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Bo from China, also called naobo and jingbo, a round convex gong played by striking or scraping with a beater Bo from which this information has been taken Bö (German f.) gust, squall (gusts of wind with rain), blast (gust), scud, bump b.o. abbreviation of 'back order' Boa (Italian m.) boa (constrictor), (feather) boa Board in printing, an alternate term for mechanical a committee having supervisory powers a stout length of sawn timber food or meals in general (as in 'bed and board': live and take one's meals in) a flat portable surface (usually rectangular) designed for board games a body (sometimes statutory) that regulates the provision of examinations for entry to higher levels of education or to determine suitability for a particular profession Boards a stage (hence, the colloquial term for the theatre, 'the boards') Boar's bristle the stiff hair of a pig, used as a spring to make the tongues return in historic wooden jacks. Wire, nylon or plastic is generally used in modern times although some makers still use boar bristle Harpsichord Jargon from which this information has been taken Boaschlange (German f.) boa (constrictor) Boato (Italian m.) rumbling (Spanish m.) show, ostentation Boat song barcarole, gondoliera when he graduated from Trinity College in 1799, Thomas Moore made a year long trip to America, Bermuda and the West Indies. The 'Canadian Boat Song' was published in 1805. Moore based it on a popular Canadian air Et en revenant du boulanger Canadian Boat Song from which this information has been taken Mingulay is a small island in the Outer Hebrides near Barra. Although the tune and the words are similar to many sea shanties, the words commonly used today were written by Sir Hugh Roberton in 1938 for the Glasgow Orpheus Choir. The 'Mingulay Boat Song' was originally recorded by the Francis McPeake family of Ulster Mingulay Boat Song from which this information has been taken St. Columban (c.543-615) was the founder of the monastery of Bobbio in northern Italy. His 'Boat Song' captures the mood of adventure and robust faith that animated the Irish monks Medieval Sourcebook: St. Columban: Boat Song c. 600 from which this information has been taken The 'Skye Boat Song' has words by Sir Harold Boulton, Bart., 1884. The first half of the tune is said to be an old sea shanty; the other half is traditionally attributed to Miss Annie MacLeod Skye Boat Song from which this information has been taken Boatswain's whistle a sailor's whistle Anonymous / Boatswain's Whistle Bob (German m.) bobsleigh, bobsled (English, German m.) a knot or bunch of hair, hence, a bunch or cluster of leaves, flowers, fruit, etc. Bobada (Spanish f.) silly thing bobalición (Spanish) stupid Bob and wheel a metrical devise in some alliterative-verse poetry, especially that of the Pearl Poet and that of fourteenth-century poems like Sir Tristrem. The first short line of a group of rhyming lines is known as the "bob" and the subsequent four are a quatraine called the "wheel." The bob contains one stress preceded by either one or occasionally two unstressed syllables (i.e., the bob is only two or three syllables long). Each line of the wheel contains three stresses. Together, the bob-and-wheel constitutes five lines rhyming in an ABABA pattern. Since it matches the alliterative pattern of the first part of the stanza, but also fits the rhyme scheme of the last five lines, the "bob" serves as a structural bridge between the alliterative sections and the rhyming sections of the poem Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken Bobard (French m.) fib Bobbahn (German f.) bobsled run Boberia (Spanish f.) silly thing Bob FM (Bob is an acronym for 'Best of the Best') the on-air brand of several FM radio stations in Canada and the United States. Bob FM stations in Canada are all owned by CHUM Limited; those in the United States are owned by a variety of companies. Bob FM stations follow much the same format as the more famous (although newer) Jack FM brand, and are officially classified as variety hits or adult hits by radio research companies Bob FM from which this information has been taken Bobfrisur (German f.) bob hair (style), bob hairstyle, bob hairdo Bobibation see Bobisation Bobina (Italian f.) bobbin, reel, spool, coil (electrical) (Spanish f.) bobbin, reel, spool, coil (electrical) Bobine (French f.) bobbin, reel, spool, coil (electrical) Bobisation (English, German f.) or bocedisation, a system of solmisation, whose invention is attributed variously to the composer Hubert Waelrunt (c.1515-1595) who was said to have introduced this technique at the music school he founded in Antwerp in 1547, and to David Mostart (c.1550-1615). It is based on the Flemish syllables bo-ce-di-ga-lo-ma-ni it substituted for the six Guidonian the following seven syllables: Guidonian syllables ut re mi fa so la ti Bobisation syllables bo ce di ga lo ma ni Bobo (French m.) sore, cut (Spanish m.) idiot, fool (German m.) a bourgeois bohemian Chinese double reed pipe pegged drum with antelope skin from Ghana played with hands or hand and stick bobo (Spanish) silly, stupid Boboobo the most popular social music and dance of the Central and Northern Ewe of Ghana and Togo. This music and dance, also known as agbeyeye [New Life], or akpese [Music of Joy], emerged from a village, called Kpando in the Volta Region of Ghana during the independence struggle between 1947 and 1957. Boboobo is derived from an older circular dance called konkoma. Although this music was initially confined to a few towns and villages in central and northern Eweland, it has now spread to all Ewe speaking territories in Ghana and Togo Popular African Traditional Dances from which this information has been taken Bobre (Reunion) a musical bow struck with a bamboo stick (ticouti) and held at the same time as a rattle (kaskavel). Also called zezylava (Madagascar), bonm (Seychelles and Rodrigues Islands), and chitende (Mozambique) Bobrennen (German n.) bobsled race Bobschlitten (German m.) bobsled Bobtail (German m.) Old English sheepdog Boca (Spanish f., Portuguese) mouth (Spanish f., Portuguese) the sound hole, for example, on a guitar or violin Boca (Spanish f.) entrance (figurative), muzzle (gun), hole boca abajo (Spanish) face down boca arribo (Spanish) face up Bocacalle (Spanish f.) (road) junction Bocadillo (Spanish m.) sandwich, snack Bocado (Spanish m.) mouthful, bite Bocage (French m.) grove, thicket, woodland (French m.) a background of foliage and flowers supporting the figures in a pottery set-piece bocajarro (Spanish) point-blank Bocal (French m.) also called a crook, a curved metal tube that connects the double reed to the body of the bassoon (if which case the bocal forms part of the acoustic length of the instrument) or the mouthpiece of a large recorder to the head section, for example on bass and greater recorders (in which case the bocal does not form part of the acoustic length of the instrument) (French m.) windcap, copri-ancia (Italian m.), capsula (Italian f.), windcap (musical instrument), Windkapsel (German f.), capsule (French f.), cápsula (Spanish f.) (French m.) mouthpiece of horn, trumpet, trombone, serpent, etc. Bocal (French m.) fib Bocal (Portuguese) mouthpiece Bocal (s.), Bocaux (pl.) (French m.) jar Bocamanga (Spanish f.) cuff Bocanada (Spanish f.) puff, mouthful (of wine, etc.) Bocas em f (Portuguese) f-holes Bocazas (Spanish f.) big-mouth Bocca (Italian f.) mouth (Italian f.) mouthpiece of horn, trumpet, trombone, serpent, etc. Boccaccia (Italian f.) grimace Bocca chiusa (Italian f., literally 'with mouth closed') wordless humming Boccale (Italian m.) jug, tankard (of beer) Bocca ridente (Italian f.) smiling mouth, the term used in singing that is applied to the elongation of the mouth, approaching a smile, and designed to produce a particular conformation of the throat, mouth and lips, which is believed to be most conducive to the production of a pure, even tone and perfect intonation Boccata (Italian f.) puff (smoke) Boccetta (Italian f.) small bottle boccheggiare (Italian) to gasp Bocchino (Italian m.) a small musical instrument mouthpiece (for example, that of a brass instrument), Mundstück (German n.), embouchure (French f.), embocadura (Spanish f.) (Italian m.) cigarette holder, mouthpiece of a smoker's pipe Boccia (Italian f.) bottle, bowl (for playing bowls) bocciare (Italian) to fail, to reject Bocciatura (Italian f.) failure Bocciolo (Italian m.) bud Bocciuola (Italian f.) small mouth-piece Boccone (Italian m.) mouthful, snack bocconi (Italian) face downwards Bocedisation (English, German f.) bobisation Bocet (Romanian) a form of lament which is sung while expressing real grief in tears Boceto (Spanish m.) sketch, outline Bochinche (Spanish m.) uproar Bochorno (Spanish m.) sultry weather, embarrassment (figurative) bochornoso (Spanish) oppressive, embarrassing (figurative) Bocina (Spanish f.) horn, car horn cornet à bouquin (French), cornetto (Italian), bugle horn, cornet Bocinazo (Spanish m.) blast, toot Bock (s.), Böcke (German pl.) (French m., Spanish m.) beer glass, glass of beer (German m.) boob, buck, billy goat, ram, support, stand, box (seat), support, bagpipe (Southern Germany), trestle, dog (engineering), pedestal, (vaulting) horse, howler (colloquial: bloomer), stubborness, billy goat short for Bockpfeife, an abbreviation used commonly in the Alps Bockbeere (German f.) dewberry (a trailing-vine variety of blackberry) Bockbier (German n.) bock (a dark, heavier beer traditionally brewed to lager all winter for consumption in spring - most bock beer cans have the image of a goat on them) Bockbrücke (German f.) trestle bridge, railroad trestle (bridge) Böckchen (German n.) bracket Bockdoppelflinte (German f.) over and under shotgun Bocken (German n.) bucking bocken (German) to buck, to be unruly, to be stubborn, to capriole (horse), to act up (colloquial) bockend (German) bucking Bockflinte (German f.) over and under shotgun Bockhorn (Swedish) made of cow's or goat's horn with up to four finger-holes, similar in many ways to the shofar Bockhorn, Sweden (possibly), 19th century bockig (German) obstinate, stubborn, spiteful, petulant, petulantly, restive bockige Eigenart (German f.) contrary disposition Bockigkeit (German f.) obstinacy Bocklager (German n.) pedestal bearing Bocklagermotor (German m.) pedestal-type motor Bocklamm (German n.) ram lamb Bockmist (German m.) nonsense Bockpfeife (German f., dated) bagpipe (German m.) in the Alps, the name is shortened to Bock [information supplied by Michael Zapf] Bocksbart (German m.) goatsbeard Bocksbeutel (German m.) a bottle for Frankenwein Bocksdorn (German m.) boxthorn, matrimony vine (any of various shrubs or vines of the genus Lycium with showy flowers and bright berries) Bockshorn (German n.) an Estonian shepherd instrument [entry by Michael Zapf] Bockshornklee (German m.) fenugreek (a very hard seed grown in the Middle East, which is used as a spice. Its dominant flavour and aroma is recognisable in commercial curry powders) Bockshornkleesamen (German m.) fenugreek seed Bockshornkraut (German n.) goat's rue (Galega officinalis) (tall bushy European perennial grown for its pinnate foliage and slender spikes of blue flowers, sometimes used medicinally) Bocksleder (German n.) buckskin Bockspringen (German n.) leapfrog, leap-frog Bock springen (German) to leapfrog, to leap-frog Bocksprung (German m.) leap-frog, leap (also figurative) Bockstriller or 'goat's trill', see 'bleat' Bockwindmühle (German f.) post mill (pivoting windmill) Bockwurst (German f.) bockwurst, sausage Bod. abbreviation of 'Bodleian Library, Oxford' Boda (Spanish f.) marriage, wedding (ceremony) Bode diagram a diagram in which the phase shift or the gain of an amplifier, a servomechanism, or other device is plotted against frequency to show frequency response (logarithmic scales are customarily used for gain and frequency) Bode-Diagramm (German n.) a plot showing the frequency-response characteristics of an amplifier, servomechanism, etc. Bodega (Spanish f.) cellar, wine cellar (a vault for storing and maturing wine), warehouse, wine-shop, hold (ship) (French f.) or craba, bagpipe found in the Laguedoc region of southern France Bodegón (Spanish m.) cheap restaurant, still life (picture) Boden (s.), Böden (pl.) (German m.) ground, soil, floor, loft, attic, land, terrain (figurative), canvas, seat (of trousers), territory, base (German m.) fond (French m.), fondo (Italian m., Spanish n.), the back of the sound-box of a musical instrument, bottom (of a harpsichord) Boden des Glockenstuhls (German m.) bell deck (floor of the belfry) Boden eines Fasses (German m.) bottom of a cask Bodenablauf (German m.) floor drainage, floor drain Bodenabsenkung (German f.) ground subsidence, land subsidence Bodenabstand (German m.) ground clearance Bodenabtragung (German f.) soil erosion Bodenanalyse (German f.) soil analysis Bodenanalysebericht (German m.) soil report Bodenart (German f.) soil type Bodenbakterien (German pl.) soil bacteria Bodenbearbeitung (German f.) cultivation Bodenbebauung (German f.) tillage bodenbedingt (German) edaphic (influenced by the soil) Bodenbelag (German m.) floor covering, flooring, flooring material, court surface (tennis), floor surfacing Bodenbeschaffenheit (German f.) condition of the soil, configuration of the ground, configuration of the soil, composition of the ground Bodenbeschichtung (German f.) floor coating Bodenbestellung (s.), Bodenbestellungen (pl.) (German f.) tillage Bodenbindung (German f.) soil consolidation Bodenblech (German n.) floor panel, base plate, bottom plate Bodenbrett (German n.) bottom board, flooring board, puncheon (a short wooden upright used in structural framing, a piece of broad, heavy, roughly dressed timber with one face finished flat) bodenbrütende Vögel (s./pl.) (German n.) ground-nesting birds bodenbürtig (German) soil-derived, soil-borne bodenbürtige Viren (German pl.) soilborne viruses Bodendecker (German m.) ground-cover plant Bodendielen (German pl.) deck boards Bodeneinlauf (German m.) floor drain Bodenentwässerung (German f.) soil drainage Bodenerhebung (German f.) rise in the ground, elevation (of the ground) Bodenerosion (German f.) soil erosion Bodenfaltenbeutel (German m.) bottom gusseted bag Bodenfläche (German f.) floor space, floorspace, land coverage, area Bodenfliese (s.), Bodenfliesen (pl.) (German f.) floor tile, paving (tile) Bodenfrost (German m.) ground frost Bodenfund (German m.) archaeological find Boden gutmachen (German) to make up ground Bodenhöhe (German f.) ground level Bodenisolator (German m.) floor insulator Bodenkammer (s.), Bodenkammern (pl.) (German f.) attic (room), garret Bodenkanal (German m.) floor duct Bodenkontamination (German f.) soil contamination Bodenkreditanstalt (German f.) mortgage bank, mortgage company Bodenkrume (German f.) topsoil, surface soil Bodenkultivierung (German f.) tillage Bodenlage (German f.) bottom layer bodenlang (German) floor-length (gowns, curtains, etc.), full-length (gowns, curtains, etc.) bodenlebend (German) ground-dwelling Bodenleger (German m.) floor layer, floorer bodenlos (German) bottomless, incredible (figurative), exceeding, abysmal, groundless, fathomless, abysmally, enormous (figurative) bodenlose See (German f.) soundless sea Bodenluke (German f.) hatch Bodenmatte (German f.) floor mat, floormat bodennah (German) near-ground, near the ground Bodennähe erreichen (German) to reach ground level Bodennebel (German m.) ground mist, ground fog Bodennutzung (German f.) land use Bodenplatte (German f.) base plate, bottom panel, floor slab, floor panel Bodenplatte (s.), Bodenplatten (pl.) (German f.) track shoe, foundation slab, floor board, paving tile Bodenprinzip (German n.) birthright citizenship (jus soli) Bodenreform (German f.) land reform, agrarian reform Bodenreformer (German m.) land reformer Bodenrick (German n.) cavaletto (a small, portable jump for schooling horses) Bodensatz (s.), Bodensätze (pl.) (German m.) lees, dregs, residuum, sediment, deposit Bodensatzbildung (German f.) sedimentation bodensaure (German) acidophilous Boden scharren (German) to paw the ground Bodenschatz (s.), Bodenschätze (pl.) (German m.) mineral deposit, natural resource Bodenschicht (German f.) soil layer Bodenschwelle (German f.) speed hump, speed ramp, sleeping policeman (colloquial) Bodensee (German m.) Lake Constance Bodensenke (German f.) swale (an elongated depression in the land surface that is at least seasonally wet, is usually heavily vegetated, and is normally without flowing water) Bodensetzung (German f.) soil settlement, ground settlement Bodenspekulation (German f.) real estate speculation, speculation in real estate bodenständig (German) rooted to one's native soil, down-to-earth, native, indigenous, rooted to the soil, autochthonous bodenständiger Mann (German m.) meat and potatoes man (colloquial) Bodenständigkeit (German f.) down-to-earthness Bodenstaubsauger (German m.) canister (vacuum) cleaner Bodenstruktur (German f.) soil structure Bodenträger (German m.) bottom beam Bodentransportsystem (German n.) floor conveyor Bodentuch (German n.) floorcloth Bodenturnen (German n.) floor exercises Bodentürschließer (German m.) floor door closer Bodenunebenheiten (German pl.) unevenness of the floor Boden unter den Füßen verlieren (German) to lose ground Bodenuntersuchung (German f.) ground survey, soil test Bodenvase (s.), Bodenvasen (pl.) (German f.) floor vase Bodenvegetation (German f.) ground vegetation Bodenverbesserer (German m.) soil conditioner Bodenverdichter (German m.) soil compactor, wacker plate Bodenverdichtung (German f.) soil compaction Bodenverfestiger (German m.) compactor Bodenverhältnisse (German pl.) ground conditions, underfoot conditions, soil conditions Bodenverstärkung (German f.) floor reinforcement Bodenwelle (s.), Bodenwellen (pl.) (German f.) bump (traffic calming measure) Bodenwert (German m.) land value Bodenwerterhöhung (German f.) rise in land values, appreciation in land value Boden wiedergewinnen (German) to recover ground Bodenwischer (German m.) floor mop Bodger originally, a travelling merchant or chapman - later an itinerant wood-turner, in particular, one who cut timber and converted it into chair legs by turning it on a pole lathe, an very simple tool that could be moved close to the stand of timber and used the spring of a bent sapling to help run it - today, a pejorative term for someone who produces poor-quality work Bodhisattva (English, German m.) an enlightened being who, out of compassion, forgoes nirvana in order to save others Bodhrán (English, German f., from the Irish) Irish frame drum made out of goat skin, generally played with a double-ended beater or tipper, approximately 45 cms. (18 inches) in diameter and 7.5- 10 cms. deep, with a circular rim Bodhran Bodice the close fitting upper part of a woman's dress a woman's wide, sleeveless vest tightly laced in front, worn over a blouse or dress, usually low-cut Bodl. abbreviation of 'Bodleian Library, Oxford' Bodley abbreviation of 'Bodleian Library, Oxford' Bodoque (Spanish m.) pellet, thickhead Bodschnurd (German n.) Bojnourd (the capital city of North Khorasan province, Iran) Body (of an instrument) cuerpo (Spanish), corpo (Italian), Schallkasten (German), coffre (French) of an instrument, the resonance- or sound-box of a stringed instrument or some percussion instruments of a guitar, the part on which the controls, bridge and pickups are mounted, which can be of hollow (i.e. hollow body) or solid (i.e. solid body) design of an instrument, that part of a wind instrument that remains after the removal of the mouth piece, crooks, and bell of an organ-pipe, the tube of an organ-pipe above its mouth of a note or tone, its resonant quality - also called its 'body' (English, German m.) see 'body suit' Body (French m., German m.) leotard, teddy referring to any all-in-one bodice and knickers all-in-one leggings and top close fitting as to be apparently second skin Bodycheck (English, German m.) the act of using one's body to impede an opponent Body contact short for 'closed position with body contact', a style of closed position in partner dancing Body contact Bodyguard (English, German m.) or, in colloquial English, 'minder', a person or group of persons, usually armed, responsible for the safety of one or more other Bodylotion (German f.) body lotion Body lotion lotion applied to the body after bathing Body mass index or BMI a formula used to expresses body weight in relation to height. BMI equals weight in kilograms divided by height in metres squared Body-Mass-Index (German m.) body mass index Bodypainting (German n.) body painting Body painting body painting with clay and other natural pigments existed in most, if not all, tribalist cultures, often worn during ceremonies; it still survives in this ancient form among the indigenous people of Australia, the Pacific islands and parts of Africa. A semi-permanent form of body painting known as Mehndi, using dyes made of henna (hence also known rather erroneously as "henna tattoo"), was and is still practised in India and the Middle East, especially on brides. Since the late 1990s, Mehndi has become popular amongst young women in the Western world. Actors and clowns around the world have painted their faces and sometimes bodies for centuries, and continue to do so today. More subdued form of face paints for everyday occasions evolve into the cosmetics we know today Body painting from which this extract has been taken Body percussion sounds produced by use of the body, e.g. clap, snap, slap, tap, stamp, etc. Body politic, The monarchial government, including all its citizens, its army, and its king Body suit also called a 'body', an all-in-one garments fitting from neck to ankle, used for dance and gymnastics Böe (s.), Böen (pl.) (German f.) gust, squall, blasts (plural form), flurries (plural form) Boehm system the systematic key mechanism invented by German flautist Theobald Boehm to replace the earlier arrangements of keys and finger holes on woodwind instruments Boehm, Theobald (1794-1881) German flautist and composer, remembered principally for the system whereby he replaced the clumsily-placed holes of his instrument by keys enabling the cutting of the holes in their proper acoustical positions, yet leaving them in easy control of the fingers. He made his first 'ring key' flute in 1832, while a player in Munich court orchestra, and in 1847 brought out an improved metal flute with 15 holes and 23 levers and keys. This system has been adapted for oboe, clarinet, and bassoon. Boehm was also a goldsmith and ironmaster. From 1833 to 1846, he directed the reorganization of the Bavarian steel industry Boehm's experimental tube with movable toneholes survives at the Dayton C. Miller Collection in Washington. With this simple device, Boehm was able to tweak the positions of the holes until he thought the flute worked as well as it could [information supplied by Robert Bigio] Boehm Experimental Flute Boekhandel (Dutch) bookshop Boekhandelaar (Dutch) bookseller Boeotia or Beotia, an ancient region of Greece north of Attica and the Gulf of Corinth Boeotian see 'Beotian' Boer (Afrikaans) a South African farmer of Dutch origin, particularly one living in the Transvaal Boethian of or pertaining to the philosophy of Boethius, that is, a philosophy of predestination suggesting all events appearing evil, misfortunate, disastrous, or accidental are none of these things. In actuality, such events serve a higher beneficial purpose that must remain unknown to us as long as we are trapped by the limits of the physical universe Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken Boethian notation or Buchstabennotation (German), although it is not known whether or not Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius (480-524 or 525) invented this system, the term refers to the use of the first fifteen letters of the alphabet to signify the notes in a two octave range [clarified by Michael Zapf] Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus (480-524 or 525) a Christian philosopher of the sixth century. He was born in Rome to an ancient and important family which included the emperor Olybrius and many consuls. His father Fl. Manlius Boethius held that position in 487 after Odoacer deposed the last Western Roman Emperor. He held the same position in 510 in the kingdom of the Ostrogoths. In 522 he also saw his two sons become consuls, but he was later executed by King Theodoric the Great (known to the Romans as Flavius Theodoricus, king of the Ostrogoths (488-526), ruler of Italy (493-526), and regent of the Visigoths (511-526)) on suspicion of having conspired with the Byzantine Empire. Boethius translated the standard Greek texts for the topics of the quadrivium, with additions of his own in the fields of mathematics and music Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius from which this extract has been taken Boeuf (French m.) ox, beef (French m.) colloquial expression meaning 'jam', a jam session Bofes (Spanish m. pl.) lights Bofetada (Spanish f.) slap, blow (figurative) Bofetón (Spanish m.) punch Bofu (Chinese) barrel drum Barrel drum (bofu) and stand, China, (Hangzhou), 1870 Bog (Danish) book bog (German) bent Bog. abbreviated form of Bogen Boga (Spanish m./f.) rower, oarsman, oarswoman, fashion Bogavante (Spanish m.) lobster Bogen (s.), Bögen (pl.) (German m.) bow (for stringed instrument), arco (Italian, Spanish, Portuguese), archetto (Italian), archet (French) (German m.) or Bindenbogen (German m.) slur, tie, bind (German m.) crook (brass wind instrument) (German m.) curve, arc (geometry), turn, arch (architecture), sheet (of paper), vault (architecture), sweep (curve of road, river, etc.), scallop (loop) Bogenbaum (German m.) English yew, common yew, (Taxus baccata) Bogenbohrer (German m.) bow drill Bogen Briefmarken (German m.) sheet of postage stamps Bogenbrücke (German f.) arched bridge, arch bridge Bogendruck (German m.) sheet fed printing Bogenclavier (German n.) also Bogenflügel, Bogenklavier or Geigenwerk, a keyboard instrument strung with gut strings, the tone of which is produced by a steadily revolving well rosined cylinder (powered by a foot pedal), a mechanism not dissimilar to that found in the hurdy-gurdy [clarified by Michael Zapf] Bogen des Tonnengewölbes (German m.) barrel vault arch Bogenecke (German f.) corner of the sheet, sheet corner Bogen einer Brücke (German m.) arch of a bridge Bogenfeder (German f.) bow spring Bogenfenster (German n.) arched window, paladin window Bogenflügel (German m.) Bogenclavier bogenförmig (German) arch-shaped, bow-shaped, bowed, arcuate (curved), arched bogenförmige Verzierung (German f.) scallop Bogenfries (German m.) corble table (a row or course of corbels used for decoration or to provide support, as for a parapet) Bogenführung (German f.) the management of the bow, the art of bowing, bowing, colpo d'arco (Italian m.), arcata (Italian f.), Bogenstrich (German m.), Strichart (German f.), coup d'archet (French m.) Bogengang (German m.) arcade, archway, cloister, semicircular canal Bogengeradstoßer (German m.) (sheet) jogger (used in printing) Bogengeradstoßmaschine (German f.) (sheet) jogging machine (used in printing) Bogengewölbe (German n.) arch Bogengitarre (German f.) arpeggione Bogenglattstoßmaschine (German f.) (sheet) jogging machine (used in printing) Bogengrad (German n.) degree (°) (angular measure) Bogenguitarre (German f.) arpeggione Bogen-guitarre see arpeggione Bogenhaare (German pl.) bow hair, crini dell'arco (Italian m. pl.), crins de l'archet (French m. pl.) Bogenhalbmesser (German m.) curve radius, radius of curvature Bogenhand (German f.) bowgrace (archaic), bow hand, bow hand (archery) Bogenharfe (German f.) arched harp Bogenhintermauerung (German f.) spandrel (the triangular space between the springing and centre of an arch) Bogenhöhe (German f.) arch rise (the vertical distance between the spring line of an arch or vault and the keystone or boss) Bogeninstrument (German n.) bowed instrument Bogen-instrument (German n.) a bowed instrument, one that is played by means of a bow Bogenklavier (German n.) Bogenclavier Bogenlampe (German f.) arclamp, arc lamp Bogenlänge (German f.) arc length Bogenlauf (German m.) curvature Bogenlaute (German f.) archlute, lyra, kithara, and African instruments (for example, djuma) [entry extended by Michael Zapf] Bogenlicht (German n.) arclight, arc light, arc-light Bogenmacher (German m.) bow maker, bowyer Bogenmaß (German n.) radian measure Bogenminute (German f.) arc minute, minute of arc, arcminute Bogenmontage (German f.) imposition Bogenradius (German m.) curve radius, radius of curvature Bogenrand (German m.) margin of the sheet, sheet margin Bogenrundung (German f.) arching, hemicycle Bogensäge (German f.) bow saw, bow-saw, fretsaw Bogensatz (German m., from bogen meaning 'elbow') extension tubing for a natural horn to change its fundamental note Bogensatz im Koffer Bogenschießanlage (German f.) archery range Bogenschießen (German n.) archery, shooting with bow and arrows Bogenschießstand (German m.) archery range Bogenschnittsäge (German f.) segment saw Bogenschritt (German m.) bow stance Bogenschüttelmaschine (German f.) (sheet) jogging machine (used in printing) Bogenschütze (m.), Bogenschützin (f.) (German) archer, bowman (m.), bow woman (f.), archeress (f.) Bogenschweißen (German n.) arc weld Bogensehne (German f.) bow-string, bowstring Bogensekunde (German f.) second of arc, arc second, arcsecond Bogensignatur (German f.) sheet title, signature title (bookbindery) Bogensprung (s.), Bogensprünge (pl.) (German m.) curvet (of a horse, perform a leap where both hind legs come off the ground) Bogenstrich (German m.) bow stroke, the management of the bow, the art of bowing, colpo d'arco (Italian m.), arcata (Italian f.), Bogenführung (German f.), Strichart (German f.), coup d'archet (French m.) Bogenstück (German n.) curved section Bogenstützweite (German f.) effective arch span Bogentor (German n.) arched gateway Bogenwasserzeichen (German n.) sheet watermark Bogenwechsel (German), bow change, when bowing, the change from Aufstrich (upstroke) to Abstrich (downstroke), or the reverse Bogenwendung (German f.) sheet turning device (used in printing) Bogenzähler (German m.) sheet counter (used in printing) Bogenzähnung (German f.) sheet perforation Bogenzirkel (s./pl.) (German m.) wing divider Bogenzwickel (German m.) spandrel (the triangular space between the springing and centre of an arch) Bogey (German n.) bogey (in golf, a score of one over par) Boghandel (Danish) bookshop Boghandler (Danish) bookseller Bogomilen (German pl.) Bogomils Bogomils a reference to follows of Bogomil, a leader of a sect in the Balkans with very similar Manichaean teachings to that adopted by the Cathars of Languedoc. This term was used extensively by Bulgarian writers and sometimes by Byzantine writers The Cathars: Cathar Beliefs: Cathar Terminology from which this extract has been taken Bogotano (Spanish m.) native of Bogotá Bogue (French m.) bug (in computing) Boh. abbreviation of 'Bohemia', 'Bohemian' Boha small pipes from Gascony, which have a rectangular chanter and drone combination - this form is unique to Gascony - and are made out of sheepskin with the fleece showing Bohai-Meer (German n.) Bohai Sea Bohai Sea or Bo Hai, also known as Bohai Bay or Bohai Gulf, the innermost gulf of the Yellow Sea on the coast of northeastern China Bohemamin (German n.) bohemamine (an anti-tumour agent named after the Puccini opera La Bohème) Boheme (German f.) Bohemia, bohemian world, bohemian society Bohème (French m./f.) unconventional bohème (French) unconventional Boheme- (German) bohemian (circles, quarter, etc.) (figurative) (prefix) Bohemia a historical area and former kingdom in the Czech Republic Bohemian Brethren a religious society organized in the fifteenth century by the Hussites Bohemianism originally, the alternative lifestyle of the avant-garde creative community of the Romantic movement during the nineteenth century, especially characterized by anti-bourgeois and anti-intellectual attitude. This way of life was thought to have been similar to that of apparently rootless Gypsies from the Bohemian region of Czechoslovakia ArtLex Art Dictionary taken from the entry entitled 'bohemianism' Bohemian Ruby a pyrope garnet that is inexpensive compared to actual rubies Bohemien (German m.) bohemian (figurative) bohémien (French m./f.) gipsy, Bohemian Bohemio (Spanish m.) Bohemian bohemio (Spanish) Bohemian Bohemistik (German f.) Czech studies Bohereen (Irish, bóthairín) or boreen, a minor road, a country lane, a cart-track Bohle (s.), Bohlen (pl.) (German f.) (thick) plank, board, deal, slab, square plank Bohlenbelag (German m.) planking, decking Bohlenbrücke (German f.) plank bridge Bohlen-Pierce scale or BP scale, a musical scale that offers an alternative to the 12-tone equal temperament typical in Western music. It was independently discovered by Heinz Bohlen, Kees van Prooijen, and also John R. Pierce. Pierce, who, with Max V. Mathews and others, published his discovery in 1984, renamed the scale the Bohlen-Pierce scale after learning of Bohlen's earlier publication. While most scales have octave-equivalence, the BP scale instead has tritave equivalence. This means that its pitch classes are based on the interval 3:1 (tritave, or "perfect 12th" in diatonic nomenclature) rather than the 2:1 (octave). Thus the scale contains many consonant harmonies. A tritave is equivalent to a full octave plus a perfect fifth Bohlen-Pierce Scale Bohlen-Pierce-Skala (German f.) Bohlen-Pierce scale Bohlen-Pierce tuning a just-intonation tuning discovered in 1972 and published in 1978 by Heinz Bohlen, and discovered independently and published in 1984 by John Robinson Pierce, in which the 3/1 ratio (the Pythagorean 'perfect-12th', i.e., 'perfect-5th' plus '8ve') is divided into 13 unequal steps. The equal-tempered version was published in 1978 by Kees van Prooijen Bohlen-Pierce Tuning Bohlenweg (German m.) boardwalk Böhme (m.), Böhmin (f.) (German) Bohemian Böhmen (German n.) Bohemia Böhmerwald (German m.) Bohemian Forest böhmisch (German) Bohemian Böhmische Brüder (German pl.) Bohemian Brethren böhmische Dörferr (German pl.) double Dutch (colloquial), Greek (colloquial) böhmische Dörfer für ... seinr (German) to be all Greek to ... böhmisch einkaufen (German - Austria) to shoplift böhmischer Rubin (German m.) Bohemian ruby Bohne (s.), Bohnen (pl.) (German f.) bean Bohneneintopf (German m.) bean stew Bohnenfest (German n.) bean-feast bohnenförmig (German) bean-shaped Bohnengericht (German n.) bean dish Bohnenhülse (German f.) bean-pod Bohnenkaffee (German m.) pure coffee, real coffee, bean coffee, ground coffee Bohnenkönig (German m.) bean king, roi de la fève (French m.), rey de habas (Spanish m.) the child appointed to play the part of king on twelfth-night. In France it was at one time customary to hide a bean in a large cake, and he to whom the bean fell, when the cake was distributed, was, for the present, the bean king, to whom all the other guests showed playful reverence Bohnenkrankheit (German f.) favism (disease caused by inhaling the pollen of the fava bean Vicia fava or after eating the beans themselves) Bohnenkraut (German n.) savory (genus Satureja) Bohnenkrautöl (German n.) savory oil, oil of savory Bohnensalat (German m.) (French) bean salad Bohnensprosse (s.), Bohnensprossen (pl.) (German f.) bean sprout Bohnenstange (German f.) bean pole, bean-pole, bean-stalk, beanpole, stringbean (colloquial) (figurative) Bohnensuppe (German f.) bean soup bohnern (German) to polish (the floor), to wax (the floor) Bohnerwachs (German n.) floor polish, floor wax Bohranordnung (German f.) assembly for drilling Bohraufsatz (German m.) boring bit, boring head Bohrdurchmesser (German m.) bore, bore diameter Bohreinsatz (German m.) drill bit, bit Bohreisen (German n.) bit Bohren (German n.) drilling bohren (German) to drill, to drive (tunnel), to sink (well), to bore (insect), to drill (out), to persist, to go on and on, to bore (figurative) bohren nach (German) to bore for bohrend (German) boring bohrende Frage (s.), bohrende Fragen (pl.) (German f.) probing question, nagging question bohrender Schmerz (German m.) nagging pain, terebrant pain bohrender Zweifel (German m.) nagging doubts bohrendes Angstgefühl (German n.) nagging fear Bohrer (s./pl.) (German m.) drill, auger, borer, wimble, driller, burr (drill), drill bit Bohrerbürste (German f.) burr brush Bohrerhalter (German m.) drill holder Bohrerlehre (German f.) drill gauge Bohrerreinigungsbürste (German f.) burr cleaning brush Bohrersatz (German m.) drill bit set Bohrerschaft (German m.) burr shank Bohrerspitze (German f.) (drill) bit Bohrerständer (German m.) burr holder Bohrfräse (s.), Bohrfräsen (pl.) (German f.) fraise Bohrfutter (German n.) drill chuck, chuck Bohrfutterschlüssel (German m.) drill chuck key, chuck key Bohrfutterschlüsselhalter (German m.) chuck key holder Bohrgerät (German n.) drill Bohr-Gewinde-Werkzeug (German n.) combination drill tap Bohrgrat (German m.) burr Bohrhaken (German m.) bolt Bohrhammer (German m.) hammer drill, rotary hammer Bohrkern (German m.) core, drill core Bohrkernprobe (German f.) drill core sample Bohrknarre (German f.) ratchet brace Bohrkrone (German f.) drill bit Bohrlehre (German f.) boring jig, drilling jig Bohrloch (German n.) drill hole, borehole, auger hole, boring Bohrmaschine (German f.) drilling machine, drill, boring machine, electric drill Bohrmesser (German n.) boring bar bit Bohrmühle (German f.) boring mill Bohröffnung (German f.) bore Bohrprozess (German m.) drilling process Bohrsäge (German f.) keyhole saw Bohrschablone (German f.) drilling template, drilling jig Bohrspitze (German f.) drillbit Bohrständer (German m.) drill stand Bohrstange (German f.) boring bar Bohrstangenhalter (German m.) boring bar holder Bohrtiefe (German f.) drilling depth Bohrtisch (German m.) (rotary) table Bohr- und Fräsmaschine (German f.) boring and milling machine Bohrung (German f.) bore (of a wind instrument or organ pipe), drilling, drill, hole, drilled hole, tobacco chamber (pipe) Bohrungsdrücken (German n.) spin extrusion Bohrungsdrückmaschine (German f.) spin extrusion machine Bohrungsdurchmesser (German m.) bore diameter Bohrungsmitte (German f.) hole centre Bohrvorrichtung (German f.) drilling jig, boring jig Bohrweite (German f.) bore, calibre (gun, rifle, etc.) Bohrwerk (German n.) boring mill Bohrwerkzeug (German n.) boring tool Bohrwinde (German f.) brace Boi a style of Central Amazonian folk music now moving into the mainstream in Brazil Boiata (Italian f.) rubbish Boicot (Spanish m.) boycott boicotear (Spanish) boycott Boicoteo (Spanish m.) boycott boicottare (Italian) boycott böig (German) gusty, choppy (wind), bumpy (ride), squally (wind) böiges Wetter (German n.) squally weather, gusty weather Boiler (English, German m.) hot water heater, hot-water boiler, equipment for heating water Boilerplate repetitive blocks of type that are picked up and included routinely without recreating them a phrase or body of text used verbatim in different documents such as a signature at the end of a letter Boiler suit all-in-one or overall with long sleeves, of industrial origin as protective apparel, incorporated into fashion in the latter half of the twentieth century Boina (Spanish f.) beret boire (French) to drink, to soak up boire un verre (French) to have a drink Bois (French m.) wood (French m. pl.) woodwind (instruments) Bois clair (French m.) unstained and unvarnished wood Bois d'acajou (French m.) or acajou (French f.), mahogany, mogano (Italian m.), Mahogani (German n.), caoba (Spanish f.) Bois de rose (French m.) rosewood boisé (French) wooded boiser (French) to panel (in a room) Boiserie (French f.) domestic woodwork, a wooden panel Boiseries (French f. pl.) panelling Boisson (French f.) drink boisterous bullicioso (Spanish), strepitoso (Italian, geräuschvoll (German), impétueux (French m.), impétueuse (French f.) high-spirited, playful Boîte (French f.) box, tin, can, firm (business) (French f.) a night-club, a dance-hall, a 'dive' or 'joint' (a disreputable night-club) Boîte à musique (French f.) musical box, carillon (Italian m.), Spieldose (German f.), caja de música (Spanish f.) Boîte aux lettres (French f.) letter-box Boîte de nuit (French f.) night-club Boîte (expressive) (French f.) swell box of an organ Boîte postale (French f.) post-office box boiter (French) to limp, to wobble (furniture) boiteux (m.), boiteuse (f.) (French) lame, wobbly, shaky, limping, alla zoppo (Italian), alla zoppa (Italian), hinkend(German) Boîtier (French m.) case Boîtier de montre (French m.) watchcase Boîtier électrique (French m.) electric torch, flashlight Boitillement (French m.) slight limp, hobble boitiller (French) to limp slightly, to have a slight limp, to hobble Böjd klammer (Swedish) grand staff Boj (Spanish m.) box (tree), boxwood Bojar (s.), Bojaren (pl.) (German m.) boyar Boje (German f.) buoy Bok (Norwegian) book Bokförlag (Swedish) publishing house [correction by Lars Hellvig] Bokhandlare (Swedish) bookseller Bokhandler (Norwegian) bookseller Boktryckeri (Swedish) press Boktrykker (Norwegian) printer Bol in Hindustani classical music, the text of the lyrics an important part of Indian rhythm, the word bol is derived from the word bolna, literally 'to speak'. It is a series of syllables which match the various strokes of the tabla and are used to define the tal. In the north (Hindustani sangeet) the tal is actually defined by the bol while in the south (Carnatic sangeet) it is merely a mnemonic aid to the musician Bol-The Indian Rhythmic Mnemonics from which the second entry has been derived The Art of Tabla Accompaniment which discusses tal Bol (French m.) bowl (French m.) un bol d'air, 'a breath of fresh air' Bola (Spanish f.) ball, marble (small glass sphere), shoe polish, fib Bola die mundo (Spanish f.) globe Bolas (Spanish f. pl.) a device consisting of heavy balls attached to cords, used for capturing animals by entangling their legs Bol bant in Hindustani classical music, rhythmic variations in dhrupad or khayal with the text of the song Bold or 'boldly', audazmente (Spanish), ardito (Italian), mutig (German), muthig (German), hardiment (French) Boldness audacia (Spanish), bravura (Italian), Bravour (German), bravoure (French) Bole (in gilding) clay mixed with rabbit skin glue for application to the surface of an object being prepared for water-gilded. Usually the clay is applied to a gesso surface. It is the clay surface that receives the gold leaf. The clay and rabbit skin glue content dictate the reflective quality of the gold finish. Clay is finer than gesso and when burnished with a tool of hounds tooth, agate or hematite stone its surface becomes more dense and thereby more reflective Bolera (Spanish f.) bowling alley Bolerito a diminutive of bolero, the bolerito is a triple meter dance but includes only one or two sections or movements as compared with the standard three in a bolero Bolero (Spanish m.) a high-kick, liar (figurative) (English, German m., from Spanish m.) a short jacket that reaches barely to the waist (from the verb volar meaning 'to fly') a Spanish dance in triple time, often having a triplet on the second beat of each bar (measure) Cuban dance derived from the Spanish bolero, initially into 2/4 time then eventually into 4/4, but always slow. The music is frequently arranged with Spanish vocals and a subtle percussion effect, usually implemented with maracas, conga or bongos - Pepe Sanchez has been credited with creating the Cuban bolero in 1885 with a composition called Tristeza. The Cuban bolero developed out of previously existing genres such as the danzón and the contradanza, from which it received its characteristic 4/4 time. In the late nineteenth century, a wave of Cubans fleeing the Wars of Independence (1895-98) migrated to the Dominican Republic, particularly the Cibao region, where they introduced Cuban music, the guaracha, rumba, son and bolero. In the early twentieth century, the Cuban bolero spread all over Latin America, where it was typically played by guitar-based duos, trios, and quartets. Over the course of the thirties, forties, and fifties, however, the Cuban bolero was elaborated into an international Latin style, orchestrated with pianos and stringed and wind instruments, over time bearing less and less resemblance to its guitar-based antecedents the Cuban bolero also took root in Mexico, where it developed into two styles: the more international variety was called romántico, danceable tunes played in the urban music hall; the bolero ranchero, on the other hand, was typically played by mariachi conjuntos, was sung only, and was associated with the rural segments of the population an American Style ballroom dance, employing rumba patterns and some features of the waltz and the foxtrot, danced to music that is slow and in 4/4 time The Bolero Bolero The Bolero Boléro (English, German m., from French m.) bolero a one-act ballet with music by Maurice Ravel (1875-1937) choreographed by Vaslav Nijinsky (1890-1950) in 1928 for the Russian dancer Ida Lvovna Rubinstein (1880-1960) Bolero ballad (Santiago, Cuba) a ballad form usually on the subjects of love, loss and happiness Bolerojäckchen (German n.) (little) bolero jacket Bolero-Jacke (German f.) bolero jacket Bolero jacket a loose, waist-length jacket open at the front Bolero ranchero (Spanish m.) see bolero Bolero romántico (Spanish m.) see bolero Bolero viejo o parado (Spanish m.) a style derived from the seguidilla, the Valldemosa (Majorca, Spain) bolero is the most popular in the Balearic Islands. The name parado (stopped) comes from the abrupt end of the dance. It is normally accompanied by violins, guitars, castanets and triangle Boletín (Spanish m.) newsletter, bulletin, journal, report Boletín de noticias (Spanish m.) news bulletin, news report Boletín de precios (Spanish m.) price list Boletín informativo (Spanish m.) news bulletin, news report Boletín meteorológico (Spanish m.) weather forecast, weather report Bolgia (Italian f.) bedlam Boli (Spanish m.) ball-point pen Bolid (German m.) bolide Bolide a meteor, asteroid or comet that hits the Earth (or other planet) and explodes Boline a white handled knife, used in magick and ritual purposes Bolin goxo the Basque name for dulzaina, the bolin goxo comes from a diversified family of instruments from the province of Nafarroa Bolivarische Revolution (German f.) Bolivarian Revolution Bolivarian Revolution mass social movement and political process in Venezuela. Its most prominent leader is Hugo Chávez, the founder of the Fifth Republic Movement and the current President of Venezuela. The "Bolivarian Revolution" seeks the implementation of Bolivarianism in Venezuela. Proponents of Bolivarianism trace its roots to an avowedly socialist interpretation of some ideals of Simón Bolívar, an early 19th century Venezuelan and Latin American revolutionary leader, prominent in the South American Wars of Independence Bolivarian Revolution from which this extract has been taken Bolivianer (m.), Bolivianerin (f.), Bolivianer (pl.) (German) Bolivian bolivianisch (German) Bolivian Boliviano (Spanish m.) Bolivian boliviano (Spanish) Bolivian Boliviano (m.), Boliviana (f.) (Italian) Bolivian boliviano (m.), boliviana (f.) (Italian) Bolivian Bolivie (French f.) Bolivia Bolivien (German n.) Bolivia Bolivien (m.), Bolivienne (f.) (French) Bolivian bolivien (m.), bolivienne (f.) (French) Bolivian Bolivier (m.), Bolivierin (f.) (German) Bolivian bolivisch (German) Bolivian Bolla (Italian f.) bubble, blister bollare (Italian) to stamp, to brand (figurative) bollente (Italian) boiling, boiling hot Böller (German m.) saluting gun, (small) cannon, heavy duty firecracker Bollería (Spanish f.) baker's shop Bollero (Spanish m.) baker Böllerschuß (German m., old form) gun salute Böllerschuss (German m., new form) gun salute Bolletta (Italian f.) bill Bollettino (s.), Bollettini (pl.) (Italian m.) bulletin, list Bolline (German n.) boline (ritual knife) Bollino (Italian m.) coupon bollire (Italian) to boil Bollitore (Italian m.) boiler, kettle Bollitura (Italian f.) boiling Bollo (Italian m.) stamp (Spanish m.) roll, bun, dent, lump, fuss (figurative) bollore (Italian) boil, intense heat, ardour (figurative) Bollwerk (s.), Bollwerke (pl.) (German n.) bulwark, fortress, bastion, stronghold, rampart Bollwerk der Freiheit (German n.) bulwark of freedom Bollywood (English, German n.) the Indian commercial film industry Bollywood-Film (German m.) bollywood production Bolo (Spanish m.) skittle Bolognese (m.), Bolognesin (f.) (German) Bolognese (a native of Bologna, Italy) Bologneser (German m.) Bolognese (a member of the Bichon family of dogs) Bolognese sauce a thick, full-bodied meat sauce that's a staple on northern Italy's Bologna Bolognesesoße (German f.) Bolognese sauce Bolombatto harp from West Africa with four gut strings over a gourd resonator and an attached tin rattle Bolon (Guinea) an arched three string bass harp with a resonating gourd that can be used as a drum Boloye one-string bass from the Ivory Coast Bols Asian vocal percussion Bolsa (Spanish f.) bag, purse, sotck exchange, cavity Bolsa de agua caliente (Spanish f.) hot-water bottle Bolschewismus (German m.) Bolshevism bolschewistisch (German) bolshevist Bolschoi-Ballett (German n.) Bolshoi Ballet Bolshevik (Russian) the majority party at the Second Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Party, 1903 Bolshevism Soviet communism Bolshoi Ballet Russian ballet company, formed by English entrepreneur Michael Maddox and Prince Urusov, a patron of the arts, founded in 1776 and based at the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow. Its dancers were recruited from the Moscow Orphanage where the first classes were conducted 1773. It provided dancers for the Petrovsky Theatre, established 1780, on the site of the present Bolshoi Theatre, which was opened 1825. With their mixed repertory of classics and new works, the Bolshoi is noted for its grand scale productions and the dancers' dramatic and eloquent technique. From 1964 to 1994 its artistic director was the choreographer Yuri Grigorovich (b.1927) Bolshoi and Kirov Ballet Bolsillo (Spanish m.) pocket, purse Bolsista (Spanish m./f.) stockbroker Bolso (Spanish m.) handbag Bol-taans in Indian classical music, musical phrases interlinked with bols (words) Bolt-on Neck (German m.) bolt-on neck (electric guitar) Bolt on (neck) a means of attaching the neck of a guitar to the body using screws or bolts and a neck plate Bolukuluku nose flute from Zaire, now called the Democratic Republic of the Congo, or DROC Bolus (s.), Boli (pl.) (English, German m., Latin, from the Greek) a large pill Bolzen (s./pl.) (German m.) pin, bolt, stud, bolt nut bolzen (German) to slam (ball) Bolzenabschneider (German m.) bolt cutter, bolt clipper bolzengerade (German, dated) bolt upright Bolzengewinde (German f.) bolt thread Bolzenloch (German n.) bolt hole, stud hole Bolzenschneider (German m.) bolt cutter, bolt clipper, bolt cropper Bolzplatz (German m.) football ground Bom. abbreviation of 'Bombay' b.o.m. abbreviation of 'bill of materials' (in manufacturing) Bomaa see fontomfrom Bomb. abbreviation of 'Bombay' Bomb in jazz and particularly in bop, an unexpectedly loud beat from the drummer on a 'backbeat', 'upbeat' or irregular quaver (eighth note) beat Bomba a barrel-shaped drum of Afro-Puerto Rican origin covered with goatskin (Puerto Rico) Afro-Puerto Rican dance and songs traditionally associated with plantation workers. One or two large wooden drum(s) covered with goatskin called the bomba, which accompanied this music, explain the dance's name. The first drum maintains a constant rhythm, while the second changes the rhythm to follow that of the dancer(s). In the bomba, the female dancer makes lively use of her long skirts, while the male uses his body to perform the intricate and rhythmic gestures. The bomba songs are improvised and have a call and response style. Bomba is divided into different rhythmic backgrounds and variations, such as the euba, cocobale, leró, yubá, cunyá, babú, belén and sica. The dance and the most purely African version of this music may come from the northeastern coast town of Loíza Aldea (Ecuador) an African derived musical form from the Chota Rivera area of Ecuador. Its origins can be traced back to Africa and the use of African slave labour during the country's colonial period. African slaves in Ecuador brought with them this form heavily influenced by the Bantu culture of the Congo. It is played with barrel-shaped drums similar to those found in the Leeward Islands, Puerto Rico, Santiago, Cuba and Southern Angola. The people dance to the drums in pairs and used improvisation to build a relationship between the dancer and lead drummer Bomba Bomba Bomba (Spanish f.) bomb, pump (machine), bombshell (announcement) Bomba calindán a stick-fighting dance from Puerto Rico see calinda Bombachas (Spanish/South America f. pl.) knickers, pants Bombacho (Spanish/South America m.) baggy trousers Bomba de incendios (Spanish f.) fire-engine Bombai (Japanese) Buddhist chant style involving a complete sutra reading in Sanskrit Bombard or bombarde, a large member (tenor or bass) of the shawm (oboe-like) family, which the Germans call Pommer a brilliant sounding 16 ft. reed stop in a pipe organ Bombard (German m.) bombarda Bombarda (Italian f., Spanish f.) euphonium (a member of the tuba family) (Italian f., Spanish f.) bombard, bombarde (French f.), Bombard (German m.), Pommer (German m.) Bombarde (German f, French f.) a bombard (French f.) or hautbois rustique, a small Breton clarinet-like reed instrument with its own distinctive sound Bombarde FAQ Bombardement (German n.) bombardment (physical, figurative), bombing, shelling (artillery) Bombarder (French m.) also soner or talabarder, a player of the bombarde bombarder (French) to appoint unexpectedly, to appoint unexpectedly as bombardieren (German) to bomb, to batter, to bombard, to strafe (with bombs), to shell bombardieren mit (German) to bombard with (figurative) bombardiert (German) bombarded bombardiertes Gebiet (German n.) blitzed areas Bombardierung (German f.) shellfire, bombardment, bombing Bombardierung mit Werbung (German f.) spamming Bombardierung mit Zündbomben (German f.) bombing with incendiary bombs Bombardino (Italian m., Spanish m.) baritone horn, Baritonhorn (German n.), euphonium (French m.) a small bombard, the smallest of the family (Italian m., Spanish m.) euphonium Bombardo (Italian) a bombard a brilliant sounding 16 ft. reed stop in a pipe organ Bombardon from the 1820s onward, numerous bass instruments of similar construction but with different names were built. In 1829, for instance, W. Riedl made a valved instrument in Vienna which was modeled on the ophicleide and became known as the bombardon. This wide-bored instrument had a powerful tone and was still used in military bands after the advent of the tuba a large early nineteenth-century musical instrument of the saxhorn family, the lowest of the saxhorns, in tone resembling the ophicleide nineteenth-century valved tuba (French m., German n.) bass tuba, bombardone (Italian m.) (German n.) a bass reed stop for the pedals of nineteenth-century Walcker pipe organs Bombardone (Italian m.) the largest member of the bombard family, Bombardon (German n,), bombardon (English, French m.) (Italian m.) Basstuba (German f.) Bombardon pipe found in some band organs, a bright-sounding bass reed stop or sometime a mellower rank of brass reed stops. In a pipe organ, a reed rank that is brighter than a Fagotto but not as brassy as a trombone Bombast padding made of cotton and rags used to stuff in the linings of sixteenth-century garments Bombastik (German f.) bombast bombastisch (German) bombastic, grandiose, overblown, pompous, overdone, fustian (figurative), bombastically, declamatory, orotund (language style), pompously, turgid (bombastic), puffy (figurative) bombastische Rede (German m.) declamation bombastischer Stil (German m.) inflated style, declamatory style, bombastic style Bombatura (Italian f.) arching, Wölbung (German f.), voûte (French f.) bombatura alta (Italian) voûté (French), bombé (French), hoch gewölbt, high arched, molto bombata (Italian) Bombay (English, German n.) a city in western India just off the coast of the Arabian Sea, India's 2nd largest city (after Calcutta), now called Mumbai Bomba y plena (Puero Rico) although usually grouped together, bomba y plena are actually town entirely different types of music that are coupled with dance see bomba, plena Bombazo (Spanish m.) explosion Bombe (s.), Bombes (French pl.), Bomben (German pl.) (French f.) bomb, spray (atomiser), aerosol, a confection (an ice cream speciality of different flavours made in a round mould) (German f.) bomb, bombshell, bombshell (figurative), cannonball (slang), ace bombé (French) convex (for example, furniture with convex rather than plain surfaces), bulging, rounded, cambered (road) (French) hoch gewölbt (German), high arched, voûté (French), molto bombata (Italian), bombatura alta (Italian) bombear (Spanish) to pump, to bomb Bombe mit Verzugszeit (German f.) time bomb bomben (German) to bomb Bomben- (German) dynamite (prefix) Bomben abwerfen (German) to release bombs Bombenabwurf (German m.) bombing Bombenabwurf bei Tageslicht (German m.) daylight bombing Bombenalarm (German m.) bomb alarm, bomb scare Bombenangriff (German m.) air raid, bombing raid Bombenanschlag (s.), Bombenanschläge (pl.) (German m.) bomb attack, bombing raid, bomb outrage, bombing (terror attack) Bombenattentat (German n.) bomb attempt, bomb attack, bomb assassination Bombenattrappe (German f.) dummy bomb Bombenaufschlag (German m.) bomb impact, impact of a bomb, impact of the bomb Bomben auslösen (German) to release bombs Bombenbastler (German m.) bomb builder, bomb maker Bombenbauer (German m.) bomb builder, bomb maker Bombenbesetzung (German f.) fantastic cast, great cast Bombendetektor (German m.) bomb detector, bomb detection device Bombendetonator (German m.) bomb detonator Bombending (German n.) wow (colloquial), smasher (colloquial), knockout (colloquial) Bombendrohung (German f.) bomb threat Bombeneinschlag (German m.) bomb impact, impact of a bomb, impact of the bomb Bombenentschärfung (German f.) bomb disposal Bombenentschärfungskommando (German n.) bomb squad, bomb disposal squad Bombenerfolg (s.), Bombenerfolge (pl.) (German m.) wow (colloquial), huge success, smash hit, howling success, box-office hit, tremendous success, knockout (colloquial), great success, roaring success Bombenexplosion (German f.) bomb burst, bomb blast Bombenfabrik (German f.) bomb factory bombenfest (German) bomb-resistant, bomb-proof, bombproof, steady as a rock, unshakeable, absolutely secure Bombenflugzeug (German n.) bomber (aircraft) Bombenfragment (German n.) bomb fragment Bombengehalt (German n.) huge salary, tremendous salary, fantastic salary Bombengeschädigter (m.), Bombengeschädigte (f.) (German) bomb victim Bombengeschäft (German n.) roaring trade, land-office business (US) (colloquial) Bombengroßangriff (German m.) clobbering Bombengürtel (German m.) (suicide) bomb belt, suicide belt Bombenhitze (German f.) sweltering heat Bombenkoffer (German m.) bomb suitcase Bombenlage (German f.) prime location, plum site (colloquial) Bombenleger (m.), Bombenlegerin (f.) (German) bomber, bomb planter Bombennacht (s.), Bombennächte (pl.) (German f.) night of bombing Bombenopfer (German n.) bomb victim Bombenräumtrupp (German m.) bomb disposal unit Bombensache (German f.) wow (colloquial), smasher (colloquial), knockout (US) (colloquial) Bombenschaden (s.), Bombenschäden (pl.) (German m.) bomb damage, air-raid damage bombensicher (German) bomb-proof, bombproof, cannonproof, shellproof, sure as death, dead certain, absolutely safe bombensicher feststehen (German) to be a dead cert (slang) bombensichere Deckung (German f.) bomb proof shelter, bomb-proof shelter Bombensplitter (German m.) bomb splinter, bomb fragment Bombenstellung (German f.) plum position (colloquial: best possible job), job in a million, fantastic job Bombenstimmung (German f.) tremendous atmosphere, fantastic atmosphere Bombenvolltreffer (German m.) direct hit (bomb) Bomberjacke (German f.) bomber jacket Bomber-Jacke (German f.) bomber jacket Bomber jacket waist length cropped jacket with a rounded or puffed out body; large but fitted arms are elasticated at the wrist, sporty looking often with zip fastening from waist to neck bomber la poitrine (French) to throw out one's chest Bombero (Spanish m.) fireman Bombe surprise (French f.) a confection, an unexpected happening Bombetta (Italian f.) bowler hat bombiert (German) raised bombig (German) super (colloquial), smashing (colloquial), terrific, fantastic, swell (US) (colloquial) (dated) Bombilation specifically, the humming of bees - more generally, any droning or buzzing, also a loud sound Bombilla (Spanish f.) (light) bulb Bombín (Spanish m.) pump, bowler (hat) Bombix (Greek) a Greek reed instrument Bombo (Spanish m.) bass drum, grosse caisse (French) (Spanish m.) a large sheepskin bass drum used in Spain and Spanish America Afro-Uruguayan comparsa drum Our Instruments: El Bombo Bombo a tremolo, the quick and continuous reiteration of a single pitch which, on stringed instruments, is produced by a rapid up-and-down movement of the bow. This effect is called for in violin music of the early seventeenth century, and is a feature of Monteverdi's stile conciato. In the eighteenth century, this effect is known in German by the term Schwärmer or Rauscher [corrected by Michael Zapf] Bombo criollo an adaptation of the Spanish military bass drum, used in Cuba for carnival Bombo huilliche Chilean bass drum Bombola (Italian f.) cylinder Bombo legüero (South American) traditionally made of a hollowed tree trunk and covered with cured animal skins such as goat, sheep, or cow, this instrument is used to set the tempo and pulse in a piece of music. It is a particular feature of zamba, the national dance of Argentina Bomboniera (Italian f.) wedding keep-sake Bommel (s./pl.), Bommeln (pl.) (German m./f.) bobble, pompom Bon (French m.) voucher, coupon, bond (commerce) (German m.) voucher, bon, Bön (indigenous religion of Tibet), sales slip (US), receipt (commerce) [corrected by Michael Zapf] Bön (English, German m.) the oldest spiritual tradition of Tibet bon (m.), bonne (f.) (French) good, right, wise (prudent) bon à (m.), bonne à (f.) (French) fit to bonaccione (Italian) good-natured bonachón (Spanish) easygoing, good-natured Bonae memoriae (Latin) of gracious memory (said of a person who one is happy to call to mind) Bonaerense (Spanish m.) native of Buenos Aires bonaerense (Spanish) from Buenos Aires Bona fide (English, German, from Latin) in good faith, well-intentioned, with sincerity, honest, sincere a bona fide agreement is one entered into genuinely without attempt to fraud bona-fide-Käufer (German m.) bona fide purchaser bona-fide-Klausel (German f.) bona fide clause Bonang barung (Javanese) the bonang barung and bonang panerus are each formed of a double row of tuned bronze kettle drums resting on a horizontal frame, played with two long sticks, called tabuh, bound with red cord at the striking end. The bonang panerus are similar to the bonang barung but sound one octave higher Bonang barung Bonang Alternative Bonang Bonang panerus see bonang barung Bonanza (Spanish f.) fair weather (nautical), prosperity, sudden unexpected wealth bonario (Italian) kindly bona vacantia (Latin) unclaimed goods, goods whose ownership cannot be determined Bonaventura (German) Bonaventure Bonaventura von Bagnoregio (German) Saint Bonaventure, San Bonaventura (Italian) (born: Giovanni di Fidanza) Bonaventure Saint Bonaventure of Bagnoregio (1221-1274), born John of Fidanza (Giovanni di Fidanza), was the eighth Minister General of the Order of Friars Minor, commonly called the Franciscans. He was a medieval scholastic theologian and philosopher, a contemporary of Saint Thomas Aquinas, and a Cardinal Bishop of Albano Bonbai see hora Bonbon (s.), Bonbons (pl.) (French m., German m./n.) sugar plum, comfit, candy, small sugar confectionery (French m., German n.) lozenge, goody, sweetmeat, bon-bon Bonbondose (German f.) toffee tin Bonbonne (French f.) demijohn (for storing liquids), (gas) canister Bonbonkästchen (German n.) box for bonbons Bonbonniere (German f.) box of chocolates Bonbonnière (French f.) sweet-box (a fancy box designed to hold sweets) Bonbonpapier (German n.) candy wrapper, sweets wrapper Bonbonschüssel (German f.) bonbon dish Bonbon zur Atemerfrischung (German m./n.) cachou Bon copain (French m.) a good or loyal friend or companion Bond (French m.) leap, jump, spring (Afrikaans) a political league formed in South Africa in 1882 to strive for South African independence Bondad (Spanish f.) goodness, kindness bondadosamente (Spanish) kindly bondadoso (Spanish) kind Bondagehose (German f.) bondage trousers Bond & carbon in printing, a business form with interleaving sheets of paper and carbon paper Bondbarkeit (German f.) bondability Bonde (French f.) plug, plughole bondé (French) packed Bonden (German n.) bonding Bond paper strong durable grade of paper used for letterheads and business forms Bondparameter (German pl.) bonding parameters Bondrucker (German m.) voucher printer bondi (French) bouncing, springing (bowing), balzato (Italian), mit (dem) Springbogen (German), fliegendes Staccato (German), staccato volant (French) Bondieuserie (French f., from bon Dieu, 'good God') cloying piety (a pejorative term directed particularly at certain form of religious art) Bondieuserie bondir (French) to leap, to jump (in surprise), to spring Bondjo Congolese side-blown trumpet Bondjo, ca. 1915, probably village of Mpendjwa on Lake Mayi Ndombe, Democratic Republic of the Congo Bon enfant (s.), Bons enfants (pl.) (French m.) someone who is always good company Bones pieces of rib bone played like castanets Bong. abbreviation of 'bongos' Bongo (s.), Bongos (pl.) (English, Italian m., German n./f., German f., French m.) bongo drums, smaller and shallower than conga drums, come in pairs: one drum is slightly larger and lower in pitch than the other. The larger drum is about 7" in diameter, and the smaller is about 5". The contrast between the higher and lower pitch gives the bongos their distinctive sound. A bongo player holds the drums between his/her knees and strikes the drums with his or her hands. The bodies of the bongos are made of wood, and a small piece of wood connects the two drums. Bongos were originally created around 1900 in Cuba to be used in dance bands. When playing just a rhythm part, the bongo player almost always sticks to a rhythm called martillo ('the hammer') which drives the music with its sharp steady pulse. In an orchestral context, bongo drums are usually played with medium mallets or sticks [entry clarified by Michael Zapf] Bongo drum Bongo bell the campana, cencerro or hand bell, it is the bell played by the bongocero during the Montuno section of an arrangement and mounted and played by the Palito player during rumbas Bongocero bongo (and bell) player Bongotrommel (German f.) bongo Bon goût (French m.) good taste (particularly aesthetic) Bongrave worn between 1530 and 1615, a flat, square cap with a short flap of velvet on each side Bongyi large Burmese drum Bonheur (French m.) happiness, good luck, luck Bonheur-de-jour (French m.) a small writing-table for ladies, comprising many small drawers both below and at the back, which became extremely popular in about 1770 Bonhomie (French f.) good-heartedness, 'clubbability', good nature Bonhomme (French m.) fellow bonhomme (French) good-hearted Bonhomme de neige (French m.) snowman Bonhommie (French f.) good-heartedness Boniato (Spanish m.) sweet potato Boni et legales (homines) (Latin) decent, law-abiding people Bonifatius (German m.) Boniface Bonifaz (German) Boniface Bonificio (Italian m.) discount (in business), transfer (banking) Boniment (French m.) smooth talk Bonität (German f.) degree of creditworthiness, solvency, soundness (financial), credit-worthiness, credit rating Bonität einer Firma (German f.) reliability of a company bonito (Spanish) nice, pretty Bonivereinbarung (German f.) bonus agreement Bonjour (French m.) hallo, hello, good morning, good afternoon Bonkoechemillá see biankomeko Bonm see bobre bon marché (French) cheap, cheaply (the name of a well-known cut-price shop in Paris) Bonmot (German n.) clever or witty expression, clever or witty remark, witticism, bon mot (French m.) Bon mot (s.), Bons mots (pl.) (French m.) an epigram, a witty remark Bonn (English, German n.) a city in western Germany on the Rhine River; was the capital of West Germany between 1949 and 1989 Bonne (French f.) (domestic) maidservant, nursemaid Bonne amie (French f.) a woman who is a good friend (implying that she might be more than a friend) bonne année (French) happy New Year Bonne à tout faire (French f.) a general maid Bonne bouche (s.), Bonnes bouches (pl.) (French f.) a pleasant taste (English, pseudo-French) a tasty morsel (a literal or figurative meaning that is foreign to the French) bonne chance (French) luck Bonne d'enfants (French f.) nanny Bonne femme (French f.) woman (usually pejorative) bonne grâce, avec (French) graciously Bonne-maman (French f.) granny bonne nuit (French) good night Bonner (German f.) of or pertaining to Bonn Bonnes fortunes (French pl.) love affairs, success with the ladies Bonnet (French m.) hat, cup (French m.) bell of a musical instrument Bonnet de bain (French m.) swimming hat Bonneterie (French f.) hosiery Bonnet rouge (French m., literally 'red bonnet') known in English as the 'Phrygian cap', a hat adopted as one of the symbols of liberty and freedom during the French revolution see 'Phrygian cap' Bonne volonté (French f.) goodwill Bono (Spanish m.) voucher, bond Bono del Tesoro (Spanish m.) government bond Bon Odori (Japanese, literally 'Bon dance') an event held during Obon, traditionally including a dance festival, a festival that honours the departed spirits of one's ancestors Bon Festival Bon-papa (French m.) grand-dad bon pour (m.), bonne pour (f.) (French) fit for Bön-Religion (German f.) Bön (religion), Bon (religion) Bonsai (English, German m., from Japanese, literally 'cultivation in a tray') the Japanese art of cultivating dwarf forms of tree and shrub by the repeated pruning of the roots bon sens (French) common sense, good sense Bonshe long Burmese drum Bonsoir (French m.) good evening, good night Bontà (Italian f.) goodness, kindness Bonté (French f.) kindness Bons temps de la mesure (French) the accented parts of a bar Bontoe small Burmese drum Bon ton (English, from French) good-breeding (civility, refinement, manners, propriety), 'High Society', the world of fashion (now considered ironic), a sophisticated manner or style, the proper thing to do Bonus (s.), Boni (pl.), Bonus (pl.), Bonusse (pl.) (German m.) premium, incentive, bonus Bonuspunkt (German m.) bonus point Bonussystem (German m.) benefit scheme Bonustrack (German m.) bonus track (on a CD, etc.) Bon uta (Japanese) as the name suggests, these are songs for Obon, the lantern festival of the dead Bonvivant (German m.) bon vivant, bon viveur bon vivant (s.), bons viveurs (pl.) (pseudo-French) bon vivant, someone who enjoys good living bon voyage (French) good wishes for a prosperous journey Bonze (German m.) fat cat, big shot (colloquial), bigwig (colloquial) Boobam modern tubular drums made of bamboo or sometimes of lengths of PVC tube the tops of which are covered with a drum skin. The drums are struck with mallets, the hand or the fingers Boobam drums Boog (Dutch) tie, slur Boogaloo also called 'shing-a-ling' or 'popcorn music', short-lived but influential Latin rhythm and dance style influenced by soul music which was popular between 1966-1969 Boogaloo Boogaloo Boogh (Iran) ram's horn trumpet Boogie the word has several meanings: to move quickly, to get going, to dance to (rock) music and to party a swing blues rhythm or technique originally played on the piano in 'boogie-woogie' music and adapted to guitar. As such it is often used in rock and roll and country music Boogie from which some of this information has been taken Boogie tanzen (German) to boogie (colloquial) Boogie-Woogie (German m.) boogie-woogie Boogie woogie (English, Boogie-Woogie (German m.)) a blues style of piano playing very popular in the thirties which evolved in the Mississippi basin of the Deep South of the U.S.A. characterised by a strong bass, formed on a sequence of I-IV-I-V-I chords, with an ostinato (continuous) upper line forming the melodic figure a form of swing dance. The name 'boogie-woogie' is used mostly in Europe; the closest thing in the US is probably East Coast Swing. In parts of Europe, boogie-woogie is mostly danced as a social dance. In others, it is mostly a competition form Boogie Woogie (music) Boogie Woogie (dance) from which the dance entry has been taken Boogie Woogie Booglin shaman Jew's harp from Mongolia Boogluitinstrumenten (Dutch) bow lutes Book a collection of sheets of paper, parchment or other material with a piece of text written on them, bound together along one edge within covers. Each side of a sheet is called a page and a single sheet within a book may be called a leaf. A book is also a literary work or a main division of such a work. A book produced in electronic format is known as an e-book. In library and information science, a book is called a monograph to distinguish it from serial publications such as magazines, journals or newspapers. Publishers may produce low-cost, pre-proof editions known as galleys or 'bound proofs' for promotional purposes, such as generating reviews in advance of publication. Galleys are usually made as cheaply as possible, since they are not intended for sale. A lover of books is usually referred to as a bibliophile, a bibliophilist, or a philobiblist, or, more informally, a bookworm Book from which this extract has been taken Bookbinding the process of physically assembling a book from a number of folded or unfolded sheets of paper or other material. It also usually involves attaching covers to the resulting text-block Booklet (English, German n.) a small bound book or pamphlet, usually having a paper cover Booklet postcards a series of postcards bound together in booklet form. They had one serrated edge so they could be torn out and mailed Bookmark (English, German n.) a strip of material, as of ribbon or leather, or a metal clamp, that is placed between the pages of a book to mark the reader's place Bookmark card or 'book post card', a postcard that was manufactured for use as a bookmark. This type of novelty card was printed in England between 1903 and 1904, with some being printed in Canada about 1910. Their most common size is 5 1/4" by 1 3/4". They are also refered to as 'panel cards' Bookmarklet (English, German n.) an applet or a small computer application, stored as the URL of a bookmark in a web browser or as a hyperlink on a web page Bookmatched a term applied to the way the back of a stringed instrument is constructed. Most acoustic and many archtop guitars have tops and backs that are two pieces of wood glued together to form one large panel. By cutting the timber from the same piece of wood and then laying the timbers so that the figure on one is the mirror of that on the other, an attractive figure-pattern is created, which can be found also on the backs of fine violins, etc. Book music a long strip of stiff cards glued together in staggered layers and folded in a zig-zag pattern to form a compact 'book'. The information required to operate the player is coded as rectangular or round perforations punched in the cards. This system is derived from that invented by Joseph-Marie Jacquard (1752-1834), who invented an automatic loom that used punch cards for the control of patterns within fabrics Book Music Book of hours a prayer book used by laymen for private devotion, containing prayers or meditations appropriate to certain hours of the day, days of the week, months or seasons. They became so popular in the fifteenth century that the Book of Hours outnumbers all other categories of illuminated manuscripts; from the late fifteenth century there were also printed versions illustrated by woodcuts. The most famous Book of Hours and one of the most beautiful of all illuminated manuscripts is the Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry (Musée Condé, Chantilly), illuminated by the Limburg Brothers for Jean de Berry Les très riches heures du Duc de Berry Book of Odes see 'Shi Jing' Book of Songs see 'Shi Jing' Book of the Dead, The the common name, invented in the nineteenth century by the German Egyptologist Karl Richard Lepsius (1810-1884), for the ancient Egyptian funerary text known as Spells of Coming (or Going) Forth By Day. The book of the dead was a description of the ancient Egyptian conception of the afterlife and a collection of hymns, spells, and instructions to allow the deceased to pass through obstacles in the afterlife and included images, or vignettes to illustrate the text. The book of the dead was most commonly written on a papyrus scroll and placed in the coffin or burial chamber of the deceased. Because the Egyptian texts changed over time Lepsius' Book of the Dead is the product of a long process of evolution from the Pyramid texts of the Old Kingdom to the Coffin Texts of the Middle Kingdom Book organ Gavioli-orgel (German), a barrel organ where the traditional cylinder has been replaced with a pneumatic reader, a system invented in 1892 by the French organ builder Anselme Gavioli [entry clarified by Michael Zapf] Gavioli Book paper or publishing paper, a paper which is designed specifically for the publication of printed books Book peddlers travelling vendors of books Book review or book report, a form of literary criticism in which a book is analyzed based on content, style, and merit. It is often carried out in periodicals, as school work, or online. Its length may vary from a single paragraph to a substantial essay. Such a review often contains evaluations of the book on the basis of personal taste. Reviewers, in literary periodicals, often use the occasion of a book review for a display of learning or to promulgate their own ideas on the topic of a fiction or non-fiction work. At the other end of the spectrum, some book reviews resemble simple plot summaries Book review from which this extract has been taken Booksellers in the 18th- and 19th-centuries, the diversity of the bookseller's trade may be demonstrated by examining the trade cards of the period. In addition to every conceivable element of stationery, the bookseller might sell hair and nail brushes, the camera lucida, compasses, scales and mathematical instruments, paper hangings, etc. Booksellers traditionally sold musical instruments, together with their accessories: hair for violin bows, violin and violoncello strings, bridges and pegs, violins and bows Boom (English, German m.) a period of rapid economic expansion term from the film industry, short for 'boom microphone', an overhead microphone used to record actors' voices boomen (German) to boom boomend (German) booming, burgeoning (industry, market) boomender Markt (German m.) booming market Boomerang (Australian) a curved missile that, when thrown, follows a path back to the thrower Boomjahr (German n.) boom year Boomland (German n.) boom country Boom microphone an overhead microphone used to record actors' voices Boom pipe large bamboo tubes open at one end that, that when one end is struck on the ground or on a mat lying on the ground, emit deep notes Boomzeit (German f.) boom time Boo-sasara a long, notched stick that is scraped with a smaller stick Boot (s.), Boote (pl.) (German n.) boat Boot auf Strand laufen lassen (German) to beach a vessel booten (German) to boot up (a computer) Bootfahren (German n.) boating Boot fahren gehen (German) to go boating Bootfahrt (German f.) boating Böotien (German n.) Boeotia Bootleg also called 'boot' or 'underground' record, is a newly created item - LP, EP, 45, or CD (and also includes record sleeves) that has never existed in this form as an official, original item, indeed, any item that was never legitimately released in its present form. These are illegal materials, usually pressed by fans themselves from material otherwise not available on commercial recordings. Castleman and Podrazik (1975) state that "bootlegs generally fall into one of three categories: recordings of live concerts, recordings of radio / television / film appearances, or studio outtakes" An examination of the bootleg record industry and its impact upon popular music consumption from which this short extract has been taken Bootless literally, without boots figuratively, something fruitless, unprofitable, or to no useful purpose Bootsausflug (German m.) boat trip Bootsbau-Sperrholz (German n.) marine ply Bootsfahrt (German f.) boat trip, boating, canoe-trip, boat ride Bootsfahrten machen (German) to go boating Bootsferien (German pl.) boating holiday bootsförmig (German) boat-shaped Bootsführer (German m.) boatman, coxswain Bootsgrab (German n.) boat grave Bootshaus (German n.) boat house, boathouse, boat shed Bootslack (German m.) spar varnish Bootsleute (German pl.) boat people, sailors Bootsmann (s.), Bootsmänner (pl.) (German m.) boatswain (bosun), bosun, bos'n Bootsmannpfeife (German f.) boatswain's whistle Bootsmannspfeife (German f.) bosun's call, boatswain's pipe, boatswain's call, bosun's pipe Bootspfeife (German f.) boatswain's whistle Bootsreise (German f.) boat trip Bootssteg (German m.) landing stage, boat bridge Bootsurlaub (German m.) boating holiday Bootsverdeck (German n.) canopy Bootsverleih (German m.) boat hire, boat rental Bootsvermietung (German f.) boat hire Bootswächter (German m.) boat keeper Bootswerft (German f.) boat builder's yard Booty bass see 'Miami bass', 'Bass music' Bop (English, German m.) see 'bebop' Boqueada (Spanish f.) gasp Boquete (Spanish m.) hole, breach boquiabierto (Spanish) open-mouthed, amazed (figurative), dumbfounded (figurative) Boquilla (Spanish f.) or embocadura (Spanish f.), mouthpiece (of a musical instrument, etc.), becco (Italian m.), Schnabel (German m.), bec (French m.) (Spanish f.) cigarette-holder bor. abbreviation of 'borough' Bora (English, German f.) cold Adriatic Autumn wind Bora-bora bull-roarer, thunder stick, Schwirrholz (German) Borage a blue-flowered plant with hairy leaves that taste somewhat like cucumber; used primarily in salads Borax (English, German n.) sodium borate, a white crystalline mineral generally used as an emulsifier or cleanser, also used in cream preparations as an emulsifier boraxhaltig (German) containing borax, borax-containing Borbannadir type of Tuvan xoomii said to sound like the rapids of a river borbollar (Spanish) to bubble Borbollón (Spanish m.) bubble Borborygmus (English, German m.) bowel sounds, the gurgling, rumbling, or growling noise from the abdomen caused by the muscular contractions of peristalsis borbotar (Spanish) to bubble Borbotón (Spanish m.) bubble borbottare (Italian) to mumble, to rumble (stomach) Borbottio (Italian m.) mumbling, rumbling Borchia (Italian f.) stud Bord (s,.), Bords (French pl.), Borde (German pl.) (French m.) Rand (German m.), bordo (Italian m.), border, edge, margin of an area or surface, narrow surface of a thin object, meeting-line of surfaces (French m.) rim or edge of a drum (French m.) edge, bank (of a river) (German n.) shelf, bank (slope, incline), side (of ship) Bordado (Spanish m.) embroidery bordado (Spanish) embroidered bordar (Spanish) to embroider, to do very well bordare (Italian) to border Bordatura (Italian f.) border Bordbrett (German n.) shelf Bordbuch (German n.) log book Bordcomputer (German m.) seaborne computer, car computer, on-board computer Bord du trottoir (French m.) kerb Bordeaux (English German m.) Bordeaux wine Bordeaux (English, German n.) French city and wine-growing region Bordeaux-Karaffe (German f.) claret jug bordeauxrot (German) claret, wine-red Bordeauxwein (German m.) Bordeaux, Bordeaux (wine) Borde (Spanish m.) edge, side, tim, hem bordear (Spanish) to go round the edge of, to border on (figurative) Bordée d'injures (French f.) torrent of abuse bordeigen (German) ship's (own), plane's (own), aircraft's (own), on-board bordeigene Stromversorgung (German f.) on-board power supply Bordel (French m.) brothel, shambles (disorder) Bordelaise (French) red wine sauce with bacon lardons and baby onions Bördelgerät (German n.) flaring tool Bordell (s.), Bordelle (pl.) (German n.) brothel, bawdy house, bawdy-house, bawdyhouse, bordel, bagnio, stew (brothel), barber shop (figurative), bordello Bordellbesuch (German m.) visit to a brothel Bordellchefin (German f.) procuress Bordello (Italian m., although the original meaning is a person, not a place) brothel, bedlam (figurative) Bordellwirtin (German f.) bawd, procuress Bördeln (German n.) crimping bördeln (German) to crimp Bördelscheibe (German m.) flared disk Bördelwerkzeug (German n.) bordering tool Borden-Insel (German f.) Borden Island Border in medieval manuscripts, a type of book decoration placed around one to four sides of the justification [writing space] in order to distinguish and decorate main divisions of the text; usually more elaborate on the first page and/or Table of Contents page; also used around miniature frames [quoted from Kathleen Scott] Border Ballad (German f.) border ballad Border ballads a subgenre of folk ballads collected in the area along the Anglo-Scottish border, especially those concerned with border 'reivers' and outlaws, or with historical events in the area Border Collie (English, German m.) a British sheepdog that has a wavy, usually black coat with white markings and is used for herding Bordereau (French m.) note, list, slip, invoice, memorandum, a scrap of paper Borderline-Persönlichkeitsstörung (German f.) borderline personality disorder Border Pipe (German f.) border pipe (lowland pipe) Border pipes see 'lowland pipes' Border Terrier (English, German m.) small rough-coated terrier of British origin Bordfunk (German m.) ship's radio, (aircraft) radio equipment Bordfunker (German m.) radio operator Bordicor (English, German m., late nineteenth century, invented by P. J. Bordier) a large violin, two octaves lower, and is tuned, like the violin, to G-D-A-E, in the double bass register. The instrument can, on the one hand, play a fourth lower than the cello, while on the other hand, its four and a half octaves give it the compass of the violin. With the E string it gains an incomparable "chanterelle". Due to the high tension, this string creates a sound with an extraordinary carrying power which can measure up in the orchestra against the heavy brass bordieren (German) to border Bordillo (Spanish m.) kerb Bordkarte (German f.) kerb, boarding ticket, boarding pass, boarding card, embarkation card Bordküche (German f.) galley (on an aircraft) Bordleben (German n.) life on board (a ship) Bordmagazin (German n.) in-flight magazine Bordmechaniker (s./pl.) (German m.) flight mechanic, air mechanic Bordnetz (German n.) on-board power supply Bordo (Italian m.) Rand (German m.), bord (French m.), border, edge, margin of an area or surface, narrow surface of a thin object, meeting-line of surfaces (Spanish m.) board Bordón (Spanish) the back-skin of a Gallician drum called the tamboril (Spanish) the larger drone pipe of a gaita de boto, the Aragonese bagpipe, bourdon (French) Bordone (Italian) an organ stop, the pipes of which are stopped or covered and produce a 16 ft. tone, or sometimes a 32 ft. tone (Italian) drone bass Bordoneta the smaller drone pipe of a gaita de boto, the Aragonese bagpipe Bordoniera (Italian f.) snare Bordonúa a large, deep bodied acoustic bass guitar, native to Puerto Rico, which is made in different shapes and sizes: bordonúa chiquita a very small bordonúa also existed in some regions of Puerto Rico. It is descended from the Spanish guitar family 6-string bordonúa a bordonúa with six single strings. Standard tuning is D-A-E-E-B-F# 8-string bordonúa a bordonúa with four pairs of strings 10-string bordonúa a bordonúa with five pairs of strings, the most common form. The standard tuning is A-a-D-d-F#-f#-b-b-e-e Bordonua from which this information has been taken Bordpersonal (German n.) flight crew, cabin staff Bordrestaurant (German n.) on-board restaurant Bordschomi (German n.) Borjomi (the largest mountain spa in Georgia) Bordstein (German m.) kerb, kerbstone, border stone Bordsteinabsenkung (German f.) dropped kerb Bordsteinhöhe (German f.) kerb height Bordsteinkante (German f.) kerbside Bordsteinschwalbe (German f.) streetwalker Borduhr (German f.) on-board clock, board clock Bordun (German m.) drone (vocal sound), drone, bourdon (bagpipe) Bordunflöte (German f.) an organ stop Bordun-Flöte (German f.) an organ stop Bordunsaite (German f.) drone string, corda di bordone (Italian f.), corde hors manche (French f.), lowest string on a lute, violin, violoncello or double bass Bordura (Italian f.) border Bordure (French f.) border Bordüre (s.), Bordüren (pl.) (German f.) border, edging Bordwandgeschütz (German n.) drake (small cannon) Bordwerkzeug (German n.) tool kit Bord-zu-Bord-Umschlag (German m.) transhipment Bore the diameter of the tube of a woodwind or brass instrument the shape of which in part dictitates the timbre or tone color of the instrument; thus, a conical bore instrument, in which the bore grows larger throughout, such as the cornet, produces a mellow timbre while a cylindrical bore instrument, such as the trumpet, which has a constant bore until the flare of the bell, produces a brighter, more brilliant timbre (English, German f.) tidal bore Borea (Italian) bourrée Boreads in Greek mythology, Calais and Zetes (also Zethes). They were the sons of Boreas and Oreithyia, daughter of King Erechtheus of Athens, and because they were the sons of the north wind they were able to fly, having wings either on their feet or backs boreal (English, German) boreal, living near the north, sub Arctic Boreassöhne (German pl.) Boreads Boreen see bohereen Borg (German m., dated) borrowing Borgata (Italian f.) hamlet Borgen (German n.) borrowing borgen (German) to lend (out), to borrow borgen von (German) to borrow from Borger (German m.) borrower borghese (Italian) bourgeois, civilian Borghesia (Italian f.) middle-classes Borgis (German f.) bourgeois borgne (French) one-eyed, shady (figurative) Borgo (Italian m.) village, district borgte (German) borrowed borhaltig (German) boracic Boria (Italian f.) conceit Borinqueño (Spanish m.) Puerto Rican borinqueño (Spanish) Puerto Rican borioso (Italian) conceited Borke (German f.) bark (of a tree), periderm (the outermost layer of stems and roots of trees, etc.) Borkenkrepp (German m.) bark crêpe (a crêpe fabric textured to simulate the appearance of tree.), crépon (a thin stuff made of the finest wool or silk, or of wool and silk) borkig (German) barky Borla (Spanish f.) tassel Born (German m.) spring (water source) Borne (French f.) boundary marker borné (m.), bornée (f.) (French) narrow, narrow-minded (person) Borne kilométrique (French f.) metric 'milestone' borner (French) to confine borniert (German) narrow-minded, blinkered bornierte Ansichten (German pl.) narrow views Borniertheit (German f.) localism, narrow-mindedness boro. abbreviation of 'borough' Borotalco (Italian m.) talcum powder Borra (Spanish f.) flock, fluff (down), sediment Borraccia (Italian f.) flask Borrachera (Spanish f.) drunkenness Borrachin (Spanish m.) drunkard Borracho (Spanish m.) drunkard, drunk borracho (Spanish) drunk Borrador (Spanish m.) rough copy, rough notebook Borradura (Spanish f.) crossing-out borrajear (Spanish) to scribble borrar (Spanish) to rub out, to cross out Borrasca (Spanish f.) storm borrascoso (Spanish) stormy Borre (English) bourrée Borree (English) bourrée Borrego (Spanish m.) year-old lamb, simpleton (figurative), hoax borreguil (Spanish) meek Borreliose (German f.) Lyme disease (caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi, which is carried by ticks and transmitted to humans through a tick bite) Borretsch (German m.) borage (Borago officinalis, Echium amoenum) Borretschöl (German n.) borage oil Borretschsamen (German m.) borage seed Borretschsamenöl (German n.) borage seed oil Borrey (Italian) bourrée Borricada (Spanish f.) silly thing Borrico (Spanish m.) donkey, ass (figurative) Borromäerinnen (German pl.) Borromeans (Sisters of Mercy of St. Borromeo) Borromäische Inseln (German pl.) Borromean Islands Borromean Islands Isole Borromee (Italian), a group of three small islands and two islets in the Italian part of Lago Maggiore Borrón (Spanish m.) smudge, blemish, sketch borroso (Spanish) blurred, vague (figurative) Borrowed chord use of a chord in a key in which it is not diatonic, or the substitution of a chord from a different key into a work Borrowed division a term used to describe when a note is divided into an unusual number of smaller notes, for example, when three crotchets (quarter notes) are to be played in the time of a minim (a half note), i.e. as a triplet Borrowed stops or borrows, organ pipes that can be played by more than one stop control. They duplicate other stops elsewhere in the organ, and permit a single rank of pipes to sound in more than one division. Borrows usually involve softer accompanimental ranks and reed ranks, and are provided to increase the flexibility of smaller organs Borrowing the exclusive right of the artist to the benefits that accrue from his or her intellectual property is a characteristic of modern culture. Borrowing is a common phenomenon, and exists in three types: self-borrowing, or use of themes from one piece in another borrowing which is done as an obvious tribute or burlesque of the original unacknowledged borrowing. Modern sensitivities consider this latter type of borrowing to be outright theft. The eighteenth century acknowledged but did not condemn this type of borrowing terms that might be applied in such cases are: parody restricted to literal or almost literal reuses of material with a different text, where structure and musical substance remains intact reuse the literal repetition of the same piece, including the text reworking a musical idea that has been modified new work those works which use brief motives or themes to form a new piece Musical Borrowing from which this extract has been taken From J.C. Bach to Hip Hop: Musical Borrowing, Copyright and Cultural Context by Olufunmilayo B. Arewa Borrows see 'borrowed stops' Borsa (Italian f.) bag, handbag, stock exchange Borsa della spesa (Italian f.) shopping bag Borsa di studio (Italian f.) scholarship Borsaiolo (Italian m.) pickpocket Borsalbe (German f.) boric ointment Börse (s.), Börsen (pl.) (German f.) stock exchange, bourse (stock market in non-English-speaking countries, especially France), exchange, stock market, securities exchange, purse, share market Börsegang (German m. - Austria) going public (company) Borsellino (Italian m.) purse Börsenanlage (German f.) stockmarket investment Börsenbeobachter (German m.) analyst Börsenbericht (German m.) stock list, stock exchange list, stocklist, market report, review of the market, stock market report, stock exchange report Börsenbewertung (German f.) market valuation, stock market valuation Börsenblatt (s.), Börsenblätter (pl.) (German n.) financial newspaper, financial paper, stock exchange gazette Börsenboom (German m.) stock market boom Börsenfachmann (German m.) analyst börsenfähig (German) negotiable börsengängig (German) marketable Borsengeschäfte manipulieren (German) to manipulate the stock market Börsenindex (German m.) stock exchange index Börsenkrach (German m.) market crash, collapse of the stock market, stock market crash Börsenkurs (s.), Börsenkurse (pl.) (German m.) market price, market rate, stock exchange quotation, stock market price börsennotiert (German) quoted, publicly owned, listed (company) börsennotierte Gesellschaft (German f.) publicly traded company börsennotiertes Unternehmen (German n.) publicly traded company, quoted company, listed company Börsennotiz (German f.) stock market listing Börsenrückzug (German m.) delisting Börsenschlusspreis (German m.) closing price Börsensturz (German m.) slump, market collapse, plunge, stock market crash Börsenzeitung (s.), Börsenzeitungen (pl.) (German f.) financial (news)paper Börsianer (German m.) stock exchange speculator Borsista (Italian m./f.) speculator, holder of a scholarship Borst-ademhaling (Dutch) costal or thorasic breathing Borste (s.), Borsten (pl.) (German f.) bristle Borstenkiefer (German f.) bristlecone pine Borstenpinsel (s.), Borstenpinsel (pl.) (German m.) bristle brush Borsten zeigend (German) bristling borstig (German) bristly, bristled, setaceous borstig sein (German) to bristle borstiger Bart (German m.) bristly beard borstiges Haar (German n.) bristly hair Borstigkeit (German f.) bristliness Borst-register (Dutch) chest register (voice) Borte (German f.) border, braid (decorative woven band), piece of braid, edging Bortsch (Russian, borshch) also borsch or borscht, a Russian soup coloured with beetroot juice Borudscherd (German n.) Borujerd (Iranian city, the main centre of making samovars) Borusse (German m.) Prussian Borwasser (German n.) boracic lotion Borzoi (Russian) a Siberian wolfhound bösartig (German) ill-natured, malicious, malignant, mischievous, naughty, venomous, virulent, malign, pernicious, ferocious, viciously, ill-naturedly, mischievously (maliciously), vicious, rogue (only before noun), malevolent, iniquitous bösartige Sachbeschädigungen (German pl.) malicious damages bösartige Software (German f.) malware (malicious software) bösartiger Hund (German m.) snarling dog, vicious dog bösartiger Tumor (German m.) malignant tumour Bösartigkeit (German f.) malignity, sinisterness, viciousness, cussedness, malice, malignance, ill nature, virulence Bosca Ceol (Irish Gaelic, literally 'music box') a term applied to the chromatic (half-step) tuned Irish button accordion, not to piano accordions or concertinas Boscage woodland, ornamental plantations, shrubbery Boscaglia (Italian f.) woodlands Boscaiolo (Italian m.) woodman, forester Boscaje (Spanish m.) thicket Böschung (German f.) bank, brae (Scotland), acclivity, slope, escarpment, embankment Böschungsmauer (German f.) retaining wall Böschungsschichten (German pl.) foreset beds (one of the main parts of a river delta) Bosco (Italian m.) wood boscoso (Italian, Spanish) wooded Böse (German n.) bad, evil, ill böse (German) angry, wicked, evil, naughty, bad, badly, cross, vicious, squint-eyed, resentful, nefarious, ill, black, mean, diabolic, fierce, sinister, indignant, nasty, villainous, crossly böse Absicht (German f.) malice (in law) böse Ahnung (German f.) misgiving, bad omen böse Ahnungen bestätigen (German) to validate suspicions böse Angelegenheit (German f.) nasty matter böse auf (German) angry at böse auf ... werden (German) to get shirty with ... (colloquial) böse Bemerkung (German f.) rude remark böse Blicke werfen (German) to shoot malignant glances böse brummen (German) to growl böse Erwiderung (German f.) bad turn, ill turn böse Fee (German f.) wicked fairy godmother böse Folgen (German pl.) dire consequences böse Gedanken (German pl.) evil thoughts böse Geister austreiben (German) to exorcise böse Geister bannen (German) to exorcise böse gesinnt (German) ill-affected böse Kopfschmerzen (German pl.) a violent headache böse Mächte (German pl.) evil forces, forces of evil böse Person (German f.) evil person böse Programm (German n.) malware böser Anfall von Lungenentzündung (German m.) bad attack of pneumonia böser Blick (German m.) evil eye, nasty look, sinister look böser Bursche (German m.) bad fellow böser Finger (German m.) bad finger böser Geist (s.), böse Geister (pl.) (German m.) daemon, demon, fiend, hobgoblin, evil spirit, evil genius böser Haufen (German m.) bad lot böser Junge (German m.) bad boy böser Kerl (German m.) baddie (colloquial) böser Mann (German m.) bad man, wicked man böser Streich (German m.) dirty trick, naughty trick böser Sturm (German m.) bad storm, vicious storm böser Traum (German m.) nasty dream böser Trick (German m.) nasty trick böser Wind (German m.) ill wind böse Sache (German f.) ugly business Böses ahnen lassen (German) to have misgivings Böses anzetteln (German) to machinate Böses beabsichtigen (German) to mean mischief böses Blut (German n.) bad blood böses Blut erzeugen (German) to cause bad blood böses Blut heranzüchten (German) to breed bad blood böses Brummen (German n.) growl böse sein auf (German) to be mad at böses Geschick (German n.) doom böses Gewissen (German n.) sore conscience Böses im Schilde führen (German) to be up to mischief böse Situation (German f.) crunch böses Knie (German n.) bad knee böses Omen (German n.) portent, bad omen böses Schicksal (German n.) doom böse Stiefmutter (German f.) wicked stepmother Böses tun (German) to do evil böses Vorzeichen (German n.) bad omen, bird of ill omen Böses wiedergutmachen lassen (German) to get a great wrong righted böses Zeichen (German n.) sinister sign böses Zeug (German n.) bad stuff böse Tat (s.), böse Taten (pl.) (German f.) foul deed, dark doings (plural form), evil deeds (plural form) böse über (German) angry over böse Verbindung (German f.) evil alliance böse Vorahnung (German f.) presentiment böse Weib (German n.) virago, tigress (woman), fury (mythological figure) böse Welt (German f.) evil world Bösewicht (s.), Bösewichte (pl.) (German m.) villain, evildoer, baddie (colloquial), bad guy, rascal böse Wille (German m.) ill will böse Wunde (German f.) angry wound böse Zeiten (German pl.) bad times, hard times böse zugerichtet (German) badly-hit, ravaged, battered böse zugerichtetes Bild (German n.) ravaged picture böse zugerichtetes Gesicht (German n.) battered face, ravaged face böse Zunge (s.), böse Zungen (pl.) (German f.) foul tongue, sharp tongue, detractors (plural form), malicious tongues (plural form) böse zurichten (German) to batter bösgläubig (German) mala fide (of bad faith) bösgläubig handeln (German) to act mala fide, to act in bad faith bösgläubiger Besitzer (German m.) male-fide possessor bösgläubiger Erwerb (German m.) acquisition made in bad faith, bösgläubiger Erwerber (German m.) acquirer acting in bad faith, purchaser acting in bad faith bösgläubiger Käufer (German m.) male-fide purchaser Bösgläubigkeit (German f.) scienter (guilty knowledge) boshaft (German) mischievous, malicious, spiteful, venomous, venomously, vicious, wicked, mischievously (maliciously), maliciously, spitefully, rogue (followed by a noun) boshafte Anspielung (German f.) venomous allusion boshafte Bemerkung (German f.) vicious remark boshafte Kritik (German f.) vicious criticism boshafter Charakter (German m.) nasty character boshafter Schriftsteller (German m.) venomous writer boshafter Streich (German m.) venomous joke boshaftes Grinsen (German n.) evil grin, venomous smile boshaftes Weibsstück (German n.) scratching-cat Boshaftigkeit (German f.) evilness, shrewishness, malignity, spite, spitefulness, viciousness, wickedness, invidiousness Bosheit (s.), Bosheiten (pl.) (German f.) malice, wickedness, accursedness, fiendishness, impishness, maliciousness, malignity, rancorousness, invidiousness, spite, virulence (figurative), cattiness, unpleasantness, spiteful act, nastiness (malice), spiteful remark Boskoop (German m.) russet Boskop (German m.) russet Bosniak (English, German m. - Austria) a person belonging to autochthonous South Slavic people living mainly in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Sandzak region of Serbia and Montenegro Bosniake (m.), Bosniakin (f.), Bosniaken (pl.) (German) Bosniak bosniakisch (German) Bosnian Bosnian hip hop Bosnian hip hop Bosnien (German n.) Bosnia (now part of Bosnia & Herzegovina) Bosnien-Herzegowina (German n.) Bosnia-Herzegovina Bosnien und Herzegowina (German n.) Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnier (m.), Bosnierin (f.), Bosnier (pl.), Bosnierinnen (f.pl.) (German) Bosnian Bosnisch (German n.) Bosnian bosnisch (German) Bosnian bosnisch-herzegowinisch (German) of Bosnia and Herzegovina bosnischsprachig (German) Bosnian-speaking Bosporus (English, German m.) Bosphorus (generally, a strait or narrow sea between two seas, or a lake and a seas) Bosquecillo (Spanish m.) copse bosquejar (Spanish) to sketch Bosquejo (Spanish m.) sketch Bosquet (French m., Spanish m.) grove, wood, forest Boss a circular bulge or knoblike form, as a round mound protrudes from a flatter area surrounding it (English, German m.) gaffer, honcho (slang), top dog (colloquial), the person in charge Bossage an uncut stone that is laid in place in a building, projecting outward from the building, to later be carved into mouldings, capitals, arms, etc Bossa Nova (German m.) bossa nova Bossa nova (English, Boosa Nova (German m.), from the Portuguese, literally 'new bump') bossa nova officially started in August 1958, when Odeon released a João Gilberto single that featured Chega de Saudade (Tom Jobim and Vinicius de Moraes) and Bim Bom (João Gilberto). The influence of impressionist composers like Debussy and Ravel, the dissatisfaction with restrictive local music formats and the overwhelming power of American culture in the Post-War period enabled the emergence of clever, controversial artists like guitarists Garoto, Luís Bonfá, João Donato and specially composer/pianist Johnny Alf Bossa nova Bossa nova Bossa nova (dance) a dance genre that corresponded to bossa nova music. It was introduced in 1960 and faded out in the mid-sixties Bossa nova (Dance) Bossa nova jazz a hybrid form that appeared in the early 1960s as bossa nova rhythms became popular with jazz and pop musicians in the U.S. and Europe Bosse (s.), Bosse (German pl.) (French f.) bump, hump (camel) (German f.) boss Bosselated marked or covered with many bosses (protuberances) bosseler (French) to emboss, to dent Boßeln (German n. - Northern Germany) game involving the throwing of a ball along country roads Bossenquaderwerk (German n.) bossage bosser (French) to work, to work hard, to work at, to work hard at bossieren (German) to boss, to emboss Bossierhammer (German m.) embossing hammer (one of a range of special hammers employed in silversmithing and metalsmithing) Bossolo (Italian m.) cartridge case Bossu (m.), Bossue (f.) (French m./f.) hunch-back bostezar (Spanish) to yawn Bostezo (Spanish m.) yawn Boston (waltz) or 'The Boston', see 'American waltz' Boston (jive) a form of Swing similar to the Lindy Hop but with kicks Boston Terrier (German m.) Boston terrier, Boston bull terrier Boston terrier small pug-faced American terrier breed having a smooth brindle or black coat with white markings Bostoner (m.), Bostonerin (f.) (German) Bostonian, Boston girl (f.), Boston woman (f.) Bostoner (German) Bostonian Bostoner Ehe (German f.) Boston marriage Boston marriage originally used in the 19th century to describe two women living together böswillig (German) malicious, malevolent, maliciously, wilful, malignant böswillige Absicht (German f.) malicious intent böswillige Tat (German f.) piece of malice Böswilligkeit (s.), Böswilligkeiten (pl.) (German f.) malevolence, malignancy, malice, ill will, maliciousness bot (German) bade, bid (archaic) Bota (Spanish f.) boot, leather wine bottle Botanico (Italian m.) botanist Botánico (Spanish m.) botantist Botanik (German f.) botany Botaniker (m.), Botanikerin (f.), Botaniker (pl.) (German) botanist botanisch (German) botanical, botanic botanischer Garten (s.), botanische Gärten (pl.) (German m.) botanic garden, botanical garden botanisieren (German) to botanise Botanisiertrommel (German f.) (botanist's) specimen container Botanist (English, German m.) a biologist specializing in the study of plants Botaniste (French m./f.) botanist Botanomantie (German f.) botanomancy (divination from burning tree branches and leaves) Botão (Portuguese) button (as on an accordion) botar (Spanish) to launch, to bounce Botaratada (Spanish f.) silly thing Botarate (Spanish m.) idiot Bote (m.), Botin (German f.), Boten (German pl.) (German) messenger, summoner, delivery boy, delivery man, errand boy, runner, legman, envoy, mercury, herald (as part of the title of a newspaper) (Spanish m.) bounce, blow, jump, jolt, tin, can, jar, jar for tips (restaurant), boat Botella (Spanish f.) bottle Botellita (Spanish f.) small bottle Botenbericht (German m.) report by messenger Botengang (German m.) errand Botengänge machen (German) to run errands Botengänger (German m.) messenger Botenjunge (German m.) messenger boy Botenlohn (German m.) delivery fee Botenstoff des Nervensystems (German m.) neurotransmitter Bote salvavidas (Spanish m.) lifeboat Botet (Catalan) a small instrument or bird call used in the Catalan region of Spain. It is used for calling quails into a trap, and made of a rabbit or pigeon bone. Botewgrad (German n.) Botevgrad (a town in western Bulgaria) Bothy band an informal band put together for dancing or singing origininating in the farm bothies of Scotland Botica (Spanish f.) chemist's shop Boticario (Spanish m.) (dispensing) chemist Botija (Spanish f.) or botijuela, a ceramic jug originally used to transport Spanish olive oil, used to provide a bass accompaniment in the Cuban son Botijo (Spanish m.) earthenware jug Botijuela see botija Botín (Spanish m.) half boot, booty, sock Botiquín (Spanish m.) medicine chest, first aid kit botmäßig (German) submissive Botmäßigkeit (German f.) dominion (rule) Botola (Italian f.) trapdoor Botón (Spanish m.) button, bud Botonadura (Spanish f.) buttons Botón de oro (Spanish m.) butter-cup Botones (Spanish m.) bellboy Botryoid (German n.) botryoid (a mineral formation shaped like a bunch of grapes) Botschaft (s.), Botschaften (pl.) (German f.) message, embassy, communication, subtext Botschafter (m.), Botschafterin (f.) (German) ambassador, ambassadress (f.), head of mission Botschafterebene (German f.) ambassadorial level Botschafterfrau (German f.) ambassador's wife Botschaftsempfang (German m.) embassy reception, embassy dinner Botschaftsgebäude (German n.) embassy Botschaftskanzlei (s.), Botschaftskanzleien (pl.) (German f.) chancellery Botschaftspersonal (German n.) embassy staff Botschaftsrat (German m.) embassy counsellor Botschaftssprecher (German m.) embassy spokesman Botsuana (German n.) Botswana Botsuaner (m.), Botsuanerin (f.), Botsuaner (pl.), Botsuanerinnen (f.pl.) (German) Botswanan botsuanisch (German) Botswanan Botswana (English, German n.) formerly Bechuanaland, a country of south-central Africa Botswana hip hop Botswana hip hop Botta (Italian f.) blow, bang Böttcher (m.), Böttcherin (f.), Böttcher (pl.), Böttcherinnen (f.pl.) (German) cooper Böttcherei (German f.) cooperage Böttcherhammer (German m.) cooper's mallet Böttcherlohn (German m.) cooperage Böttchermesser (German n.) cooper's knife Böttcherniete (German f.) cooper's rivet Böttcherware (German f.) cooperage, coopery Böttcherwerkstatt (German f.) cooper's shop Böttcherwerkzeug (German n.) cooper's tools Botte (French f.) boot, bunch (flowers, vegetables), bundle, bale (Italian f.) barrel Botte de caoutchouc (s.), Bottes de caoutchouc (pl.) (French f.) wellington boot Bottega (Italian f.) a café, a wine-shop (Italian f.) studio or workshop, often used to identify an object made in the studio of a master when his pupils' or assistants' work on it appears to dominate his own Bottegaio (m.), Bottegaia (f.) (Italian) shopkeeper Botteghino (Italian m.) box-office (theatre), lottery-shop Botten (German f. - Northern Germany) boots Bottesini bow see 'French bow/grip' Bottich (German m.) vat, tub, wash-tub, cuvée (vat) Bottier (French m.) boot-maker Bottiglia (Italian f.) bottle Bottiglieria (Italian f.) wine shop Bottin (French m.) phone book Bottino (Italian m.) loot, booty Bottleneck-Gitarre (German f.) bottleneck guitar Bottleneck guitar a slide guitar, where a smooth, hard object, usually a hollow metal or glass cylinder, is used to change the pitches of the strings Slide Guitar Bottlenecking (English, German n.) using a 'bottleneck' or 'tube slide', for example when playing a guitar Bottleneck Slide (German m.) bottleneck slide Bottleneck slide or 'tube slide', usually worn over the ring (3rd) or little (4th) finger when playing a slide guitar. Wearing on the 4th finger has the advantage of leaving one more finger free to fret notes if desired. However some players feel that they get better control using the ring finger. Most instructors recommend letting one or more of the fingers in back of the slide rest lightly on the strings to help mute unwanted vibrations Slide Guitar from which this extract has been taken Bottle organ the concept of the 'bottle organ' with a keyboard developed in the 1800s. Modern 'beer bottle organs' are being made by Peterson Tuners. The sound is produced by blowing air over the tops of real beer bottles. The bottles are filled or "tuned" using mineral oil, which will not evaporate or change tunings if the weather changes Beer Bottle Organ Bottnischer Meerbusen (German m.) Gulf of Bothnia (a northern arm of the Baltic Sea; between Sweden and Finland) Botto (Italian m.) bang Bottom the lowest surface of the harpsichord case. In Italian historical harpsichords and all clavichords it is the primary structural member. In these instruments the bottom is made first and all the other parts are attached to it. In Flemish and French historical instruments the bottom is not structural. The case sides and framework were built first and the bottom was attached last, apparently after the instrument was strung and playing. In some cases it seems that the bottom is held on only by wooden nails or pegs, not glued, perhaps for subsequent repair access? On many revival instruments (Hertz, Ammer, etc.) the bottom is omitted entirely Harpsichord Jargon from which this extract has been taken Bottom board Sockel (German), as the name implies, this is the bottom of the piano. On it are located the pedals, springs and bearing-blocks which are the means of activating the damper lift-rod, bass sustaining or "soft-pedal" mechanisms [clarified by Michael Zapf] Bottom frame Unterrahmen (German), on the piano, actually a misnomer, the bottom "frame" is really the finished panel on the front of the piano which extends from just above the pedals to the bottom of the key bed [clarified by Michael Zapf] Bottomry or bottomage, a contract by which a shipowner borrows money for equipment, repairs, or a voyage, pledging the ship as security Bottone (Italian m.) endpin, Knopf (German), bouton (French) (Italian m.) button, stud, bud (Italian m.) Endknopf (German m.) Saitenhalterknopf (German m.), bouton (French m.), endbutton, a small projection at the bottom of a stringed instrument (violin, cello, etc.) to which the tailpiece may be attached or through which an endpin may be fitted (for example, on a cello) Bottoni dei registri (Italian m.pl.) draw-stops Botulinum (Engloish, German n.) botulinum, botulinus (anaerobic bacterium producing botulin the toxin that causes botulism) Botulinumtoxin (s.), Botulinumtoxine (pl.) (German n.) botulin toxin (botox), botulinum toxin Botulism a rare but serious illness caused by the bacteria Clostridium botulinum Botulismo (Spanish m.) botulism Botulismus (German m.) botulism Bouc (French m.) billy-goat, goatee (beard) Boucan (French m.) din Bouc émissaire (French m.) scapegoat Boucharde (French f.) a sculptor's hammer, one face of which is surfaced with small pyrimidal points Bouche (French f.) mouth bouché (French) a direction usually reserved for players of the French horn, to stop the sound of or mute their instrument with a hand placed into the bell bouché (m.), bouchée (f.) (French) blocked, stopped up Bouche-à-bouche (French f.) mouth-to-mouth resuscitation Bouche bée (s.), Bouches bées (pl.) (French) open-mouthed, singing with the mouth open, humming Bouche d'égout (French) manhole Bouche de metro (French) underground railway entrance Bouche d'incendie (French) fire hydrant Bouchée (s.), Bouchées (pl.) (French f.) a mouthful, a small patty, a small pastry, a small puff pastry case bouchées, sons see sons bouchées bouchée, Trompette (French f.) muted trumpet Bouche fermée (s.), Bouches fermées (pl.) (French f., literally 'mouth closed') bocca chiusa, wordless humming Boucher (m.), Bouchère (f.) (French) butcher boucher (French) to block, to cork Boucherie (French, literally 'butcher's shop') a community gathering in South Louisiana where food (usually hog meat) is provided and which may also involve musical traditions such as Cajun music and zydeco Bouch-trou (French m.) stopgap Bouchon (French m.) stopper, cap, cork, float (fishing), hold-up (figurative) Boucicault, Dion(ysus) Larner (1822-1890) Irish dramatist and actor who enjoyed considerable success before he was 20 with his comedy London Assurance (1841) and then went on to write successful plays on both sides of the Atlantic. He is famous also for his article Opera published in 1887 in The North American Review (Volume 144 Issue 365: Pages 340-348) which attacked opera as an art-form. This led to an impassioned reply from Edgar J. Levey entitled Boucicault and Wagner also published in 1887 in The North American Review (Volume 144 Issue 367; Pages 650-653) Opera Boucicault and Wagner Boucle (French f.) buckle, loop, curl (hair) Boucle d'orielle (French f.) ear-ring Bouclé (German n., from French m.) or, in English, 'boucle', a looped, highly textural fabric woven from curly knotted yarn bouclé (French) curly (hair) boucler (French) to fasten, to finish off, to shut up, to seal off, to balance (budget), to curl Bouclier (French m.) shield Bouddhiste (French m./f.) Buddhist bouddhiste (French) Buddhist bouder (French) to sulk, to steer clear of Bouderie (French f.) sulkiness Boudeur (m.), Boudeuse (f.) (French) sulky person (a sulk) Boudoir (German n., from French m., literally 'a sulking-place') a small room where a lady can receive intimate friends or be alone Boue (French f.) mud Bouée de sauvetage (French f.) lifebuoy Boueux (m.), Boueuse (f.) (French) dustman, garbage collector boueux (m.), boueuse (f.) (French) muddy bouffant (French) puffed out (for example, a reference to a style of hair-dressing) Bouffe (French f.) food, grub bouffe (French, meaning 'comic') as in opèra bouffe, meaning comic opera bouffée (French) puff, whiff, flush (medicine), fit (of pride) bouffer (French) to eat, to gobble Bouffons old sword dance performed by men in cardboard armour, also called Mattachins or Matassins Bougainvillea (English, German f.) or, in English, bougainvilla, any of several South American ornamental woody vines of the genus Bougainvillea having brilliant red or purple flower bracts Bougarobou (West Africa) or bugarabu, a rhythm adopted by the Mandinka from the Jola; also one of several sizes of drums that can be attached together Bouge (French m.) hovel, dive (bar) Bougeoir (French m.) candlestick Bougeotte, la (French f.) the fidgets bouger (French) to move, to stir Bougie (French f.) candle, spark(ing)-plug (of a petrol engine) (French f., German f.) a thin, flexible medical instrument for probing or dilating passages in the body bougieren (German) to dilate with a bougie bougon (m.), bougonne (f.) (French) grumpy bougonner (French) to grumble Bouillabaisse (French f.) from Provence, a dish of fish stewed in wine or water bouillant (m.), bouillante (f.) (French) boiling, boiling hot bouillé (French) boiled Bouilli (French m.) boiled or stewed meat (usually beef) Bouillie (French f.) porridge, baby food, mush (prejorative) bouillir (French) to boil Bouilloire (French f.) kettle Bouillon (English, German f., from French m.) unclarified stock (from the French meaning 'to bubble', as when liquid boils) bouillonner (French f.) to bubble Bouillonwürfel (English, German m.) soup-tablet, stock cube Bouillote (French f.) hot-water bottle boul. abbreviation of boulevard (French) Boula (Grenada) a drum made from rum barrels, often used in pairs supporting a single higher-pitched 'cut drum', used, for example, in Guadeloupan gwo ka, Carriacouan bele and Dominican bèlè the smallest supporting drum of a Haitian vodoun ensemble in Cuba, one of the drums used in tumba francesa is called bulá Boula djel vocalized percussion songs (i.e. mizik djel or 'mouth music') from Martinique and Guadeloupe which, while associated with traditional wakes, are not considered sacred music. The term boula refers to the use of the traditional boula rhythm Boulanger (m.), Boulangère (f.) (French) baker Boulangere, La see La Boulangere Boulangerie (French f.) bakery Boulangerie-pâtisserie (French f.) bakery and confectioner's shop Boule (French f.) ball, golf-ball (for a type-writer), a game similar to roulette Bouleau (French m.) silver birch (tree) boule dans la gorge, une (French) lump in one's throat Boule de neige (French f.) snowball Boule Lyonnaise (French f.) also Sport-boules or le jeu Lyonnaise, a popular form of bowls, and may be the oldest form of the French form of this sport Boulet (French m.) cannon ball, ball and chain (figurative) Boulette (French m.) pellet (of paper), meat ball Boulevard (s.), Boulevards (pl.) (English, German m., from French m.) a broad street or walk planted with trees, particularly designed for leisurely conversation Boulevardblatt (German n.) tabloid, popular newspaper, tabloid newspaper Boulevardier (French m.) one who frequents the boulevards, a lounger Boulevardjournalismus (German m.) yellow journalism Boulevardpresse (German f.) tabloid press, gutter press, popular press, yellow press (archaic) Boulevardthema (German n.) topic in the tabloids Boulevardzeitung (s.), Boulevardzeitungen (pl.) (German f.) tabloid, popular paper, yellow press (plural form) bouleversant (m.), bouleversante (f.) (French) deeply moving bouleversé (m.), bouleversée (f.) (French) upset, turned upside down, overwhelmed, overcome (with emotion) Bouleversement (French m.) upheaval, turning upside down bouleverser (French) to turn upside down, to disrupt, to distress, to upset Boulgarí the Cretan version of the Turkish saz, similar to the earliest forms of the bouzouki Boulier (French m.) abacus Boulimie (French f.) bulimia (compusive eating disorder) Boulle an inlaid furniture decoration, tortoiseshell and yellow and white metal form scrolls in cabinetwork Boulon (French m.) bolt Boulot (French m.) work boulot (m.), boulotte (f.) (French) dumpy Boult, Sir Adrian Cedric (1889-1983) English orchestral conductor, author of A Handbook on the Technique of Conducting (1968) Adrian Boult Boum (French m.) bang (French f.) party Bouncy techno a style of music c.1992, mostly emanating from the United Kingdom and the Netherlands Bouncy techno Bound ligar (Spanish), legato (Italian, gebunden (German), lié (French) slurred, tied Bound book a book in which the boards of the cover have first been attached to it, the covering of leather, cloth, or other materials being then affixed to the boards. Bound books are more expensive to produce and much stronger than cased books Bound morphene a morpheme used exclusively as part of a larger word rather than one that can stand alone and retain independent meaning. Examples include the morpheme 'ept' in the word 'inept', or the morpheme 'gruntle' in the word 'disgruntled'. This term is the opposite of a free morpheme, which can function by itself as a word, such as the morphemes 'it' and 'self' in the word 'itself' Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken Bou oughanim a clown, a member of a group of Berber professional musicians led by a poet (amydaz), the clown also playing a double clarinet or zummara Bouquet (English, German n., from French m.) bunch (of flowers), a nosegay, the aroma from a wine (French m.) clump (of trees) Bouquet garni (French m.) a faggot of fresh herbs (usually parsley, thyme, bay leaf, usually tied inside pieces of leek or celery) Bouquin (French m.) book bouquiner (French) to read Bouquinist (German m.) bouquiniste Bouquiniste (French m./f.) second-hand bookseller bourbeux (m.), bourbeuse (f.) (French) muddy Bourbier (French m.) mire Bourbon (Whiskey) (German m.) bourbon (whiskey) (named after Bourbon county, Kentucky, whiskey distilled from a mash of corn and malt and rye and aged in charred oak barrels) Bourbonen (German pl.) Bourbons (European royal line that ruled in France (from 1589-1793) and Spain and Naples and Sicily) bourbonische Lilie (German f.) fleur-de-lys (stylised lily in heraldry and art) Bourbon vanilla the majority of the world's vanilla (named, by the Spanish, vainilla or 'little pod') is produced from the variety Vanilla planifolia, more commonly known as 'Madagascar-Bourbon' vanilla, which is produced in Indian Ocean islands such as Madagascar, the Comoros, and Réunion, formerly the Île Bourbon Bourbon vanilla from which this information has been taken Bourbon-Vanille (German f.) bourbon vanilla Bourde (French f.) blunder Bourdon (s.), Bourdons (pl.) (French m., literally 'bumble-bee') a low sounding large scale organ pipe, usually stopped, made of wood and generally at 16 ft. or 32 ft. pitch the lowest string on a lute, violin, violoncello or double bass French organs sometimes have open bourdons, at 4 ft. and 8 ft. pitch in a Dutch street organ, the bourdon is two ranks of loudly-voiced melody flutes tuned to a strong celeste the term bourdon is often used more generally for any stopped flute rank a large deep-sounding bell, whether in a chime, carillon, or peal - or simply a single large church bell. However, in English change ringing, the largest bell is called the 'tenor' the drone string of a hurdy-gurdy a drone pipe of a bagpipe (German m.) burden Bourdon de cornemuse (French m.) the drone of a bagpipe Bourdon de musette (French m.) the drone of a bagpipe Bourdonnement (French m.) buzzing bourdonner (French) to buzz Bourg (French m.) town (usually a market town) Bourgade (French f.) village Bourgeois (m.), Bourgeoise (French f.) (German m., from French) people or values or behaviours typical of the middle class. All those who are bourgeois comprise a group called the bourgeoisie. Most members of this group are executives and professionals. The upper middle-class is known as the haute bourgeoisie. These terms appear frequently in Marxist texts ArtLex Art Dictionary this extract being taken from the entry entitled 'bourgeois and bourgeosie' bourgeois (m.), bourgeoise (f.) (French) middle-class Bourgeoisie (English, German f., from French f.) city-dwelling middle class (a social group that is usually considered philistine when it comes to matters of taste) Bourgeoisie dorée (French f.) affluent middle class Bourgeon (French m.) bud bourgeonner (French) to bud Bourgeosie (French f.) see bourgeois Bourgogne, la (French f.) Burgundy Bourguignonne (French f.) a red wine sauce with the addition of button onions and mushrooms Bourlesca see burlesco, burlesca bourlinguer (French) to travel about Bournonville, August (1805-1879) Danish dancer and choreographer who work gave equal importance to both male and female dancers August Bournonville Bournville Village Trust [1879-present] an influential model village founded by the Quaker Cadbury Brothers after moving their Cocoa & Chocolate factory to a site just south of Birmingham. Started with a few cottages provided alongside the factory, it grew into a whole planned village that was turned into a charitable trust in 1900 at which time it consisted of 330 acres and 313 dwellings. Became a model for the Garden City & Suburbs movement with the First Garden City conference being held there in 1901 and George Cadbury was one of the first vice-presidents of the Garden City Association. The village is laid out with ample open space, shops, public buildings and each house has a large garden attached. Tenancies were open to anybody, not just Cadbury employees. During the 1930s the trust developed what were known as 'Ten shilling houses. The trust has continued to managed the village and be involved in housing development up to the present day. In the 1930s the trust acquired a series of farms as a 'greenbelt' on the southern side of Birmingham and now manage some 2770 acres of open or farm land Bourrade (French f.) prod Bourrage de crâne (French m.) brainwashing Bourrasque (French f.) squall bourratif (m.), bourrarive (f.) (French) filling, stodgy Bourré (French) bourrée Bourreau de travail (French m.) workaholic Bourrée (French f., German f.) or boree, a French dance similar to the gavotte but beginning on the fourth beat (of four) rather than the third (of four) as in the gavotte Bourree Bourrees in dance, a series of tiny steps which give the impression of gliding across the floor Bourrelet (French m.) draught excluder, roll of fat (flesh) bourrer (French) to cram, to stuff, to fill bourrer de (French) to cram with, to stuff with bourrer de coups (French) to thrash bourrer le crâne à ... (French) to fill ...'s head with nonsense Bourrette (German f.) noil silk, silk noil (silk waste made up of short fibres combed from long fibres during the preparation of textile yarns) Bourretteseide (German f.) silk noil, bourrette silk, noil silk (silk fabric produced from yarn spun from silk waste) Bourrette-Seide (German f.) silk noil Bourrique (French f.) ass bourru (French) surly Bourse (French f.) purse, grant (of money), the French Stock Exchange Bousculade (French f.) rush, crush bousculé (French) tumbling bousculer (French) to jostle, to rush, to knock over Bouse (French f.) cow dung bousiller (French) to mess up Boussole (French f.) compass Boustrophedon or boustrephedon, an ancient way of writing manuscripts and other inscriptions in which, rather than going from left to right as in modern English, or right to left as in Hebrew and Arabic, alternate lines must be read in opposite directions. The name is borrowed from the Greek and means 'as the ox turns while ploughing' Boustrophedon from which this extract has been taken Bout (French m.) end, tip (tongue, bâton), bit (French m.) end (of a bow) (English) in the violin and guitar families, the curve in the sides of the instrument, especially the C-shaped inward curve that form the waist and the convex curve at the top and bottom of the instrument upper bout Oberbug, Oberbügel (German m.) largeur du haut (French f.) zona superiore (Italian f.) middle bout Mittelbug (German m.) largeur aux "C" (French f.) zona della C (Italian f.) lower bout Unterbug (German m.) largeur du bas (French f.) zona inferiore (Italian f.) Boutade (French f.) jest, whim, a sudden fit of temper, an unpredictable action (French f.) an improvisatory piece like a caprice or fantasia (French f.) an old French dance (French f.) a short ballet which was meant to appear as though it was being improvised Bout du doigt (French m.) fingertips Boute-en-train (French m.) joker, live wire Bouteille (German f., from French f.) bottle (in Austria, a specific volume of 0.7 litre) Bouteillophone a percussion instrument formed of a number of bottles tuned so that when struck they play a chromatic scale. The bottles are tuned by filling them with a certain amount of water. Erik Satie wrote for this instrument Boutique (s.), Boutiquen (German pl.), Boutiques (English, French, German pl.) (English, German f., from French f.) shop (usually one selling fashionable items are very high prices) (German f.) millinery Boutique de brocanteur (French f.) junk shop Bouton (French m.) endpin, bottone (Italian), Knopf (German) (French m.) button, stud (French m.) Endknopf (German m.) Saitenhalterknopf (German m.), bottone (Italian m.), endbutton, a small projection at the bottom of a stringed instrument (violin, cello, etc.) to which the tailpiece may be attached or through which an endpin may be fitted (for example, on a cello) (French m.) pimple, bud, knob (radio, etc.) Bouton de manchette (French m.) cuff-link Bouton d'or (French m.) buttercup boutonné (m.), boutonnée (f.) (French, literally 'buttoned up') reticent, unforthcoming, laconic boutonner (French) to button, to button up Boutonnière (French f.) buttonhole boutonneux (m.), boutonneuse (f.) (French) pimply Bouton-pression (French m.) press-stud Boutons de registres (French m. pl.) drawstops Bouts rimés (French m. pl., literally 'rhymed ends') a game in which a verse in composed where individual couplets are commenced and ended by different people, sometimes where the person completing one couplet also begins the following couplet Bouture (French) cutting (plant) Bouvet-Insel (German f.) Bouvet Island Bouvet Island an island belonging to Norway in the South Atlantic near the Antarctic Circle Bouvier des Flandres (German m.) bouvier des Flandres (rough-coated breed of dog used originally in Belgium for herding and guarding cattle) Bouyon (Dominica) a fusion of 'cadence-lypso' and traditional 'Jing ping' sound Bouyon-muffin a modern offshoot of bouyon that uses prominent elements of Jamaican raggamuffin music Bouzouki (s.), Bouzoukia (pl.) (English, German f, from Greek) a twentieth-century long-necked Greek lute, derived from the Turkish saz with a fretted neck and a pear shaped body containing 2, 3 or 4 double courses of metal strings today there are three forms of bouzouki: trichordo early bouzoukis were Trichordo, with three courses (six strings in three pairs) and were generally tuned to D3/D4 A3 D4. This tuning fits in well with the music of the Middle East, as an open chord is neither major nor minor, allowing great flexibility with the melody. Trichordo bouzoukis are still being made, and are very popular with aficionados of Rembetika tetrachordo in 1953, Manolis Khiotis added a fourth pair of strings to the bouzoúki. This instrument has 8 metal strings, arranged in four pairs, known as courses. In the two higher-pitched (treble) courses, the two strings of the pair are tuned to the same note. These are used for playing melodies, usually with the two courses played together. In the two lower-pitched (bass) courses, the pair consists of a thick string and a thin string tuned an octave apart. These 'octave strings' add to the fullness of the sound and are used in chords and bass drones (continuous low notes that are played throughout the music). The original tuning for the four-course bouzouki is C3 F3 A3 D4 (where C4 is Middle C). This makes it the same tuning pattern as the first four strings on a guitar, but pitched down a whole tone. In recent times, some players have taken to tuning their bouzoukis up in pitch to D3 G3 B3 E4 Irish introduced into Irish traditional music in the 1970s, by Johnny Moynihan and Alec Finn, and popularised by Andy Irvine and Dónal Lunny. Irish music relies less on virtuoso melodies played on double courses, and more on the bass courses, so they got rid of the octave strings which only confuse things and replaced them with pairs tuned to the same note. They used a tuning of G2 D3 A3 D4 or A2 D3 A3 D4, which ironically is closer to the original Greek instrument than modern Greek ones are Bouzouki Bouzouki from which the information above has been taken Bouzouki Bovarism (named after the character of Emma Bovary in Flaubert's novel Madame Bovary) an imagined or unrealistic conception of oneself a anxiety to escape from a social or sentimental condition judged to be unsatisfactory, sometimes by building a fictitious personality Bovarysme (French m.) Bovarism Bovarismo (Italian m., Spanish m.) Bovarism Bóveda (Spanish f.) vault Bovenblad (Dutch) belly (of a string instrument), soundboard, top plate Boventoon (Dutch) partial, overtone (acoustics) bovin (German) bovine bovin (m.), bovine (f.) (French) bovine bovino (Italian) bovine Bovini (Italian m.pl.) cattle Bovins (French m.pl.) cattle Bow arco (Italian, Spanish, Portuguese), archetto (Italian), Bogen (German), archet (French) a device used on certain stringed instruments, a stick, usually made of wood, and hair, usually taken from the tail of a horse, which is used to impart energy to the strings, so that they vibrate, which vibrations act on the resonator box over which the tensioned strings are stretched, thus producing the audible sound characteristic to the instrument. The modern violin bow is usually between 27 and 30 inches in length although historically it was somewhat shorter the Chinese yazheng and yaqin, and Korean ajaeng zithers are generally played by "bowing" with a rosined stick, which rubs against the strings without any horsehair. The hurdy-gurdy, an instrument known in medieval Europe, has strings which are bowed by a "rosin wheel," which is turned by a handle instruction on how to use a bow when playing such an instrument, through a series of special signs printed in or added later to the score to incline the head or body in greeting or acknowledgement, for example as part of an early dance Bow-arm or 'bow-hand', most commonly the right arm or hand, in which the bow of a stringed instrument is held Bow change Bogenwechsel (German), the change of direction when moving from up-stroke to down-stroke, or visa versa Bowdlerization a later editor's censorship of sexuality, profanity, and political sentiment of an earlier author's text. Editors and scholars usually use this term in a derogatory way to denote an inferior or incomplete text. A text censored in this way is said to be bowdlerized. The term comes from the name of Reverend Thomas Bowdler (1754-1825) who produced The Family Shakespeare (1815-18). He removed whatever he considered "unfit to be read by a gentleman in the company of ladies" Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken Bowdlerize to censor or alter an earlier writer's work Bow, early early violin and cello bows and bows for the viol are all outcurved, unlike the modern violin bow shown above. In the case of the viol bow, this shape makes it possible to hold it 'underarm' in the palm of the hand with one or two fingers on the bow hair to adjust the tension during the stroke Viola da gamba bow, Germany Bowed guitar see arpeggione Bowed psaltery literally a psaltery that is played with a bow Bowed psaltery Bowed vihuela see vihuela d'arco Bowed zither the bowed zither may seem strange, but is exactly what it appears to be - a violin for zitherists. Resting on a table, the left hand frets the fingerboard (tuned backwards from a violin) exactly like a zither, while the right hand bows the strings Zithers by Gregg Miner from which this extract has been taken Bowed Zither, Nuremberg, Germany, 1879 Bow hair crini dell'arco (Italian m. pl.), Bogenhaare (n. pl.), crins de l'archet (French m. pl.) From Horse To Bow Bowhammer Michael Masley's invention is a system of eight "bowhammers" and thumbpicks, allowing him to pluck, bow, or strike the strings in any combination on a range of string instruments Cymbalom played with bowhammers Bow-hand see 'bow arm' Bowie knife a stout hunting knife with a single edge Bowiemesser (German n.) bowie knife Bowing marking explanation arco bowing as opposed to pizzicato down-bow where the bow moves from the frog to the point up-bow where the bow moves from the point to the frog middle-bow where most of string instrument playing takes place legato a group of notes played smoothly in one bow tenuto alternate bows, full length portato played with a single bow but with a slight break between the notes staccato short up and down bows (notes are half length) - indicated by dots placed over/under the note. There are two types: a. separate bow - notes are played separated and with separate bows for each note b. slurred - consecutive notes are played separated, but with one bow direction spiccato, saltando staccato with a bounced bow, that is usually used for faster passages. There are a number of different types: a. deliberate - usually in slow passages, player bounces the bow in a deliberate manner to give an interesting effect b. spontaneous - (sautillé) where the speed of the passage causes the player to instinctively create a bouncing motion with the bow. Sometimes described as "an uncontrolled spiccato" c. slurred spiccato (staccato volante, flying staccato) - similar to slurred staccato except that the bow bounces on the string to create the separation of the pitches. Instead of reversing direction for each note as in ordinary spiccato, the bow picks up a series of short notes, usually on an up-bow détaché a single bow stroke per note, with successive notes played as seamlessly as possible, more legato than staccato (although some writers do use the term, when refering to non-stringed instruments, to mean separated or detached) au talon bowing at the frog, for a loud effect punta d'arco  bowing at the point, for a delicate effect louré, piqué a succession of notes slightly separated played on the same bow, that is, it is performed with several notes in one bow direction, each note receiving a gentle "push" to separate it - indicated in the same way as détaché but with a slur marcato heavy, separate stroke with a pressed accent played near the heel martelé or martellato hammered notes, a strong staccato jeté, ricochet bouncing the top of the bow to create repeated notes in one bow - indicated by slurred staccato. The bouncing motion of the bow creates 2 to 6 or even more rapid notes. This is usually with a downward bow motion, but up-bows are occasionally used as well. The cello and double bass can only execute about 3 consecutive notes, maybe 4, because of the shorter bow that is used. volante bouncing on the string, similar to ricochet tremolo small but very rapid up and down bows - can sound dramatic, ethereal, or clichéed if overdone - measured (e.g. semiquavers or sixteenth notes) written with two slashes, unmeasured with three. A fingered tremolo is similar to a trill but with an interval larger than a whole tone col legno using the bow upside down ecrasé scratchy noise achieved on bowed string instruments by the use of excess bow pressure (also called a 'scratch tone' or 'scratch note') sul ponticello bowing close to the bridge - a thin sound sul tasto bowing over the fingerboard - sounds hazy flautando bowing close to the fingerboard - sounds flutelike glissando or portamento, sliding from one note to another, indicated by a line between the notes portamento or glissando, sliding from one note to another, indicated by a line between the notes sul G, etc. this means all notes played on the G string, can apply to any other string as requested e.g. sul A String Pedagogy Notebook - QuickTime Movies Bowle (German f.) (cold) punch (drink), punchbowl Bowlen (s./pl.) (German n.) bowls (game), bowling bowlen (German) to play bowls (game), to bowl bowlen gehen (German) to go to play bowls, to go (tenpin) bowling Bowler (German m.) bowler (cricket), bowler (hat) Bowlerhut (German m.) bowler hat Bowling (German n.) bowls, (tenpin) bowling Bowling spielen (German) to bowl Bowlingbahn (German f.) bowling alley Bowlingkugel (German f.) bowling ball Bowlingspieler (German m.) bowler (at bowling, in a bowling alley) Bowlsspiel (German n.) bowls Bowlsspieler (German m.) bowler (at bowls, on a bowling green), bowls player Bow mites anthrenus museorum is a common destroyer of hair and anything else made of protein, such as old-fashioned woollen felt case linings, gut strings, leather, hair, parchment, etc. Mites usually only live where it is closed and dark, such as in a violin case that is not often used. Keep the case off the floor, especially away from carpets. The worst possible place to store a violin is under a bed or in a closet. Once mites infest a case, they can be difficult to get rid of. You should vacuum and air out the case thoroughly, and if possible expose it to sunlight for a few days. There are a number of suggested treatments that are not to be recommended, such as spraying the case with an insecticide or using camphor moth balls. Such products are highly aromatic and can possibly damage the varnish on your violin and bow. Never store a violin with mothballs in the case with it. Old cases with wool felt, natural silk or silk velvet linings are notorious for attracting mites. Modern cases with synthetic linings and good weather seals are less prone to infestation. If you are using the older type of case you should get rid of it immediately. Even decorative antique cases are not usually very valuable because they provide so little protection to their contents in fact 'bow mites' aren't really mites, they are the larvae of a species of carpet beetle. The entomologist in the museum where I work has given a couple of brown bag lectures on pest that bother museum collections, and this group of beetles are among the worst. They are small (under a 1/4 inch) and it is the larvae that do the eating. The larvae do not look like beetles, more like very small elongated sow bugs (or pill bugs) and are often a bit hairy. There are different species, and the species differ in what they prefer to eat but there could be several types that would be willing to eat horsehair [comment provided by Michael Zapf] Questions and Answers (Violin) from which this advice has been taken Bow, modern an incurved stick with horsehair stretched across it, used today to play stringed instruments such as the violin, cello, etc. Bow saw a saw with a slender blade connected at each end to a narrow handle that curves outward like an archer's bow Box (s.), Boxen (German pl.) (French m.) lock-up garage, cubicle (Italian m.) loose box (horse), play-pen (baby) (German f.) loudspeaker, pit (motor racing), stall, (loud) speaker (hi-fi system), box (step), loose box (horse) Boxball (German m.) punchingball, punching-ball Boxclub (German m.) boxing club Boxen (German n.) boxing, pugilism boxen (German) to scuff, to punch, to box boxend (German) fighting Boxenstopp (German m.) pit stop Boxeraufstand (German m.) Boxer Rebellion Boxershorts (German pl.) boxer shorts, boxers Boxgymnastik (German f.) boxercise (fitness class) Boxhandschuh (s.), Boxhandschuhe (pl.) (German m.) boxing glove Boxing a substyle of 'tutting', which consists of creating and manipulating box-like or rectangular shapes predominately with ones arms Boxkamera (German f.) box camera Boxkampf (German m.) boxing match Box office the place from which theatre, concert, etc. tickets are purchased in the eighteenth century, only boxes could be reserved and paid for in advanced. All other seating was sold on a first-come first-served basis. The boxes were sold from an office near the stage door, hence the term 'box office' Box pleat pleat made of two flat folds turned inwards towards each other, creating a box like shape on the front of the garment Boxring (German m.) boxing ring Boxsack (German m.) punchbag (gym equipment) Box set a theatrical structure common to modern drama in which the stage consists of a single room setting in which the "fourth wall" is missing so the audience can view the events within the room. Contrast with the 'theatre in the round' and 'apron stage' Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken Boxsport (German m.) boxing Box step Box step Box The Gnat one of the figures unique to, or traditionally associated with, square dancing Four-couple figures Boxweltmeister (German m.) boxing world champion Boxwettkampf (German m.) boxing bout, boxing match, boxing-match Boxwood (German Buchsbaum, French Buis, Dutch Gewone palm, European Species: Buxus sempervivens: Average Weight: from 53 to 70 pounds per cubic foot) Boxwood is very hard and almost without grain. It is only available in small pieces and is used for carving and small items such as combs. Boxwood was used for inlays from at least the sixteenth century Woods in Use in the Middle Ages & Renaissance from which this information has been taken Boya (Spanish f.) buoy, float Boy actor or boy player, a common term for the adolescent males employed by Medieval and English Renaissance playing companies. Some boy players worked for the mainstream companies and performed the female roles, as women did not perform on the English stage in this period. Others worked for "children's companies," in which all roles, not just the female ones, were played by boys Boy player from which this information has been taken boyante (Spanish) buoyant Boyar (Russian) or bojar, a member of the highest rank of the feudal Bulgarian, Romanian, and Russian aristocracy, second only to the ruling princes, from the 10th through the seventeenth century Boyar from which this extract has been taken Boyau (French m.) catgut, actually made from the intestines of sheep, lambs or goat (French m.) gut, gallery, (bicycle) tyre Boyaudier (French m.) maker of strings for violins, etc. Boyband or, in the US, boy band, a style of pop group featuring between three and six young male singers who are usually also dancers Boy band from which this extract has been taken Boycott social, economic, or political noncooperation Boyfriend (English, German m.) a favoured male companion, sweetheart or friend Boygroup (English, German f.) boy band (male singers) Boykott (German m.) boycott boykottieren (German) to boycott boykottierend (German) boycotting Boykottierender (m.), Boykottierende (f.), Boykottierende (pl.) (German) boycotter boykottiert (German) boycotted Boykottierung (German f.) blacking (of goods), boycott action, boycotting Boy player see 'boy actor' Boyscout (German m.) boy scout Boyscout aged between 11 and 18, a member of a worldwide organization of young men and boys, founded in England in 1908, for character development and citizenship Boysenbeere (German f.) boysenberry Boysenberry a berry created by horticulturist Rudolph Boysen in 1923 by crossing a raspberry, blackberry, and a loganberry Boy soprano a male singer whose voices has not yet changed, one who, in the Anglican and Roman Catholic traditions, is called a treble Bozal (Spanish m.) muzzle (dog, etc.), halter (horse) Bolzano (Bozen (German n.), Botzen (archaic), Bulsan (Ladin), Bauzanum (Latin)) a city in the Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol region of Italy, the capital of the province of Bolzano-Bozen Bozen (German n.) Bolzano Bozuka see buzuq Bozukë see buzuq Bozza (Italian f.) draft, proof (typesetting), bump Bozza in colonna (Italian f.) galley proof Bozzetto (s.), Bozzetti (pl.) (Italian m.) a sculptural sketch, a small scale model for a large piece of statuary Bozzolo (Italian m.) cocoon BP abbreviation of 'British Patent', 'blood pressure', 'before present' (following a number of years), 'British Pharmacopoeia', boîte postale (French: PO Box, post office box) Bp abbreviation of 'bishop' bp. abbreviation of 'baptized', 'birthplace' b/p abbreviation of 'blueprint' BPA abbreviation of Bahnpostamt (German: railway post office) bpl. abbreviation of 'birthplace' Bpm abbreviation of 'beats per minute', the usual measurement of tempo bpm abbreviation of 'bits per minute', a measure of the speed at which data is sent over transmission lines BPos abbreviation of Bass-Posaune (German: bass trombone - trombone basse (French)) B-Probe (German f.) B sample (doping) Bps abbreviation of 'bytes per second', a measure of the rate of data transfer bps abbreviation of 'bits per second', a measure of the rate of data transfer Bp Suff. abbreviation of 'Bishop Suffragan' b.pt. abbreviation of 'boiling point' BQ abbreviation of bene quiescat (Latin: may he, or she, rest well) bq. abbreviation of 'barque' B quadratum (Latin) the note B natural (Latin) the natural sign B quadro (Italian) the natural sign B quadrum (Latin) the note B natural (Latin) the natural sign B-quarre (French) béquarre bque. abbreviation of 'barque'