour, unfounded report, nonsense chiacchierare (Italian) to gossip, to chatter, to chat, to talk Chiado (Portuguese) hiss chiamandolo (Italian) calling chiamare alle armi (Italian) to call up (call to join the armed forces) Chiamata (Italian, literally 'call' or 'summons') in the seventeenth century, a fanfare-like piece written to imite hunting horns curtain call, a singer's bow to audience applause chiara (Italian f.) clear (tone), pure (tone or intonation), perfect (intonation) Chiaramèlla (Italian, mentioned in John Florio's Queen Anna's New World of Words (1611)) a kind of bag-pipe chiaramente (Italian) clearly, neatly, purely Chiaranzána (Italian, mentioned in John Florio's Queen Anna's New World of Words (1611)) see chiarantána Chiara quarta (Italian f.) perfect fourth Chiara quinta (Italian f.) perfect fifth Chiarezza (Italian f.) clarity, brightness, neatness, purity Chiarina (Italian f.) species of trumpet, clarion Chiarintána (Italian, mentioned in John Florio's Queen Anna's New World of Words (1611)) a kinde of Caroll or song full of leapings like a Scotish gigge, some take it for the Almaine-leape Chiarintanáre (Italian, mentioned in John Florio's Queen Anna's New World of Words (1611)) to dance the chiarantána chiaro (m.), chiara (f.) (Italian) clear, brilliant, unconfused Chiaroscuro (Italian, literally 'light dark') in painting, the modelling of form (the creation of a sense of three-dimensionality in objects) through the use of light and shade. The introduction of oil paints in the fifteenth century, replacing tempera, encouraged the development of chiaroscuro, for oil paint allowed a far greater range and control of tone. The term chiaroscuro is used in particular for the dramatic contrasts of light and dark introduced by Caravaggio. When the contrast of light and dark is strong, chiaroscuro becomes an important element of composition in music, a term used to describe the various levels of piano and forte Chiasmus (English, German m., from Greek "cross" or "x") in rhetoric, chiasmus is the figure of speech in which two clauses are related to each other through a reversal of structures in order to make a larger point; that is, the two clauses display inverted parallelism. Chiasmus was particularly popular in Latin literature, where it was used to articulate balance or order within a text Chiasmus from which this extract has been taken Chiasso (Italian m., literally 'hubbub') charivari Chiave (Italian f.) clef (Italian f.) key (of a wind instrument), Klappe (German f.), clé (French f.), llave (Spanish f.) (Italian f.) tuning key Chiave alte see chiavette Chiave dell'acqua (Italian f.) water key, Wasserklappe (German f.), clé d'eau (French f.), llave de agua (Spanish f.) Chiave di baritono (Italian f.) baritone clef, a sign that shows the position of F on the staff (on the third line) or of C on the staff (on the top line) Baritone Clef Chiave di basso (Italian f.) bass clef, a sign that shows the position of F on the staff (on the fourth line), Bassschlüssel (German m.), F-Schlüssel (German m.), clef de fa (French f.), clé de fa (French f.), clé de fa quatrième ligne (French f.), clef de fa quatrième ligne (French f.), clave de fa (Spanish f.), clave de fa en cuarta (Spanish f.) Chiave di contralto (Italian f.) contralo clef, a clef sign which marks the position of the note C on the staff (on the third line), the alto clef, viola clef, counter-tenor clef, chiave di Do3 (Italian f.), Altschlüssel (German m.), Bratschenschlüssel (German m.), clef alto (French f.), clef d'ut (French f.), clé d'ut (French f.), clef d'ut troisième ligne, (French f.), clé d'ut troisième ligne, (French f.), clave de do (Spanish f.), clave de do en tercera (Spanish f.), clave de contralto (Spanish f.) Chiave di Do (Italian f.) a clef sign which marks the position of the note C on the staff, for example, the alto clef, viola clef, counter-tenor clef, chiave di Do3 (Italian f.), chiave di contralto (Italian f.), Altschlüssel (German m.), Bratschenschlüssel (German m.), clef alto (French f.), clef d'ut (French f.), clé d'ut (French f.), clef d'ut troisième ligne, (French f.), clé d'ut troisième ligne, (French f.), clave de do (Spanish f.), clave de do en tercera (Spanish f.), clave de contralto (Spanish f.) (Italian: chiave di Do3) Chiave di Fa (Italian f.) bass clef (a clef sign that shows the position of F on the staff), in particular, chiave di Fa2 (Italian f.), Bassschlüssel (German m.), F-Schlüssel (German m.), clef de fa (French f.), clé de fa (French f.), clé de fa quatrième ligne (French f.), clef de fa quatrième ligne (French f.), clave de fa (Spanish f.), clave de fa en cuarta (Spanish f.) Chiave di mezzosoprano (Italian f.) mezzosoprano clef, a sign that marks the position of the note C on the staff (on the second line) Chiave di Sol (Italian f.) treble clef (in which case more properly chiave di Sol3), Violinschlüssel (German m.), G-Schlüssel (German m.), clef de sol (French f.), clé de sol (French f.), clef de violon (French f.), clé de violon (French f.), clave de sol (Spanish f.) Chiave di soprano (Italian f.) soprano clef, Sopranschlüssel (German m.), Diskantschlüssel (German m.), clé d'ut 1re (French f.), clef d'ut 1re (French f.), clave de do en primera (Spanish f.), clave de soprano (Spanish f.) Chiave di tenore (Italian f.) tenor clef, a sign that marks the position of the note C on the staff (on the fourth line), Tenorschlüssel (German m.), clé de ténor (French f.), clef de ténor (French f.), clé d'ut 4e (French f.), clef d'ut 4e (French f.), clave de do en cuarta (Spanish f.), clave de tenor (Spanish f.) Chiave di violino (Italian f.) violin clef or treble clef, chiave di Sol3 (Italian f.), Violinschlüssel (German m.), G-Schlüssel (German m.), clef de sol (French f.), clé de sol (French f.), clef de violon (French f.), clé de violon (French f.), clave de sol (Spanish f.) Chiave di violino francese (Italian f.) French violin clef, a sign that marks the position of the note G on the staff (on the bottom line), französische Violinschlüssel (German m.), clé de sol 1re (French f.), clef de sol 1re (French f.), clave de sol en primera (Spanish f.), clave de violín francés (Spanish f.) Chiave trasportate see chiavette Chiavette (Italian f.) also called chiave alte or chiavi trasportate - a notation system widely used in the seventeenth century for voice parts whereby the notes were placed higher on the staff than they were meant to be performed (often a fourth or fifth higher) to avoid the use of ledger lines and excessive chromatic notation. This system is not specifically noted in the score and so has caused confusion in modern times. Its use can often be indirectly inferred via analysis. See Kurtzman, J. The Monteverdi Vespers of 1610 for examples [entry supplied by Ed Batutis] Chibol a type of small onion no longer cultivated Chic (French m.) style, elegance (of a superior kind) chic (English, German, from French) smart, kind, elegant, stylish Chica (Spanish) early form of fandango Chicago blues a form of blues music that developed in Chicago, Illinois by adding electricity, drums, piano, bass guitar and sometimes saxophone to the basic string/harmonica Delta blues. The music developed mainly as a result of the "Great Migration" of poor black workers from the South into the industrial cities of the North, and Chicago in particular, in the first half of the twentieth century Chicago blues from which this extract has been taken Chicagoer (German) of or pertaining to Chicago Chicago house a style of house music. House music originated in a Chicago, Illinois nightclub called the Warehouse, which many hold to be the origin of the term "house music" Chicago house from which this extract has been taken Chicago jazz see 'Dixieland jazz' Chicago soul a form of soul music that arose during the 1960s in Chicago. Along with Motown in Detroit and hard-edged, gritty performers in Memphis, Chicago soul helped spur the album-oriented soul revolution of the early 1970s Chicago soul from which this extract has been taken Chicahuaztli Mexican rain stick of Nahuatl origin Chicane (French f.) zigzag (French f.) a trick, a subterfuge, a quibble, trickery, cunnig, scheming Chicano Literature, Chicana Literature twentieth- and twenty-first-century writings and poetry by Mexican-American immigrants or their children - usually in English with short sections or phrases in Spanish Chicano rock (music) rock music performed by Mexican American groups or music with themes derived from Chicano culture Chicano rock from which this extract has been taken chica que llama la atención (Spanish) very striking girl Chicha an Afro-Peruvian music style with African and Andean elements, in particular rock and roll, cumbia and huayno Chichas Colombian maracas chiche (French) mean chiche de (French) mean with Chi-chi (from the Hindi) a mincing English spoken by Eurasians in India chichi (French) affected, pretentious, 'precious' Chichis (French m. pl.) fuss Chicken Dance this oom-pah song, originally entitled Der Ententanz (in English, The Duck Dance), was composed in the 1950s by a Swiss accordionist Werner Thomas. It is not, as some believe, an Austrian folk dance Chicken Dance Chicken Picking (German n.) chicken picking Chicken picking or chicken pickin', a lead guitar style or technique used in country music where the plucked strings are pulled outward by the fingers of the dominant hand and the note played immediately dampened by decreasing the pressure of the other hand's finger on the fret Chicken picking from which this extract has been taken Chicken Scratch (German m.) chicken scratch Chicken scratch also known as waila music, a kind of dance music developed by the Tohono O'odham people. The genre evolved out of acoustic fiddle bands in southern Arizona, in the Sonoran desert Chicken scratch from which this extract has been taken Chickin-pickin synonymous with 'hybrid picking' Chickweed a weed with juicy stems and small white flowers Chicle sin azúcar (Spanish) sugar-free gum Chico Afro-Uruguayan candombe drum Chicoree (German m.) chicory (for example, in coffee) Chicorée (German m., French f.) endive, chicory (for example, in coffee) Chicoréesalat (German m.) chicory salad Chicory a perennial herb (Cichorium intybus) of the composite family, native to the Old World and widely naturalised in North America, having rayed flower heads commonly with blue florets. The dried, roasted, ground roots of this plant are used as an adulterant of or a substitute for coffee Chicotén a hammered chordophone, also called salterio in Castile, ttun-ttun in the Basque country or generically "stringed drum". It seems to be derived from the medieval psalteries, producing the sound with a stick that hits a series of tense strings on a lengthened resonance box. When used indoors, it accompanies a three-holed pipe (the Basque txistu or Gascon flabuta), providing the pedal note, bass and rhythm Chief (English, German m.) the boss, the top man, the head (man), the one in charge Chien (m.), Chienne (f.) (French) dog (m./f.), bitch (f.) Chien de garde (French m.) watch-dog Chien-loup (s.), Chiens-loups (pl.) (French) wolfhound Chiesa (Italian f., literally 'church') pertaining to the church, as in musica di chiesa, baroque chamber music, usually implying a four movement style of composition, alternately a slow, a fast, a slow and a fast movement, that contrasts with musica da camera or chamber music concerto di chiesa (Italian: concerto for performance in church) Chieuve (French) bagpipe from Berry Chiff organ pipes that have a clear edge to the sound are often described as having 'chiff'. Any kind of pipe can have 'chiff' but principals almost always have this clear attack point Chiffarobe (German f.) chifforobe Chiffon (French m.) rag (English, German m.) a diaphanous silk muslin Chiffonier (English, German n., French m.) in France, a tall chest of drawers, not to be confused with a chiffonnier (see below) (English) a low set of shelves with a mirror back and a marble top, the shelves used for books Chiffonkleid (German n.) chiffon dress, chiffon gown Chiffonnade (French) finely shredded, usually lettuce chiffonner (French) to crumple, to bother Chiffonnier (French m.) rag-and-bone man Chiffonrock (German m.) chiffon skirt Chiffons (French m. pl.) ornamental accessories of feminine dress Chifforobe a closet-like piece of furniture that combines a long space for hanging clothes (that is, a wardrobe or armoire) with a chest of drawers. Typically the wardrobe section runs down one side of the piece, while the drawers occupy the other side Chifforobe from which this extract has been taken Chiffrage (French m.) a time signature, figuring, marking, encoding, ciphering Chiffrage à numérateur multiple (French m.) additive time signature Chiffrage des mesures composées (French m.) compound time signature Chiffrage des mesures simples (French m.) simple time signature Chiffre (s.), Chiffres (French pl.), Chiffren (German pl.) (German f., French m.) figure (for example, as in 'figured bass'), code (cypher), secret code, box number (in a newspaper), key (to a code) chiffré (French) figured, as in basse chiffré, figured bass Chiffreanzeige (German f.) box number advertisement Chiffre d'affaires (French m.) turnover Chiffre de l'intervalle (French m.) the 'numerical value' of a melodic or harmonic interval, for example, unison (French, unisson), second (French, seconde), third (French, tierce), fourth (French, quarte), fifth (French, quinte), sixth (French, sixte), seventh (French, septième ), octave (French, octave), ninth (French, neuvième), and so on Chiffre dénominateur (French m.) in musical notation, the lower figure (chiffre inférieur) of a time signature (chiffre indicateur) indicating the species of note length which when multiplied by the upper figure (chiffre numérateur or chiffre supérieur) will determine the total note length of a single bar or measure Chiffre inférieur (French m.) the denominator (or lower figure) of a time signature Chiffre numérateur (French m.) in musical notation, the upper figure (chiffre supérieur) of a time signature (chiffre indicateur) which when multiplied by the species of note length given by thelower figure (chiffre dénominateur or chiffre inférieur) will determine the total note length of a single bar or measure Chiffrenummer (s.), Chiffrenummern (pl.) (German f.) box number chiffrer (French) to set a figure to, to assess, to encode (a text) Chiffres arabes (French m. pl.) Arabic numerals Chiffres indicateurs (French m.) time signature Chiffres romains (French m. pl.) Roman numerals Chiffre supérieur (French m.) the numerator (or upper figure) of a time signature chiffrieren (German) to encrypt, to codify, to encode chiffrierend (German) codifying, encrypting, encoding Chiffriergerät (German n.) scrambler chiffriert (German) in cypher, in cipher, in code Chiffrierung (German f.) codification, encryption Chiffrierungsverfahren (German n.) cypher Chiffrierverkehr (German m.) ciphony, cyphony (the use of cyphering for telecommunication signals, typically for confidentiality) Chiflo Spanish three hole flute from Aragon Chiftelia a Kosovar Albanian three-stringed instrument from the same family as the saz Chifonie (English, German f.) hurdy-gurdy (organistrum, symphonia, organica lyra, vielle à roue, 'wheel fiddle') Chigi codex a music manuscript originating in Flanders. According to Herbert Kellman, it was created sometime between 1498 and 1503, probably at the behest of Philip I of Castile. It is currently housed in the Vatican Library under the call number Chigiana, C. VIII. 234 Chigi codex from which this extract has been taken Chignon (English, German m., French m.) a bun (a large coil of hair wound round a pad and worn at the back of the head) Chigovia (Mozambique) wind instrument similar to the ocarina Chihuahua (English, German m.) named after the people of Chihuahua, Mexico, this dance is a combination of European waltz and polka. It is danced at festivals and in theatres, and has become popular since the 1910 revolution Chijin (Japan) a double-headed drum widely used in folk performing arts of Amami Chijin from which this extract has been taken Chikara (India) a simple spike fiddle played with a bow in a fashion somewhat like a sarangi or saringda. There is also a smaller version known as chikari Cikârâ Fiddle (cikârâ), India, before 1890 Chikari the drone strings in sitar, sarod and similar instruments Chikarisaite (German f.) chikari (string) Chilanzane see timbila Child Ballads a collection of 305 ballads from England and Scotland, and their American variants, collected by Francis James Child in the late nineteenth century. The collection was published as The English and Scottish Popular Ballads between 1882 and 1898 by Houghton Mifflin in 10 volumes Child Ballads from which this extract has been taken Childe a child of noble birth Childeric one of a number of Merovingian kings: Childeric I (c.437-c.482), king of the Salian Franks; Childeric II (c.653-675) who was the king of Austrasia from 662 and of Neustria and Burgundy from 673 until his death, making him sole King of the Franks for the final two years of his life; Childeric III (died c.753) was the last king of the Franks in the Merovingian dynasty from 743 to his deposition in 751 Childerich (German m.) Childeric Children's songs Children's songs Chile (English, German n.) a republic in southern South America on the western slopes of the Andes on the south Pacific coast Chilene (m.), Chilenin (f.), Chilenen (pl.) (German) Chilean chilenisch (German) Chilean chilenisches Spanisch (German n.) Chilean Spanish Chil-hyongeum see geum Chili (French m.) Chile (German m.) chilli Chiliasmus (German m.) chiliasm, milleniarianism Chiliastic (from Greek khilias, a thousand years) relating to, or believing in, Christian millenarianism chiliastisch (German) chiliastic Chilien (m.), Chilienne (f.) (French) Chilean chilien (m.), chilienne (f.) (French) Chilean Chililihtli large pre-Hispanic Mexican flute Chilipfeffer (German m.) chilli pepper Chilipulver (German n.) chilli powder Chilischoten (German pl.) chili peppers Chilisoße (German f.) chili sauce Chillador a flat-backed charango that is typically steel strung Chillador chillen (German) to chill (out) (colloquial) chillig (German) relaxed Chillipulver (German n.) chilli powder Chill-out also 'Chill out', 'chillout' or just 'chill', a term derived from a slang injunction to relax, emerged in the early and mid-1990s as a catch-all term for various styles of relatively mellow, slow-tempo music made by contemporary producers in the electronic music scene Chill out music from which this extract has been taken Chill-out-Room (s.), Chill-out-Rooms (pl.) (German m.) chill-out room Chill out room (English) the earliest mentioned 'chill out room' was at the legendary Manchester nightspot, Konspiracy. In these rooms, visitors would find couches, comfortable pillows, psychedelic light shows projecting trippy images and music that was decidedly downtempo, especially when compared to what was going on a few feet away on the dance floor Chilperic I (c.539-584) king of Neustria (or Soissons) from 561 to his death Chilperich I. (German) Chilperic I Chimaera (Greek) or 'chimera', a grotesque monster formed of the parts of different animals a figment of the imagination, a fantasy chimär (German) chimaeric Chimäre (German f.) chimaera chimärisch (German) chimaerical Chimb or 'chime', the edge or brim of a cask, barrel, or the like, formed by the ends of the staves projecting beyond the head or bottom Chimbangueles see 'Venezuelan drums' Chime (Early English chymme bells, from chymbals, derived from the Latin cymbala) a set of bells usually numbering up to 16 (but not more than 22) and hung stationary. They are played melodically - occasionally with simple harmony - either by automatic action, from an electric keyboard, or from a chime stand of wooden levers and sometimes pedals. If sounded automatically, the chime may be set off by clock action or by controls which permit designated periods of play see 'chimb' to 'chime' refers to the automatic ringing of the bells of the chime. In England it also refers to the ordinary swinging of a church bell in a limited arc (as opposed to the full circle of 360 degrees for bells in change ringing Chimera chimaera Chimère (French f. from the Greek) a figment of the imagination, fantasy chimérique (French) imagined, fanciful Chimes (English, German pl.) or 'tubular chimes', suspended from a frame, a set of tubular bells arranged like a keyboard, each tuned to a definite pitch (from c' to f'' on the treble clef), sounded by means of a hammer mark tree (also known as a 'chime tree' or 'set of bar chimes') is a percussion instrument used primarily for musical colour. It consists of many small chimes - typically cylinders of solid metal approximately 6 mm (one-quarter inch) in diameter - of varying lengths mounted hanging from a bar. The chimes are played by sweeping a finger or stick through the length of the hanging chimes. They are mounted in pitch order to produce rising or falling glissandos. Unlike tubular bells, another form of chime, the chimes on a mark tree do not produce a definite pitch, as they produce inharmonic (rather than harmonic) spectra sometimes synonymous with 'orchestra bells' which are actually flat steel bars a term used for harmonics produced on the guitar by lightly touching a string and plucking along the sounding length Gerard Manley Hopkins refers to cynghanedd, a Welsh term that loosely denotes sound similarities peculiar to Welsh poetry, especially alliteration and internal rhyme, as chimes. Typically, the consonants in one word or line repeat in the same pattern at the beginning and end of the next word or line - but the vowel sounds between the consonants change slightly Literary Terms and Definitions from which this last entry draws Chime tones a term used for harmonics produced on the guitar by lightly touching a string, usually at or close to the twelfth fret, and plucking along the sounding length Chimie (French f.) chemistry Chiming barrel also 'chiming cylinder' or 'chiming drum', part of a mechanism to enable the automatic ringing of chimes, a metal or wooden cylinder whose surface is perforated, often with thousands of holes, for receiving projecting pegs or cogs, is mounted on a horizontal axis, so that it may rotate. Formerly, this rotation was powered by a suspended weight whose cable unwound from the barrel shaft. The pegs engage levers attached by wire to hammers mounted outside the bells, and as the barrel revolves, the levers are pushed down, thereby pulling the hammers away from the bells. When the levers become disengaged, the hammers fall through a spring to strike the bells. Sometimes there are as many as five hammers per bell in order to permit the rapid repetition of a note Chiming cylinder see 'chiming barrel' Chiming drum see 'chiming barrel' chimique (French) chemical Chimiste (French m./f.) chemist Chimki (German n.) Khimki (a city in Moscow Oblast, Russia, situated just northwest of Moscow, at the west bank of the Moscow Canal) Chimney flute pipe or rohrflute, half-stopped flute pipe with a tubular chimney at the top, which when played with a strong vibrato effect are called 'jazz flutes' Chimpanzé (French m.) chimpanzee Chimta a percussion instrument from India, consisting of a long strip with jingles Chimurenga popular style of music from the Shona people of Zimbabwe, based on Shona and Ndebele rhythms and spirituality, adapting the playing of the mbira (lamellaphone) and the hosho maracas Glossary Chin. abbreviation of 'Chinese', chinesisch (German: Chinese) Ch'in long narrow Chinese zither with very smooth top surface, traditionally the most honored of Chinese instruments China Clay or 'kaolin', a white clay mineral kaolinite (hydrous aluminum silicate), formed by the decomposition of aluminum silicates, particularly feldspar. The Chinese have used kaolin since the 7th century in the manufacture of porcelain. Today it is most widely used in the coating of papers to create a bright glossy surface Chinaholzöl (German n.) China wood oil Chinakohl (German n.) Chinese cabbage, Chinese leaves Chinakohlsalat (German n.) Chinese cabbage salad, Chinese leaf salad Chinakrepp (German n.) crepe de chine (anglicised form), crêpe de Chine (French m.), crêpe de Chines (French m.), woven from raw silk, an opaque fabric with a semi-dull lustre, and a texture that slightly crinkles and falls in a soft drape China-Restaurant (German n.) Chinese restaurant Chinarinde (German f.) cinchona bark, Peruvian bark, Jesuit's bark, Cartagena bark, china-bark (sources of the medicinal alkaloids quinine and quinidine) Chinarindenbusch (German m.) cinchona shrub China wood oil also called tung oil, China wood oil is pressed from the seed of the Tung oil tree (Aleurites fordii), a deciduous shade tree native to China. It belongs to the Euphorbia Family (Euphorbiaceae) along with the candlenut tree (Aleurites molucanna), another species with seeds rich in unsaturated oils. For centuries tung oil has been used for paints and waterproof coatings, and as a component of caulk and mortar. It is an ingredient in ink and is commonly used for a lustrous finish on wood. Some woodworkers consider tung oil to be one of the best natural finishes for wood Chin chin Chinese 4 string banjo with aluminum body Chine (French f.) China (country) (French m.) rice-paper, china (vase, etc.) Chine collé (French m.) or chine appliqué, a process in which a thin sheet of paper with a light dried coating of water soluble paste on its back is placed between an inked intaglio plate and a thicker sheet of moist paper during printing. When pulled from the plate after printing, a bond is formed between the two papers creating one single sheet. Traditionally a China paper made from bamboo was used, but the technique is possible with most thin papers. Though sometimes employed to create a finer impression on heavy stock, these papers were most often used to create a toned or colour backdrop to the image that normal printing papers did not offer. Chine collé was also used in a collage fashion to create decorative elements within an image Chinese (s.), Chinesin (German f.), Chinesen (German pl.) (English, German) Chinese Chinese bells terms relating to Chinese bells and other related ideophones: Bell pavilion   a low structure of wood or masonry whose bell hangs a few feet off the ground. It is the housing in East Asia for the main temple bell Ch'ing resting bell a metal bowl placed open side up on a cushion and struck with a stick. It is used in Buddhist and Taoist services Chung   general name for all bells without clappers Chung lou bell tower a municipal tower of moderate height whose bell signals the time of day, sounds the curfew, and warns of common danger Feng Ling   wind bell hung under corners of roofs of temples, pagodas, pavilions, public buildings, and private houses Hsü Pan   hanging resonant board used in monasteries for various signaling purposes. Producing a sort of ring, it might be regarded as a wooden substitute for the metal bell. Similar boards have been used in other parts of Asia and in Europe Ling   a small bell with clapper, hand-rung by Buddhist and Taoist priests Lo   circular brass gong Mu Yü   wooden fish of highly ornamented camphor wood, partly hollow with a loose wooden pellet inside. Struck with a knobbed stick, it produces a short ring of recognizable pitch Pien Ch'ing   chime of 16 L-shaped marble stones suspended in a framework in two rows of eight and used in the Confucian service in conjunction with the Pien Chung. They are struck with mallets. Dating from neolithic times, the Pien Ch'ing is one of the oldest of musical instruments Pien Chung   chime consisting of 16 tuned bronze bells placed in two rows of eight in a rectangular framework and played by priests using mallets. Dates to at least 2000 B.C. Po Chung metal counterpart of T'e Ch'ing single bell suspended in a framework, which is used in Confucian services. There are two Po Chung, one for spring and another for autumn Ta Chung great bell term applied to huge bells in temples, monasteries, or municipal towers T'e Ch'ing   single L-shaped slab of sonorous stone suspended in a framework and used in Confucian services. Each temple has two, as with the Po Chung T'ish Ma, Yen Ma, Yü K'o   small plates of metal, stone, or glass, hung under eaves or in doorways to jingle in the breeze. Of ancient origin, these wind chimes are now familiar to everyone Yung, Yung Chung   main bell (and largest) of the Confucian temple Glossary from which this information has been taken Chinese block see 'temple block', 'wood block' Chinese crash cymbal see 'crash cymbal' Chinese crescent see chapeau chinois Chinese cymbals with a shape quite different from ordinary cymbals, Chinese cymbals have a turned up edge. The sound is generally short and abrasive, though when struck with a stick, the sound is similar to a gong. Chinese cymbals are better than the tradition form when bowed using a cello bow which tmoves perpendicular to the plane of the cymbal across the edge, as the harmonics are obtained more reliably Chinese hip hop Chinese hip hop Chinese lute see Yüeh ch'in Chinese mouth organ sheng Chinese music see 'music of China' Chinese opera see 'Beijing Opera', 'Kunqu Opera', 'Sichuan Opera', 'Qinqiang', 'Henan Opera' and 'Huangmei Opera' Chinese orchestra an orchestra based mainly around traditional musical instruments from China Chao Feng Chinese Orchestra Chinese panpipe(s) sheng Chinese pavilion Turkish jingle, Turkish crescent, Jingling Johnny or Mohamed's Banner a musical instrument composed of a pole with several transverse crescent-shaped or otherwise shaped brass plates, generally terminating at the top with a conical pavilion or hat. On all the small parts are hung small bells, which the performer causes to jingle by shaking the instrument held vertically up and down Chinese rock although often and inaccurately described as a style of music which combines Chinese musical instruments with techniques of Western-style rock and roll, Chinese rock typifies the essential nature of rock and roll music which in matters of attitude and lifestyle, it sees no borders or ethnic identity; therefore, Chinese rock music is in simplest terms, Chinese music with modern orchestration (with or without traditional Chinese musical instruments), exemplified by an attitude and a lifestyle not compliant to mainstream market and state-approved entertainment Chinese rock from which this extract has been taken Chinese scale although there are many so called 'Chinese scales', this five note scale is known particularly by this name Chinese tom-tom a drum with a slightly convex wooden shell and a rather thick head, nailed on and decorated, usually with dragons. The sound is rather 'darker' and 'flatter' than a conventional tom-tom. It is best used with a soft beater Chinese viola see zhonghu Chinese violin see erhu Chinese wax a white to yellowish-white, gelatinous, crystalline water-insoluble substance obtained from the wax secreted by certain insects, used chiefly in the manufacture of polishes, sizes, and candles Chinesisch (German n.) Chinese chinesisch (German) Chinese, Sino- (prefix) chinesische Becken (German pl.) Chinese cymbals chinesische Klassiker (German pl.) Chinese classics chinesische Literatur (German f.) Chinese literature Chinesische Mauer (German f.) Great Wall of China chinesische Mundorgel (German f.) sheng chinesische Pfanne (s.), chinesische Pfannen (pl.) (German f.) wok chinesischer Amerikaner (German m.) Chinese American chinesischer Gelehrter (German m.) Chinese scholar chinesischer Gong (German m.) Chinese gong chinesischer Pavillon (German m.) Chinese pavilion chinesischer schwarzer Tee (German m.) congou (a grade of Chinese black tea, obtained from the fifth and largest leaf gathered from the shoot tip of a tea plant) chinesischer Strahlengriffel (German m.) kiwi fruit chinesischer Tee (German m.) China tea chinesische Schrift (German f.) Chinese script chinesische Schriftstücke (German pl.) Chinese writings chinesische Schriftzeichen (German pl.) Chinese ideographs chinesische Seide (German f.) China silk chinesisches Gedicht (German n.) Chinese poem chinesisches Neujahrsfest (German n.) Chinese New Year chinesische Sprache (German f.) Chinese language chinesisches Schriftzeichen (German n.) Chinese character Chinesische Stachelbeere (German f.) kiwi fruit chinesisches Wachs (German n.) Chinese wax chinesisches Wohnboot (German n.) sampan (an Asian skiff usually propelled by two oars) chinesisches Wort (German n.) Chinese word Chinesischlehrer (m.), Chinesischlehrerin (f.) (German) Chinese teacher chinesischsprachig (German) Chinese-speaking Chinesischwörterbuch (German n.) Chinese dictionary Ching Cambodian and Thai finger cymbals Ching Ching ring or 'hi-hat sock jingle', a metal or wooden frame with tambourine jingles mounted upon it, that fits on top of a Hi-Hat Ching-hu smallest of Chinese bowed lutes Chin rest invented by Louis Spohr (1784-1859) in 1820, a chin rest is attached to the lower part of the violin body to make up the difference between the depth of the violin body and the distance from the player's chin to his or her shoulder to assist in holding of the violin during playing Chin Rest Chinin (German n.) quinine Chinnor or chinor, an instrument of the harp or psaltery family referred to in the Bible Chinois (French m.) Chinese (language) (French m.) in cooking, a conical strainer Chinois (m.), Chinoise (f.) (French) Chinese chinois (m.), chinoise (f.) (French) Chinese Chinoiserie (French) introduced to Europe in the late 1600s by the large scale arrival of imported goods and pictures from China, an European artistic style which reflects Chinese influence and is characterised through the use of fanciful imagery of an imaginary China, asymmetry and whimsical contrasts of scale, the use of lacquerlike materials and decoration. Chinoiserie's popularity peaked around the middle of the eighteenth century, when it was easily assimilated into rococo Chinoiserie from which this extract has been taken Chinor see chinnor Chintz (English, German m.) cotton cloth, usually printed with flowery patterns, that has a slightly shiny appearance Chinzumana see timbila Chiodo di garofano (Italian m.) clove Chiocciola (Italian f.) or riccio (Italian m.), scroll, Schnecke (German f.), volute (French f., English), coquille (French f.) the scroll is the carved spiral found just above the pegs at the very top of the neck of a violin, viola, etc. - if the instrument bears a carving of a face, animal, etc. then it is called a head and not a scroll Chionophobia an abnormal fear of snow Chionophobie (German f.) chionophobia Chios (English, German n.) or Khíos, an island in the Aegean Sea off the west coast of Turkey, that belongs to Greece Chiot (French m.) pup, puppy Chip (English, German m.) electronic equipment consisting of a small crystal of silicon semiconductor fabricated to carry out a number of electronic functions in an integrated circuit (English, German m.) or 'crisp', a thin slice of potato, parsnip, etc. deep fried in vegetable oil Chipanecas a triple-meter Mexican folk dance from the province of Chiapas chiper (French) to swipe Chipfabrik (German f.) chip plant (a factory making chips for electronic or electro-mechanical systems) Chipkarte (German f.) chip card, smart card Chip music see 'chiptune' chipoter (French) to nibble (eat), to quibble Chippendale of or relating to an 18th-century style of furniture made by Thomas Chippendale (1718-1779), a British cabinetmaker remembered for his graceful designs (especially of chairs) which influenced his contemporaries Chippendalestuhl (German m.) Chippendale chair Chipping the rough tuning of the strings during the piano making process Chipping Camden [1902-1909] a community founded by C. R. Ashbee in this sleepy Cotswold town that became the home for the Guild of Handicrafts. Some 150 East End craftsmen moved into the town setting up workshops in the old silkmill just off the centre of town and renting accomodation throughout the town. The Guild had a major impact on the town both economically and socially, setting up a band, sports club, drama society and allotment association and building a swimming pool. Cheap mass produced imitations of their work led to the end of the Guild Chips (German pl., French m. pl.) crisps Chipsatz (German m.) chipset Chipstüte (German f.) bag of crisps Chiptune or chip music, music written in sound formats where all the sounds are synthesized in realtime by a computer or video game console sound chip, instead of using sample-based synthesis. The "golden age" of chiptunes was the mid 1980s to early 1990s, when such sound chips were the only widely available means for creating music on computers Chiptune Chiquenaude (French f.) flick Chiqui-Chiqui a popular music genre of the middle 1980s from Costa Rica Chiquillo alzado (Spanish m.) cocky little brat (colloquial) chiral (English, German) pertaining to chirality Chiralität (German f.) chirality Chirality the geometric property of a rigid object (or spatial arrangement of points or atoms) of being non-superposable on its mirror image Chiraptophobia an irrational fear of being touched Chiraptophobie (German f.) chiraptophobia Chirimía Spanish reed instrument Central American native wind instrument of the oboe family Oboe (chirimía), Mexican Indian people, Mexico, mid-20th century Chirintána (Italian, mentioned in John Florio's Queen Anna's New World of Words (1611)) see chiarantána Chirograph a legal agreement in which the text is entered twice, then the two halves separated with a zigzag cut and a half given to each party to the agreement; also called an indenture Chirogymnast an apparatus whose object is to strengthen the fingers Chiromancie (French f.) chiromancy, palmistry Chiromancien (m.), Chiromancienne (f.) (French) palmist Chiromancy psalmistry, telling fortunes by 'reading' the lines on the palm of the hand Chiromant (m.), Chiromantin (f.) (German) chiromancer Chiromantie (German f.) chiromancy, palmistry Chironomic notation see 'cheironomic notation' Chironomie (German f.) chironomy chironomisch (German) chironomic Chironomy (from the Greek khier, 'hand' and nomos, 'law') to indicate the pitch of a note by the position of the hand relative to the body or a conducting desk, or by pointing to a specific part of the hand Chironomy in the Ancient World Chiroplast (English, German m.) a mechanical device invented in Engliand in about 1815 by Johann Bernhard Logier (1777-1846). It was designed to prevent movements of the hand and arm. It secures a fixed hand position at the keyboard and ensures that only the fingers are involved in playing. Liszt is known to have recommended its use to some of his pupils Chiropractic a health care approach and profession that emphasizes diagnosis, treatment and prevention of mechanical disorders of the musculoskeletal system, especially the spine, under the hypothesis that these disorders affect general health via the nervous system. It is generally considered to be complementary and alternative medicine, a characterization that many chiropractors reject. The main treatment involves manual therapy including manipulation of the spine, other joints, and soft tissue; treatment also includes exercises and health and lifestyle counseling. Traditionally, chiropractic assumes that a vertebral subluxation or spinal joint dysfunction interferes with the body's function and its innate intelligence, a notion that brings ridicule from mainstream science and medicine Chiropractic from which htis extract has been taken Chirp (slang) to sing Chiropraktik (German f.) chiropractic Chiropraktiker (m.), Chiropraktikerin (f.) (German) chiropractor, bonesetter (archaic) chiropraktisch (German) chiropractic Chiropraxis (German f.) osteopathy Chirurg (s.), Chirurgin (f.), Chirurgen (pl.) (German) surgeon Chirurgenhandschuh (s.), Chirurgenhandschuhe (pl.) (German m.) surgical glove Chirurgenkittel (German m.) surgical gown Chirurgenstahl (German m.) surgical steel chirurgical (French) surgical Chirurgie (German f., French f.) surgery Chirurgie esthétique (French f.) plastic surgery Chirurgien (French m.) surgeon chirurgisch (German) surgically, surgical chirurgische Behandlung (German f.) surgery, surgical treatment chirurgische Gesichtsmaske (German f.) surgical face mask chirurgische Instrumente (German pl.) surgical instruments chirurgische Nadel (s.), chirurgische Nadeln (pl.) (German f.) surgical needle chirurgische Naht (s.), chirurgische Nähte (pl.) (German f.) surgical suture chirurgische Operation (German f.) surgical operation chirurgischer Eingriff (German m.) surgical intervention, surgical operation, surgical procedure chirurgischer Verband (German m.) surgical dressing chirurgisches Instrument (German n.) surgical instrument chirurgisches Messer (German n.) surgical knife chirurgisches Nahtmaterial (German n.) surgical suture material chit abbreviation of chitarrone (Italian) Chitarra (Italian f.) guitar, Gitarre (German), guitare (French), guitarra (Spanish) in the fifteenth century, the Italian chitarra and chitarino, the Spanish guitarra, the French quitare and quinterne and the English gyterne refer to the round-backed instrument that later developed into the mandolin. Only in the sixteenth century did many of these terms come to be used for members of the guitar family Chitarra atiorbata (Italian f.) guitar with extra bass strings Chitarra basso (Italian f.) bass guitar Chitarra batente (Italian f.) guitar from Calabria (southern Italy), also known as 'Renaissance guitar'. The body is made from walnut or chestnut wood. It has four or five metal strings Chitarra battente (Italian f., literally 'struck guitar') also known as the 'Italian guitar'. When used for the style of guitar playing used in or the instruments particularly associated with jazz, the Italian term chitarra battente is synonymous with the jazz guitar, chitarra jazz (Italian), Schlaggitarre (German), Jazzgitarre (German), guitare de jazz (French) in the fifteenth century, the chitarra battente was a five course instrument (tuned a-d-g-b-e) with a sound box with a gently curved striped back (rather than flat), tied-on gut frets and a lute-like bridge glued to the soundboard used as an instrument to be strummed. By the sixteenth century, it was both plucked and strummed an important string instrument in Italian popular music, chitarra battente is smaller than a classical guitar, now usually played with four or five metal strings and used mainly in Calabria to accompany the voice Chitarra coll'arco (Italian f.) bowed-guitar Chitarra decachorda (Italian f.) ten-string bass guitar which first appeared towards the end of the eighteenth century. The instrument had a series of extra strings off the neck (called 'floating' strings) attached to a separate tuning box. Such an instrument, made by Gérard J. Deleplanque (1782), has six single strings on the neck and four bass strings outside the neck. This type of guitar would become extremely popular in the second half of the nineteenth century and continued to be used through into the early twentieth century Chitarra elettrica (Italian f.) eletric guitar Chitarra hawaiana (Italian f.) Hawaiian guitar, Hawai-Gitarre (German), guitare hawaïenne (French) Chitarra jazz see chitarra battente Chitarra spagñuola (Italian f.) guitar the Italians first used the term chitarra spagñuola to identify a plucking style, that derived from vihuela technique, from the sixteenth-century Italian strumming style. Later the meaning of the term was widened to become a general term Chitarrata (Italian f.) a piece for piano that imitates the guitar Chitarrina in 1589, the Italian composer, producer, organist, diplomat, choreographer and dancer, Emilio de' Cavalieri (c.1550-1602), specified a chitarrina alla Spagnola and a chitarrina alla Napoletana for the lavish ballo that concludes the sixth Florentine intermedio. According to court documents they were sent up from Rome. Cavalieri was the director of all cultural activities at the Medici court between 1588 and 1600. This provides early documented use of these guitar-like instruments Chitarrista (Italian m./f.) guitarist Chitarrone (English, German f., Spanish, from the Italian, literally, 'big guitar') also called the arch-lute, a long-necked member of the lute family fitted with extra bass strings, used to accompany solo singers, which was popular in the 16th- and 17th-centuries (Spanish) alternative name for the guitarrón, a very large, deep-bodied Mexican 6-string acoustic bass guitar played in Mariachi bands Chitarrone, ca. 1725 David Tecchler (1666-1747) Rome, Italy Chitarrone moderno a plucked bass instrument specially designed in the early 1900s by Italian luthiers, their main goal being to create a bass with a sound that matched with the overall sound of a plucked string orchestra mainly of mandolins and guitars. Other makers saw the necessity of the chitarrone moderno, as a counterpart to the bowed bass of the violin family Chitende see bobre Chitin (English, German n.) a tough semitransparent horny substance, similar to fingernails, the principal component of the exoskeletons of arthropods Chitlin' circuit The "chitlin' circuit" was the collective name given to the string of performance venues throughout the eastern and southern United States that were safe and acceptable for African American musicians, comedians, and other entertainers to perform at during the age of racial segregation in the United States (from at least the late 1800s through the 1960s). The name derives from the soul food item chitterlings (stewed pig intestines) Chitlin' circuit from which this extract has been taken Chiton (Greek) a tunic worn by the ancient Greeks in ballet, a similar costume worn by a dancer Chitrali sitar (Pakistan) a sitar with 3 courses of steel strings, the first and third, a double course, and the second a single. Melody is played on the first course, while the other courses function harmonically and as drones Chitrali sitar from which this information has been taken Chitta an enlivened mind Chittarina synonymous with chitarina Chiucchiurlaja (Italian) a buzzing or humming sound chiudendo (Italian) closing, ending with chiudendo col motivo (Italian) concluding with the subject Chiuffo (Italian m.) tuft (hair, feathers), forelock, tassel, group of trees, bunch, cluster Chiuffolotto (Italian m.) bullfinch Chiuffone (Italian m.) big tuft, shock-headed fellow (figurative), untidy person (figurative) Chiurlare (Italian) the call of a cuckoo Chiurma (Italian f.) crew Chiurmàglia (Italian f.) mob, rabble chiurmàre (Italian) to charm, to cheat, to inveigle chiuso (m.), chiusa (f.) (Italian, literally 'closed') closed, stopped (as when a horn player places his hand in the instrument's bell) see bocca chiusa see canone chiuso a conclusive ending in a fourteenth-century vocal work, in contrast to the more inconclusive ending, the aperto the inconclusive ouvert or aperto in the fourteenth- and fifteenth-century vocal forms corresponds to the prima volta or first time bar we use today. In turn, the more conclusive clos or chiuso corresponds to the seconda volta or second-time bar Chivalric romance another term for medieval romance Chivalry an idealized code of military and social behavior for the aristocracy in the late medieval period. The word "chivalry" comes from Old French cheval (horse), and chivalry literally means "horsemanship". This code became of great popular interest to British readers in the 1800s, leading to a surge of historical novels, poems, and paintings dealing with medieval matters. Examples of this nineteenth-century fascination include the Pre-Raphaelite Movement, William Morris's revival of medieval handcrafts, Scott's novels such as Ivanhoe, and the earnestly sympathetic (though unrealistic) depiction of knighthood in Tennyson's Idylls of the King Literary Terms and Definitions from which this entry draws Chjam'è rispondi (Corsica) an improvised poetic joust, which requires a exceptional virtuosity from the performers Chladni figures Chladni-Figuren (German pl.), chladnische Figuren (German pl.), named for Ernst Florens Friedrich Chladni (1756-1827). If sand is dusted on the surface of a horizontal metal plate and the plate is forced into motion by drawing a violin bow across one edge of the plate, the sand forms patterns or figures on the surface demonstrating the acoustic properties of the metal plate. This research was built on the early experiments of Robert Hooke (1635-1703) at Oxford University. On July 8th 1680, Hooke performed an experiment, putting flour on a glass plate, and bowing on the edge of glass. Hooke had observed that the vibrations of the glass plate were perpendicular to the plate's surface, and that the shape of patterns so produced depended on where the plate was bowed. This was the phenomenon rediscovered by Chladni in the eighteenth century, although Chladni used thin metal plates and sand. This demonstration was to influence the English scientist Michael Faraday (1791-1867) in his thinking about magnetic fields and lines of force Chladni Figures and Vibrating Plates Chladni-Figur (s.), Chladni-Figuren (pl.) (German f.) Chladni figure chladnische Figur (s.), chladnische Figuren (pl.) (German f.) Chladni figure [entry provided by Michael Zapf] Chlamys (Greek) a short cloak worn by men in Ancient Greece Chleuh the Chleuh (or Shluh) belong to the Masmuda branch of sedentary Berbers inhabiting the Grand-Atlas and Anti-Atlas Mountains and the plain of the Sous River Valley in southern Morocco Chlodwig (German m.) the old form of 'Ludwig', Lewis, Clovis (kings of the Franks) Chlor (German n.) chlorine Chlorbleiche (German f.) chlorine bleach Chlorbutanadienkautschuk (German m.) neoprene Chlorbutadien-Kautschuk (German m.) neoprene Chlore (French m.) chlorine Chloren (German n.) chlorination chloren (German) to chlorinate chlorend (German) chlorinating chlorfrei (German) chlorine-free chlorhaltig (German) chlorinated (water), containing chlorine Chloroform (English, German n.) or trichloromethane, a clear, colourless, heavy, sweet-smelling liquid, CHCl3, used in refrigerants, propellants, and resins, as a solvent, and sometimes as an anesthetic. Chloroform, once widely used in human and veterinary surgery, has generally been replaced by less toxic, more easily controlled agents to treat with chloroform to anesthetise, render unconscious, or kill chloroformieren (German) to chloroform Chloropren (German n.) chloroprene Chloroprenkautschuk (German m.) chloroprene rubber Chlorung (German f.) chlorination Chlorzink (German n.) zinc chloride, a white, water-soluble crystalline compound, ZnCl2, used as a wood preservative, as a soldering flux, and for a variety of industrial purposes, including the manufacture of cements and paper parchment