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s.u. (German) siehe unten, see below su, sull', sulla, sui, sugli, sulle (Italian) by, on, near, up, above, upon Suabe-flute a sweet liquid-toned organ stop Su Alteza Real (Spanish) His Royal Higness, Her Royal Highness Su Alteza Real Doña Cristina asistió al concierto inaugural (Spanish: Her Royal Highness the Princess Cristina attended the opening concert) su ámbito de poder es reducido (Spanish) he has a limited field of influence Suantrai see sean nos suave (French, Italian) sweet, mild, agreeable, pleasant, urbane, soothing in manner (Spanish) smooth, p, piano suavemente (Italian) sweetly, pleasantly, gently suavísimo (Spanish) pp, pianissimo, very soft suavísimo suave (Spanish) ppp, pianississimo, very soft Suavità (Italian f.) suavity, sweetness, delicacy sub (Latin) under, below, beneath sub. abbreviation of subito Subahdar (Hindi, from Arabic) the governor of an Indian province, the native warrent-officer of a company of sepoys sub anno (Latin) under the year ... (always followed by a date, with reference to an entry in a chronicle or a series of annals) Subbass a pedal stop in the organ of 16ft. or 32ft. double-stopped pipes, or sometimes of open wood pipes of 16 ft. Subbass clef or contrabass clef, chiave di basso profondo (Italian f.), Subbassschlüssel (German m.), clé de fa 5e, (French f.), clef de fa 5e, (French f.), clave de fa en quinta (Spanish f.) a 'so-called' F clef, also known as the contrabass clef Subbass Clef Subbotnik (Russian) an organized project of voluntary public service Subbourdon a pedal stop in the organ of 16ft. or 32ft. stopped pipes Sub-chanter a precentor's deputy, in a cathedral choir sub conditione (Latin) conditionally Sub-contra bass see 'bass guitar' Sub-contra octave see 'octave' Sub-deacon a member of the order of the ministry below that of deacon; considered to be the lowest of the major orders Subdiapente (Latin, from the Greek, literally, 'under fifth') the fourth note of any scale or key, the sub-dominant Subdivision breaking up a larger metrical pattern into smaller parts, the easier to understand it Subdominant (English, Swedish, Danish, Dutch) sottodominante (Italian), Subdominante (German), Unterdominante (German), sous-dominante (French), the fourth degree of the major or minor scale, so-named because it is a fifth below the tonic, while the dominant is the fifth above the tonic [corrected by Sze-Howe Koh] Sub-dominant Subdominant chord the chord which uses as its root the subdominant note of a key, that is, the IV chord Subdominante (German f., Spanish m.) the fourth degree of the scale, sous-dominante (French) Subdominant seventh chord a seventh chord built on the fourth degree of the scale, IV Subdominantti (Finnish) the fourth degree of the scale Subdominant triad triad built on the fourth degree of the scale Sub-five chords or sub-V chords, an alternative name for tritone substitutions Subharmonic series a series of pitches of which a note might itself be a harmonic, even if they are not present in the note, The series is generated by dividing the frequency F of a note by the integers, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, etc. Thus the subharmonics series begins: F, F/2, F/3, F/4, F/5, F/6, and so on Subing a bamboo Jew's harp of the Cuyinin People of the Palawan Island in western Philippines Subing subit (m.), subite (f.) (French) sudden subitamente (Italian) suddenly, immediately, without pause, at once subitement (French) suddenly subito (Italian) quick, sudden, immediately, suddenly, without pause, at once Subito le double plus lent (although Subito deux fois plus lent would be more correct French) suddenly half the speed Subject sujet (French), soggetto (Italian), Thema (German), Motiv (German), Satz (German), sujeto (Spanish) (English) the principal theme, an important thematic element in 'formal' music, for example, in fugal form, sonata form, variation form, and so on Subjective fundamental also known as 'missing fundamental', 'suppressed fundamental' or 'phantom fundamental', an effect produced by the beating of the various harmonics of the sound of a musical instrument that help to reinforce the pitch of the fundamental frequency. Most musical instruments produce a fundamental frequency plus several higher notes (tones) which are whole-number multiples of the fundamental. The beat frequencies between the successive harmonics constitute subjective notes (tones) which are at the same frequency as the fundamental and therefore reinforce the sense of pitch of the fundamental note being played, even if, for reasons of poor fidelity or filtering of the sound reproduction equipment, the fundamental itself is either missing or very weak Subjective genitive a genitive case common in Greek grammar in which the genitive functions as the origin or source (or subject) of the entire grammatical construction Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken Subjekt (German n.) the principal theme subjir el diapasón (Spanish) to raise the tone of one's voice sub judice (Latin) before a court of law, not yet decided, unsettled Subjunctive mood in grammar, the subjunctive mood is a verb mood typically used in dependent clauses to express wishes, commands, emotion, possibility, judgment, opinion, necessity, or statements that are contrary to fact at present. It is sometimes referred to as the conjunctive mood, as it often follows a conjunction. The details of subjunctive use vary from language to language Subjunctive mood from which this extract has been taken Subkontra-Oktave (German f.) see 'octave' Sublime, The term that came into general use in the 18th-century to denote a new aesthetic concept that was held to be distinct from the beautiful and the 'Picturesque' and was associated with ideas of awe and vastness. The outstanding work on the concept of the 'Sublime' in English was Edmund Burke's A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful (1757). This book was one of the first to realize (in contrast with the emphasis on clarity and precision during the Age of Enlightenment) the power of suggestiveness to stimulate imagination. The cult of the 'Sublime' had varied expressions in the visual arts, notably the taste for the 'savage' landscapes of Salvator Rosa and the popularity among painters of subjects from Homer, John Milton, and Ossian (the legendary Gaelic warrior and bard, whose verses - actually fabrications - were published in the 1760s to great acclaim). The vogue for the 'Sublime', with that for the 'Picturesque', helped shape the attitudes that led to 'Romanticism' Glossary of Art Terms from which this extract has been taken Literary Terms and Definitions Edmund Burke on the Sublime Sub lite (Latin) in dispute Sublunary the area of the cosmos inside the orbit of the moon, including the earth. In medieval and Renaissance theology, this area was thought to be imperfect and subject to decay, death and mutability, while the stars, planets, heavenly bodies, and celestial realms were "fixed," i.e., perfect, unchanging, and immune to death and decay. In early Christian cosmology, it was believed that the earth was similarly perfect and unchanging until Adam's fall from grace, after which old age, erosion, unstable weather, decay, and mutability appeared in the sublunary realm Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken Submediant (English, Dutch, Danish, Swedish) or superdominant (English), sopradominante (Italian), Submediante (German), Untermediante (German), sus-dominante (French), submediante (Spanish), superdominante (Spanish), the sixth degree of the scale, named submediant because it is a third below the tonic (as opposed to the mediant which is a third above the tonic) or named superdominant because it is one degree above the dominant Submediant Submediant chord the chord which uses as its root the submediant note of a key, that is, the VI chord Submediante (German f.) submediant, the sixth degree of the scale, also called superdominante Submediant seventh chord with raised root and third a diminished seventh chord built on the raised sixth scale degree of a major scale. The chord usually resolves to the dominant triad or seventh chord in first inversion Submediant triad triad built on the sixth degree of the scale Subnotatio (Latin) subscription Suboctave the octave below a given note a coupler in an organ that produces notes one octave lower either on the same manual or on a different one Subois subois is a play on the word hautbois (oboe) which literally means 'high wood'. Subois means 'under wood'. It is a hybrid of the bombarde and a rustic oboe and is made exclusively by Hervieux & Glet. It is basically a rustic oboe body altered enough to be in tune when played with a tenor bombarde reed. The sound is indeed somewhere between a bombarde and an oboe, but leaning more toward the oboe Subordinate chords triads built on the second, third, sixth and seventh degrees of the scale, as well as all seventh chords except the dominant seventh see 'secondary chords' Subordinate theme in rondo-form, the section that lies between the repeated performances of the principal theme or refrain Subovate nearly in the form of an egg, or of the section of an egg sub. p. abbreviation of subito piano, 'suddenly quiet' Subplot a minor or subordinate secondary plot, often involving a deuteragonist's struggles, which takes place simultaneously with a larger plot, usually involving the protagonist. The subplot often echoes or comments upon the direct plot either directly or obliquely. Sometimes two opening subplots merge into a single storyline later in a play or narrative Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken Subpoena (Latin) under the penalty of law subpoena ad testificum (Latin) a writ directed to a person commanding him or her, under a penalty, to appear before a Court and give evidence sub prelo (Latin) in the press Subprincipal a subbass organ pedal organ stop of 32ft. pitch or of 16 ft. pitch on the manuals sub rosa (Latin, 'under the rose') privately, secretly, in strict confidence Subscript a small letter, number or symbol placed below a standard sized letter of number (for example, S2, where 2 is the subscript) Subsemifusa (Latin) a demisemiquaver Subsemitone the leading note, a semitone below the key note Subsemitonium modi (Latin) the leading note Subside become tranquil, abate (excitement subsided), (of water etc.) sink, (of the ground) cave in, sink sub siglio (Latin) under the seal (of confession), in inviolable confidence sub silentio (Latin) in silence, without making any remark, without paying any attention Substantive a substantive word or phrase is one that can functoin as a noun within a sentence or clause Substantive adjective an adjective that stands by itself in the place of an implied noun, a type of rhetorical ellipsis Substantive text a text based upon access to an original manuscript as opposed to a text derived only from an earlier edition Substratum (s.), Substrata (pl.) (Latin) a layer of one substance beneath another, a basis, a foundation Substitute chord see 'substitution' Substitute clausula one passage (or several) composed as a replacement for a segment of Notre Dame organum, in which the tenor uses a short excerpt of plainchant, possibly melismatic, with newly composed organal voice(s) the clausula was the forerunner of the early motet Substitute dominants an alternative name for tritone subtitutions Substitute fingering see 'alternative fingering' Substitution a chord (called a substitute chord) put in the place of a different chord often changing the chord root while retaining all the other voices, for example bII 7 for V7, and iii for I in contrapuntal progression, the resolution or preparation of a dissonance by substituting, for the regular note of resolution or preparation, its higher or lower octave in some other part the operation of musica ficta entails the taking of conjuncta, i.e. substitution at certain points and for contrapuntal reasons, of a tone for a semitone (or vice versa) in piano studies and exercises, substituting different fingerings for those recommended in the score Substitutions Substitution des doigts (French f.) change of finger Substitution, metrical see 'metrical substition' Substitution, rhetorical the manipulation of the caesura to create the effect of a series of different feet in a line of poetry Substratum theory the idea that an original language in a region alters or affects later languages introduced there Subtone an effect on certain wind instruments that produces a very quiet sound. It is marked as 'echo tone', 'subtone', mezzo voce or sotto voce. To mark the end of a 'subtone' passage, 'normal' is written above the music Subtonic the seventh degree of the natural minor scale, the flattened seventh of a major scale, sottotonica (Italian f.), sous-tonique (French f.), Subtonika (German f.), subtónica (Spanish f.) many theorists reserve the term 'subtonic' for the flattened or lowered seventh degree, i.e. a semitone (half-step) lower than the leading note or leading tone Subtonic Subtonica (Dutch) subtonic, sottotonica (Italian f.), sous-tonique (French f.), Subtonika (German f.), subtónica (Spanish f.) Subtonika (German f., Danish, Swedish) subtonic, sottotonica (Italian f.), sous-tonique (French f.), subtónica (Spanish f.) Subtoonika (Finnish) subtonic, sottotonica (Italian f.), sous-tonique (French f.), Subtonika (German f.), subtónica (Spanish f.) Subtractive colour the theory by which the creation of any colour can be made by subtracting varying proportions of one or more of the primary subtractive colours, cyan, magenta, or yellow, (CMY) from white light. It is the principle that governs the mixing of all colourants and is used in offset printing. We see colour because different objects absorb and reflect the visual spectrum differently. The primary subtractive colours act like filters that absorb their complementary colours of red, green, and blue which compose white light. An object that absorbs (subtracts) one complementary colour reflects the combination of the other two back. The amount of cyan used in printing will proportionally determine the amount of red seen for if all red light is subtracted from white light the remaining green and blue light reflected back to the eye will combine to form cyan. In other words an ink that subtracts red will appear as cyan. Likewise magenta absorbs green, reflecting blue and red, which combine to form magenta. Yellow absorbs blue, reflecting green and red, which combines to form yellow. An object that absorbs two complementary colours will reflect back unchanged the single remaining complementary, red or green or blue. When all three complementary colours are combined all primaries are absorbed resulting in black. And if no colours were absorbed they would reflect back as white light Substrate the base material onto which an image will be printed. It can consist of wood, metal, rubber, or stone, depending on the technique employed. Substrate can sometimes be used synonymously with the term plate sub voce (Latin, literally 'under the word') used to indicate the head-word in a dictionary, etc. under which information may be found Subwoofer a large, often floor-standing speaker dedicated to reproducing very low frequencies Succedaneum (s.), Succedanae (pl.) (Latin) a makeshift, an often inferior substitute Succentor (Latin) the sub-chanter, a deputy of the precentor (Latin) a bass singer Succès (French m.) success Succès de ridicule (French m.) the success (of a work of art) that results from it having been assumed to be a joke Succès de scandale (French m.) the success (of a work of art) due wholly to the scandal it has created Succès de snobisme (French m.) the success (of a work of art) due to its appeal to intellectual snobbery Succès d'estime (French m.) the success (of a work of art) which elicits the approval of discerning critics but gathers neither wdie popularity nor financial reward for its creator (the English phrase 'gained critical acclaim' is used often in such a case, for it is to be assumed that the work in question has been a commercial failure) Succès fou (French m.) a success (of a work of art) that is marked by scenes of wild enthusiasm Successeur (French m.) successor successif (m.), successive (f.) (French) successive Successive composition a compositional technique in which the voices were written in an order with each new voice fitting into the whole so far constructed, a feature of the earliest forms of polyphony successivement (French) successively Successo (Italian m.) success succinct (m.), succincte (f.) (French) brief, concise succomber (French) to die succomber à (French) to succumb to Succotash an American dish made from green corn and lima beans Succubus (s.), Succubi (pl.) see incubus Succulent a plant whose leaves or stems are thick and fleshy succulent (m.), succulente (f.) (French) juicy, palatable, fleshy (of a plant) Succumb to surrender, to die, to die from Succursale (French f.) a branch (of a business) sucedió tres años atrás (Spanish) it happened three years ago sucer (French) to suck Sucesión (Spanish f.) succession Suceso (Spanish m.) event, happening Sucesos (Spanish m.pl.) accident and crime reports Sucesos de acualidad (Spanish m.pl.) current affairs Suceso sin importancia (Spanish m.) unimportant incident Sucette (French f.) a lollipop, a dummy (for a baby) Sucre (French m.) sugar sucré (French) sweet, sweetened Sucre d'orge (French m.) barley sugar Sucre en poudre (French m.) caster sugar Sucre glace (French m.) icing sugar sucrer (French) to sugar, to sweeten Sucreries (French f. pl.) sweets Sucre roux (French m.) brown sugar Sucrier (French m.) a sugar-bowl sucrier (m.), sucrière (f.) (French) to sugar Sud (French m.) south sud (French) south, southern, southerly Sud-africain (m.), Sub-africaine (f.) (French) a South-African sud-africain (m.), sub-africaine (f.) (French) South-African Sudama the indigent boyhood friend and associate of Sri Krishna, whom the latter honours, in the Bhagavata Sudarium (Latin) a face-cloth Sudden done or occuring abruptly or unexpectedly, improvviso (Italian), soudain (French), plötzlich (German), subit (French), repentino (Spanish) Suddenly unexpectedly, abruptly, subito (Italian), improvvisamente (Italian), plötzlich (German), jäh (German - abrupt), subitement (French), brusquement (French), de repente (Spanish) Sudden modulation modulation to a distant key, with no preparatory or intermediate chord Suddenness subitaneltà (Italian), soudaineté (French), lo repentino (Spanish) Sud-est (French m.) south-east su devoción me resulta completamente ajena (Spanish) her sense of devotion is just beyond belief Sud-ouest (French m.) south-west Sudser soap opera (colloquial) Suède (French f.) Sweden (French, literally 'Sweden') undressed kid-skin (originally a reference to gants de Suède, gloves from Sweden, which became associated with the material from which they were commonly made) Suedette a fabric, made from cotton or rayon, that has the texture of suede Suèdine (French f.) suedette Suédois (French m.) the Swedish language Suédois (m.), Suédoise (f.) (French) a Swede suédois (m.), suédoise (f.) (French) Swedish Suegra (Spanish f.) mother-in-law Suegro (Spanish m.) father-in-law Sueldo (Spanish m.) salary Sueé (French f.) sweat suer (French) to sweat, to ooze (walls) suer à grosse gouttes (French) to sweat profusely suer de peur (French) to sweat with fear, to be in a cold sweat suer sur une dissertation (French) to sweat over an essay Sueur (French f.) sweat Sueur de son front (French f.) sweat of one's brow Sueurs froides (French f.) cold sweat suffire (French) to be enough suffire à (French) to satisfy suffisamment (French) sufficiently suffisamment de (French) sufficient Suffisance (French f.) conceit (vanity) suffisant (m.), suffisante (f.) (French) sufficient, conceited (vain) Suffix in linguistics, an affix that comes after the base of a word Suffixe (French m.) suffix Sufflöte (German f.) synonymous with sifflöte suffocato (Italian) soffocato Suffoquer (French) to choke, to suffocate Suffrage (French m.) a vote, the right to vote Sufi devotional Muslim music. Sufi brotherhoods (tarikas) are common in Morocco, and music is an integral part of their spiritual tradition, in contrast to most other forms of Islam, which do not use music. This music is an attempt at reaching a trance state which inspires mystical ecstasy. The brothers hold hands in a circle and chant or dance. Sufi music is usually without rhythm sufrir un accidente (Spanish) to have an accident Sugar paper see 'construction paper' suggérer (French) to suggest Suggeritore (Italian m.) a prompter suggeritore (Italian) see rammentatore Suggeritrice (Italian f.) a prompter Suggestion (English, French f.) the proposal of a theory, a plan, etc., to give a hint, to insinuate a belief, etc. into the mind suggestif (m.), suggestive (f.) (French) suggestive, hinting at Suggestivfrage (German f.) leading question sugli, sui (pl.) see su Sugonghu a Korean harp Sugonghu Sugudu Chinese plucked lute su habitación es muy alegre (Spanish) her room is nice and bright suhteelliset laulunimet (Finnish) solmization Sui (Chinese) xun in the Guangdong dialect (Italian) see su suicidaire (French) suicidal Suicidé (m.), Suicidée (f.) (French) a suicide Suie (French) soot Sui generis (Latin, literally 'of his/her/its own kind') unique sui juris (Latin) in law, at an age when one can is able to manage one's own affairs Suintement (French m.) oozing suinter (French) to ooze Suisse (French f.) Switzerland Suisse (m.), Suissesse (f.) (French) a Swiss man or woman Suitcase aria although aria borrowing was commonplace in opera history, the distinctive feature of the "suitcase aria" was that it was re-used by the same performer. An investigation of opera performances in late 17th-century Italy shows that borrowed arias were not transmitted by individual singers but were exchanged between singers. Certain other singers and impresarios maintained an aria repertory and served as brokers for other cast members Suite (French f.) continuation, rest, sequel, series, suite (of rooms), consequence, order, a succession a retinue, a train of followers a set of furniture, etc. made to a common pattern (English, German f.) in music, a set of related or unrelated instrumental pieces, movements or sections, usually short, played as a group, and usually in a specific order. In the 18th-century suites were also known as overtures or, in France, ouvertures see 'baroque suite', 'form' Suite Suite Suite à votre lettre du (French) further to your letter of the Suite de dances (French f.) a set of dances, that originated in the early part of the 17th-century, and was firmly established by the Baroque era, when the 'suite' contained an optional prelude, followed by a selection of dances including allemande, courante, sarabande, intermezzi (consisting of two to four dances, containing a minuet, a gavotte, or other styles of dances) and a gigue Suite de pièces (French f.) a series of lessons or pieces Suites (French f.) the after-effects suivant (French) according to Suivant (m.), Suivante (f.) (French) used after ou, to mean 'the next person' suivant (m.), suivante (f.) (French) following, next suivez (French) continue, go on, attacca (French) follow, colla parte, colla voce suivi (French) steady, sustained, consistent peu suivi (French: poorly-attended) très suivi (French: well-attended) suivre (French) to follow, to keep up, to keep up with Sujet (French m.) subject, cause, subject (in grammar) (French m.) in music, subject, melody, theme, phrase sujet à, sujete à (French) liable to, subject to Sujeto (Spanish m.) subject, melody, theme, phrase Suku small West African fiddle Sukuti Bantu-style drums played by the Luhya in Kenya Sul Korean twenty-five string zither used in court music Sul sul see su sul bordo (Italian) at the edge, on the rim sul bordo della calaida (Italian) on the rim of the kettle sul bordo della cassa (Italian) on the rim of the shell of the drum sul cerchio (Italian) at the edge, on the rim Sulcus (s.), Sulci (pl.) (anatomy) any of the narrow grooves in an organ or tissue especially those that mark the convolutions on the surface of the brain sul fazzoletto (Italian) on the handkerchief sulfurique (French) sulphuric (for example, sulphuric acid) sul G (Italian) on the G string sul ginocchio (Italian) on the knee Sulibao (Philippines) a drum in which a drumhead is stretched over one side of a hollowed out drum shell. The head is tied to the body using a piece of rattan and is tightened. The player holds the instrument at an angle to the body Sulibao from which this information has been taken Sulim (Indonesia) flute from Sumatra Suling (Javanese) hollow reed flute used in gamelan orchestras, each tuning, slendro and pelog, requiring its own suling Suling Suling Suling Suling in the Dayton C Miller Collection Suling degung (Indonesia) a suling used in the Sundanese small ensemble style gamelan degung Suling degung from which this extract has been taken Suling tembang (Indonesia) a suling used in tembang, small ensembles that accompany primarily vocal music Suling tembang from which this extract has been taken sull' see su sulla see su sulla caldaia (Italian) on the kettle [corrected by Mike Morrison] sulla cassa (Italian) on the shell (of the drum) [corrected by Mike Morrison] sulla corda La (Italian) on the A string sulla scena (Italian) on stage sulla pella (Italian) on the (drum)head sulla superfice del tamburello (Italian) on the flat of the tambourine sulla tastiera (Italian) upon the keys (Italian) or sul tasto, in string playing, bow near or above the fingerboard producing a colourless tone, flautando (Italian), nahe am Griffbrett (German), sur la touche (French) sulle see su sul legno (Italian) on wood sull'orlo (Italian) at the edge, on the rim (of a drum) sull'orlo della pella (Italian) on the rim of the (drum)head sull'orlo del timpano (Italian) near the rim of a kettle-drum sull'orlo vicino cerchio (Italian) near the edge, near the rim (of a drum) sullo sfondo (Italian) in the background sul naturale (Italian) normal bowing on a string instrument sul più bello (Italian) at the crucial point sul pont. abbreviated form of sul ponticello sul ponticello (Italian) bow on or close to the bridge (which increases the high harmonics and produces a brittle tone), am Steg (German), près du chevalet (French) sul primo abbordo (Italian) or di primo abbordo (Italian), at first, first of all, to begin with Sultan a Moslem sovereign Sultana a Moslem ruler's wife, mother, concubine or daughter Sultana a cither- or zither-viol, the 18th-century double-strung bowed guitar Cither viol (sultana), Dublin, Ireland, 1794 Sultanate the reign of a Moslem ruler, the country or region so ruled sul tardi (Italian) late in the day sul tasto (Italian) or sulla tastiera, bow near or above the fingerboard producing a colourless tone, flautando (Italian), nahe am Griffbrett (German), sur la touche (French) Sultry hot and close (of weather), passionate or sensual (of a person) sum. abbreviation of 'summer' Sumac (French, from Arabic) or sumach, a shrub with reddish conical fruits used as a spice, the dried and ground leaves of this plant used in tanning and dyeing su madre le dio ánimos (Spanish) his mother encouraged him Sumarian music The Shoyen Collection - Sumarian Music sumerische Musik (German f.) Sumerian music, music of the Sumerians Summa (Latin, 'highest' or 'all') a treatise, essay, or book that attempts to deal comprehensively with its topic, especially one that is meant to be the "final word" on a subject Summa cum laude (Latin) with highest honour, with distinction Summarise to make a summary of Summation see 'summational note', 'summational tone' Summational note or 'summation tone' or 'summation note', a resultant tone whose frequency is equal to the sum of the frequencies of the two generating tones Summational tone synonymous with 'summational note' Summationston (German m.) summational note, summational tone summen (German) to hum summend (German) humming Summer stock theatre a theatre that generally produces plays only in the summertime. The name combines the seasonal aspect with a tradition of putting on the same shows each year and reusing "stock" scenery and costumes. Some smaller theatres still continue this tradition, and a few summer stock theatres have become highly regarded theatre festivals. Equity status and pay for actors in these theatres varies greatly, sometimes resulting in sub-minimum wage pay for acting "interns." Often viewed as a starting point for professional actors, stock casts are typically young; just out of high school or still in college Summer stock theatre from which this information has been taken Summoner medieval law courts were divided into civil courts that tried public offenses and ecclesiastical courts that tried offenses against the church. Summoners were minor church officials whose duties included summoning offenders to appear before the church and receive sentence. By the fourteenth century, the job became synonymous with extortion and corruption because many summoners would take bribes from the individuals summoned to court Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken Summum (French m.) height Summum bonum (Latin) the supreme Good Sumpoton see sompoton sumptibus (Latin) at the expense Sumptuary laws laws that regulate the sort of clothing an individual may wear Sunaglieri (Corsica) mule bells Sunburst pleats fine knife pleats that burst out from the waistband of a skirt, similar to that of a sun ray Sund (German m.) a sound Sunday composers a term applied to African composers, who drawing on the strong local Christian hymn traditions, write new versions particularly for church and school choirs. Some have combined European and African elements while others have drawn from popular music traditions such as highlife, tarabu, kwela, etc. Sun Fin Chin (Chinese) accordion Sungion-mu (Korean) dance music for celebrating a victory Sung mass see 'mass' Sung multiphonics see 'multiphonics' Sung-through a term used for a piece of music theatre without spoken dialogue, often, wrongly, including those works where the singing pauses for orchestral interludes s'unir (French) to join, to unite Sunnah (Arabic) the body of traditional sayings attributed to Muhammad and not contained in the Koran Sunnah Sunu a welcome ceremonial music of the Malenke people from the border region between Guinea and Mali in West Africa. This music is performed during traditional festivals such as the Ramadan, Tabaseki, weddings and other social occasions Popular African Traditional Dances from which this information has been taken SUNY abbreviation of 'State University of New York' suo (Italian) its own suo loco (Italian) in its own, or usual place, at the pitch as written (a term sometimes used after an indication such as 8va) Suomirock the term for 'Finnish rock music' Suomisaundi sometimes called 'psy-fi', 'suomistyge', 'suomisoundi' or 'spugedelic trance', a style of freeform psychedelic trance, originating from Finland. Suomisaundi literally means in Finnish slang "Finnish sound" Suomisaundi from which this information has been taken Suona a Chinese folk shawm, often popularly called laba (trumpet), it first appeared in the Wei and Jin period (200-420), but did not become widely appreciated until the Zhengde period (1506-1520) of the Ming dynasty. With a strong, penetrating tone, the suona is best suited to ardent and lively styles, especially for the imitation of the singing of hundreds of birds. Experienced players can produce a soft tone (called the sound of the xiao) for a plaintive or sentimental effect. A smaller instrument known as the haidi (sea flute) is pitched a fourth higher name desription soprano suona may be keyed; strident to the point of piercing alto suona usually with added keys; vigorous and sonorous tenor suona with added keys bass suona with added keys; solemn and deep Suona Suona Suona from which much of this information has been taken Folk Shawms Oboe (suona), China, 19th century Suonare (Italian) synonymous with sonare suonare la musica (Italian) to play music Suonare le campane (Italian) to ring the bells Suonar sordamente (Italian) to play softly Suonata (Italian f.) synonymous sonata Suonata di chiesa (Italian f.) synonymous sonata da chiesa Suonatina (Italian f.) synonymous with sonatina Suonatore (m.), Suonatrice (f.) (Italian) player Suoni armonichi (Italian m. pl.) harmonics, flageolet notes Suoni armonici (Italian m. pl.) harmonics, flageolet notes Suoni musicali (Italian m. pl.) musical sounds Suono (s.), Suoni (pl.) (Italian m.) note, tone, sound, sounds, a song Suono armonioso (Italian m.) harmonious sound Suono delle campane (Italian m.) the sound(s) of bells Suono sinusoidale (Italian m.) sine tone Suono traduttore (Italian m.) sound transducer Sup abbreviation of superius (Latin) Supelka (Greece) small flute su pensamiento está en las antípodas del mío (Spanish) his thinking is diametrically opposite to mine Super in the theatre, also called 'supernumerary' or 'extra', a walk-on part, most often one in which no words are spoken super (Latin) above, over Superacutae claves (Latin) the five highest notes of the hexachordal system Superacutae voces (Latin) the five highest notes of the hexachordal system Superacuta loca (Latin) the five highest notes of the hexachordal system superba see superbo superbamente (Italian) proudly superbo (Italian) or altero (Italian), haughty, hochmütig (German), hautain (French) superbo (m.), superba (f.) (Italian) proud, haughty, superb, proudly, loftily Superbone a hybrid trombone, a cross between the slide trombone and the valve trombone, which has both valves and a slide Superbone Superdominant (English, Swedish, Danish, Dutch) the sixth degree of the scale, the submediant Superdominante (Spanish, German) see 'submediant' superflu (French) superfluous superfluo (Italian, Spanish) superfluous Superfluous synonymous with augmented Superfluous fourth the note whose frequency ratio to the tonic is 25:18 (568.717 cents) Superfluous interval synonymous with augmented interval supérieur (m.), supérieure (f.) (French) superior, upper, greater, higher Superimposition in music, the placement of an melody over another melody, or' in some case, the simultaneous performance of two or more unrelated pieces Superíndice dos (Spanish) or cuadrado, index for a square (²) Superíndice tres (Spanish) or cúbico, index for a cube (³) Superíndice uno (Spanish) unitary index (¹) superior (Portuguese) higher, upper, greater superiore (Italian) superior, higher, upper, greater Superior temporal gyrus fold of the cerebral cortex at the upper part of the temporal lobe in the brain. This area is active during auditory processing Superior temporal lobe upper portion of the temporal lobe, including the superior temporal gyrus Superius also called discantus or cantus, the highest voice or melody in a musical composition of two or more parts common from the 15th-century, the superius was orginally only used as an accompaniment to the main melody, the tenor Supernatural pertains to entities, events or powers regarded as beyond nature, in that they cannot be explained from the laws of the natural world. Religious miracles are typical of such "supernatural" manifestations, as are spells and curses, divination, the notion that there is an afterlife for the dead, and innumerable others. Supernatural themes are often associated with magical and occult ideas Supernatural from which this extract has been taken Supernumery in the theatre, also called 'super' or 'extra', a walk-on part, most often one in which no words are spoken Superoctave an organ stop tuned two octaves or a fifteenth higher in pitch than the diapasons a coupler that causes a key an octave higher than those to be struck to be pulled down the octave above a particular note Superparticular intervals intervals where the pitch ratio is of the form ((n+1)/n) where n is an integer; for example, 9/8, 11/10, 3/2, etc. the only superparticular intervals in 3-limit Pythagorean tuning are 2/1, 3/2, 4/3, and 9/8 Superposición de terceras (Spanish f.) tertian harmony Superposition de tierces (French f.) tertian harmony Superposition d'intervalles autre que l'harmonie en tierces (French) non-tertian harmony Superscript a small letter, number or symbol placed above a standard sized letter of number (for example, S2, where 2 is the superscript) supersonic a speed that is above that of the speed of sound in that particular medium supersonic (Italian) supersonic supersónico (Spanish) supersonic supersonique (French) supersonic Superstratum theory the idea that a new language introduced into a region alters or affects the language spoken there previously Supertonic sus-tonique (French), sopratonica (Italian), Supertonika (German), supertónica (Spanish), the second degree of a major or minor scale, the note above the tonic Supertonic Supertonica (Dutch) supertonic Supertónica (Spanish) supertonic Supertonic chord the chord which uses as its root the supertonic note of a key, that is, the II chord Supertonic seventh chord a seventh chord built on the second degree of a scale the first inversion supertonic seventh chord is usually desribed as an added sixth chord, first used by Debussy and other early 20th-century composers, where a sixth is added to the major tonic triad, usually treated as a consonance at the end of a phrase, and later taken up by jazz pianists Supertonic seventh chord with raised root and third a diminished seventh chord built on the raised second degree of a major scale. This chord usually resolves to the tonic chord in first inversion Supertonic triad triad built on the second degree of the scale Supertonika (German, Danish, Swedish) supertonic Supertonique (French) supertonic, the second degree of the scale Supine a supine verb form is one that is not fully conjugated suplementario (Spanish) supplementary Suplemento (Spanish m.) supplement supo aplacar los ánimos (Spanish m.) she was able to calm people down Supplément (French m.) supplement supplémentaire (French) supplementary supplementare (Italian) supplementary Supplementary motor area an area in the upper section of the frontal lobe, just forward of the motor cortex, thought to be involved in the regulation of complex, sequential movements. It may be important in the initiation of speech Supplementary score a score containing parts that cannot be written into the body of a larger score, so that the two would, if nessary, be read together Supplemento (Italian m.) supplement Suppletive form an inflectional form in which a common word has its current inflection come from a completely different word that later grew to be associated with it. For instance, the preterite form of go is the suppletive form went Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken suppliant (French) supplicating supplicando (Italian) in a supplicating, pleading or entreating style Supplication prayer supplichevole (Italian) supplicating, in a supplicatory manner supplichevolmente (Italian) supplicatingly, in a supplicatory manner supplier de (French) to beg, to beseech Supporti a lettura ottica (Italian m. pl.) compact disc, CD Supporting cast actors who are not playing major parts Supporting document a document supplied in support of a principal document providing documentary evidence (for entries in the form: birth certificate to confirm date of birth, etc.), to lend support (for a job, position, etc.: letter of commendation, references, etc.), to confirm eligibility, and so on. A work of art, piece of furniture, etc. might be offered for auction together with confirmation of provenance (the history of the ownership of an object, especially when documented or authenticated) Supporting leg a term used by dancers and teachers for the leg which supports the body so that the working leg is free to execute a given movement Suppressed fundamental see 'missing fundamental' Suppression du bruit (French f.) noise reduction, noise suppression Suppressio veri (Latin) the misrepresentation or suppression of the truth supprimez (French) put stop out of action, suppress supra (Latin) above, on an earlier page (Italian) above Suppression (French) removal, cancellation, deletion supprimer (French) to get rid of, to remove, to cancel, to delete supra (Latin) above, previously mentioned (for example, when referencing an earlier passage in a book, etc.) Supratitle see 'English capitions' Supreme in cooking, boneless breast of chicken Supremo (Spanish) an overlord, the supreme commander, the supreme authority in matters of taste, etc. Supriñu (Spain, France) an ancient Basque double-reed horn made from hazelnut tree bark rolled into a cone that is bent at one end to form the mouthpiece and is then rolled to form a long tube sur (French, Italian) on, over, upon Surah (Arabic) a chapter of the Koran suraigu (m.), suraiguë (f.) (French) very shrill Sur-augmenté (French) double augmented Surbahar essentially a bass sitar, tuned anywhere from four steps to an octave lower than a regular sitar, the surbahar has an advantage over the sitar in that it has a longer sustain and an ability to meend (glissando) up to an octave in a single fret. It is possible therefore to play complex melodies without using more than a single fret. This instrument is very well suited to long slow alaps but the instrument's main weakness is that its long sustain causes a fast jhala to become indistinct and muddy. It is for this reason that some artists prefer to play the alap with a surbahar but shift to the sitar for gat and jhala Surbahar Surbahar (half-size) sur bois (French) on wood sur ce, j'ai fait ... (French) whereupon I did ... sur ces entrefaites (French) at that moment sur ces mots (French) with this, so saying sur ce ton (French) like that, in that way Surcoat long flowing garment worn over armour sur commande (French) by order Surdam (Indonesia) flute from Sumatra Surdas blind Hindi poet of northern India who lived in the 16th century AD; his poetical work, Sursagar, narrating the story of Krishna, is immensely popular with Hindi-speaking Hindus Surdelina (Italian f.) a kind of bagpipe Surdeline see surdelina Surdité (French f.) deafness Surdo Brazilian bass drum used to mark the beat of samba music, which is like a very large and very deep tom-tom which is often hung on a rope around the neck, so it can be used in a march or on parade The head is flat and can be reached with both hands, although it is usually struck with a single large headed mallet held in one hand while the other hand is employed to vary the sound by sometimes pressing on the head to create a slightly higher pitch 'closed' or muffled sound like many drums used in latin-america the surdo is often used in sets of three: surdo de primeira first surdo the largest surdo (bass drum), the one that gives the crucial marcação, the second, stronger beat, to the samba. The surdo de primeira is generally placed next to the principal singers to help them keep time. It has a higher pitch, a stronger tone than the surdos de resposta (the responding bass drums, second and third surdos). A large bateria has from 8 to 10 big surdos surdo de segunda second surdo the response to the surdo de primeira, the second surdo sustains the samba rhythm while the surdo de primeira is at rest [in equal note values] by providing a counter-rhythm surdo de terceira third surdo provides beats between the other two, usually a little before the surdo de segunda, and is used to 'spice up' the rigid structure of the other two drum lines Surdu see surdo Surdulina small bagpipe from southern Italy su reacción nos dejó anonadados (Spanish) her reaction left us speechless su relación no tiene futuro (Spanish) their relationship has no future su relato aguijoneó mi curiosidad (Spanish) my curiosity was spurred on by his story Sûreté (French) the criminal investigation department of a French police force Sûreté Générale (French) the French equivalent of Scotland Yard Sur fond réservé (French) in art, en plein (enamel work), where the ground (usually gold or silver) is carved in intaglio, the hollows being filled with translucent enamel through which the modelling can still be seen Surf music a California-born style, both instrumental and vocal, popular during the 1960s and 1970s and whose most noted exponents were The Beach Boys Surf rock a style of music that originated in the USA that mixes elements of surf music and rock music. While in the 1960s surf music and rock and roll were distinct styles, associated with competing dance styles and representing distinct and competing youth cultures, the development of rock music since then has built upon both styles. Many authorities now retrospectively classify all surf bands as rock bands, and surf music therefore as a subgenre of rock music Surf rock from which this extract has been taken sur invitation (French) by invititation sur la caisse (French) on the shell (of the drum) sur la peau (French) on the (drum)head sur la porte (French) in the door sur la quatrième corde (French) on the fourth string sur la recommendation de ... (French) upon ...'s recommendation sur la scène (French) on the stage sur la seconde corde (French) on the second string sur la touche (French) (bow) on the fingerboard, sul tasto (Italian), sulla tastiera (Italian), flautando (Italian), nahe am Griffbrett (German) sur le bord (French) at the edge, on the rim (of a drum) sur le bord de la peau (French) on the rim of the drum head sur le bord du caisse (French) on the rim of the shell (of the drum) sur le bord du chaudron (French) on the rim of the kettle sur le bout de (French) on the tip of sur le cercle (French) on the rim sur le centre de la cymbale (French) on the dome of the cymbal, on the top of the cymbal sur-le-champ (French) immediately, right away sur le chaudron (French) on the kettle sur le chevalet (French) (bow) near the bridge sur le compte de (French) about sur le contretemps (French) off beat sur le cou-de-pied (French, literally 'on the "neck" of the foot') in dance, the working foot (actually the heel of that foot) is placed on the part of the leg between the base of the calf and the beginning of the ankle sur le coup (French) at the time, at first, outright sur le coup de ... heures (French) around ... o'clock sur le départ (French) about to leave sur le fait (French) in the act, red-handed sur le fond (French) in the background sur le genou (French) on the knee sur le mode majeur (French) in the major key sur le mode mineur (French) in the minor key sur le moment (French) at the time, at first sur le mouchoir (French) on the handkerchief sur le plateau du tambour de Basque (French) on the flat of the tambourine sur les pointes (French) in ballet, the raising of the body on the tips of the toes, also used in the singular, sur la pointe. This technique was first introduced in the late 1820s or early 1830s at the time of Taglioni. There are three ways of reaching the points, by piqué, relevé or sauté sur le tapis (French, literally 'on the carpet') under discussion, the subject of conversation sur le tard (French) late in life sur le temps (French) top of the beat sur le vif (French) in art, (painted, etc.) from life sur le voile (French) on the cloth sur l'heure (French) immediately, right away Surma see kohl Surmandal otherwise known as swarmandal or svaramandala, the surmanal is basically a small harp used for the drone to accompany singers. It is considered a minor instrument although, as a class, the harps in India are very ancient Surmanal sur moi (French) on me, in my possession Surnai a double reed wind instrument with two double blades that are bound together and fixed into the top of the instrument. The sound generated by vibration, caused by blowing through the gaps between the two blades, gives it a buzzing sound. Surnay the Uzbecki seven-holed wind instrument known in Persia as the zurna and in China as the sona Surpeti also called swar pethi, swar peti, swarpeti, surpeti, sruti box or shruti box, the surpeti is an Indian drone instrument. The manual surpeti is a small hand-pumped free reed organ, similar to the harmonium, but as it has no keys, it cannot can play a melody sur place (French) on the spot Surplice item of processional vestments: loose fitting white garment not quite reaching to the feet Surprise cadence synonymous with 'interrupted cadence' Surprise ending another term for an O. Henry ending Surrealism (from the French surréalisme, literally 'super-realism') the term originated in the studios of Paris and appeared in manifestos in the early 1920s. Surrealism's founders were André Breton, Louis Aragon, Salvador Dali, Max Ernst, Marcel Duchamp, Yves Tanguy, Man Ray. In Britain, surrealism was promoted by Roland Penrose and Herbert Read and later by George Melly (jazz singer and writer), Spike Milligan (script-writer) and John Lennon (poet and writer of pop songs). The most significant figure, however, David Gascoyne, sat at the feet of Ernst and Aragon and, before he was 20, published the pioneering treatise A Short Study of Surrealism (1935). In the same year, he translated Dali's Conquest of the Irrational and Breton's What Is Surrealism? Surréalisme (French m.) surrealism Surshree in Hindustani classical music, an honourable title given to an eminent female musician Sursum corda (Latin, literally 'lift up your hearts') the exhortation made by the celebrant immediately before the Preface of the Mass, although applied to any exhoration Surtitle see 'English capitions' surtout (French) above all, especially Sûruf subsidiary procedures employed by singers in milhûn song to produce an even greater effect on the audience and above all to correct the rhythm. Al-Maghrawi (16th-17th centuries) created from dân, a word that has no meaning, verses which were used as the basis for verse-writing by Moroccan folk poets, thus Dân dâni yâ dâni dân dân yâ dân sur una corda (Italian) upon one string sur une corde (French) upon one string sur une grande échelle (French) on a grand scale sur une même portée (French) on the same staff Surveillance (French) watching over or spying (on a suspect) survivre à (French) to survive survoler (French) to skim through (a book) sus ancias de aprendar (Spanish) her eagerness to learn Susanne un jour the poem, Susanne un jour, by Guillaume Guéroult (died c.1565) provided the text for at least 30 chansons by more than 20 different composers in addition to the most famous setting by Orlando di Lasso. Indeed, there are more settings of Susanne un jour preserved in manuscripts and publications than of any other 16th-century secular text in any language Susap Papuan Jew's harp Jew's harp (susap), Papua New Guinea, ca 1930 sus abbreviated form of 'suspended', used in naming certain chords or triads, as, for example, Fsus4 which is F-Bb-C, where the third A has been raised to a fourth Bb Sus chord in jazz, generally a reference to a dominant 7th chord in which the 4th does not act like an avoid note Sus-dominante (French) see 'submediant' s'user (French) to wear, to wear out Sus flat 9 or sus b9, a sus chord derived from either the third or Phrygian mode of the major scale or the second mode of the melodic minor scale Sushi a Japanese dish made up of rice, veg and seafood (raw or cooked) rolled in nori and sliced, usually served with a dipping sauce su sola presencia amenizó la velada (Spanish) just his being there livened up the evening Suspended cadence synonymous with 'interrupted cadence' Suspended chords a chord in which the third is replaced or accompanied by either a fourth or a major second, although the fourth is far more common Suspended cymbal a cymbal (circular brass plate measuring from 16" to 22" in diameter) that is suspended on a stand and is struck with drum sticks, brushes, or, more often, mallets, typically used in a symphony orchestra, symphonic band, concert band, brass band, and other large instrumental ensembles, to keep a rhythmic pulse in a composition or provide percussive accents Suspended Cymbal Suspended Cymbal Suspended fourth chords Suspended Fourth Chords Suspended ninth the suspended ninth is formed by the delaying of the root of a chord (usually an octave above the bass) by prolonging from a previous chord the note diatonically above it, i.e. the ninth which then resolves to the octave Suspended Sound Line Max Neuhaus created Suspended Sound Line, a permanent sound installation, in 1999 on the footbridge at Lorrianstrasse 1, Berne, Switzerland. Neuhas' concept is that the sounds become an inseparable part of our sonic environment. In his words, the sound "is a part of the structure ... as if the sound was another element of construction, like steel and concrete ..." Suspended Sound Line from which this information has been taken Suspended time very long static events, with nothing much else happening Suspended tonality an effect produced by a series of nonfunctional chords or by rapid modulations where a sense of key is momentarily lost Suspender ain the theatre or films, a suspense film an accessory used to hold up a garment (for example, trousers, socks, stockings) suspender un examen (Spanish) to fail an exam suspendu (m.), suspendue (f.) (French) suspended Suspension (English, French f., German f.) ritardo (Italian), Vorhalt (German), suspension (French), a dissonance caused by a note that is held over, that is approached by itself, and resolved to the chord note by a tone or semitone after the chord is played. When two or three notes are thus suspended, a double or triple suspension is formed there are three stages in the treatment of a suspension: preparation the appearance or sounding of the note in the first of the two chords suspension or percussion the retaining of that note as a dissonance in the second chord resolution its progression by step to the note of the second chord whose appearance has been delayed Sus pentatonic scale the same as the minor pentatonic scale with the second note diminished by half a note, the sus pentatonic scale is the second mode of the major pentatonic scale. The name 'sus pentatonic' is not in common use, but the name fits the scale well, because the scale generates a sus7 chord and is therefore used over these chords suspirar (Spanish) to sigh suspirar por (Spanish) to long for (figurative) Suspirium (Latin) a crochet (quarter note) rest Suspiro (Spanish m.) a sigh, a pause for breath, soupir (French) süß (German) sweet, sweetly Suße (German f.) sweetness Sussex Mummers Carol this traditional carol is sung as an ending to the folk play in Horsham, Sussex, England sussurando (Italian) whispering, murmuring sussurante (Italian) whispering, murmuring sussurrare (Italian) to whisper, to murmured Sustain to hold a note for its full time value, to play in a sostenuto or legato manner as a verbal-noun, used to mean the length of time a string vibrates after being plucked Sustained (note) held for its full time value, sostenuto (Italian), gehalten (German), soutenu (French) Sustaining pedal on a piano, a mechanism that holds up the felt dampers, allowing the strings to vibrate freely even after the keys are released, usually operated by the rightmost pedal which for this reason is also known as the 'damper' pedal Sustancia (Spanish f.) substance Sustancia adictiva (Spanish f.) addictive substance Sustenido (Portuguese) a sign to show that a note should be raised one semitone in pitch sustentação (do som) (Portuguese) sustain (the sound) su stoffa (French) on the cloth Sus-tonique (French) supertonic su suegro le agrió el carácter (Spanish) her father-in-law turned her into an embittered person susurrer (French) to whisper Susurrus (Latin) a low whispering, rustling or muttering Sutra (Sanskrit) a short mnemonic rule, particularly associated with Buddhist sacred texts Suture an element in psychoanalytic theory, which explains the ability of film music to create subjectivity in spectators suuri Intervalli (Finnish) major interval suyo afectísimo (Spanish) yours sincerely Suzeraine (French) a woman in authority over others or over an estate, etc. Suzu Japanese bells Suzuki method a method of teaching music to children founded by Shin'ichi Suzuki (1898-1998), a Japanese educationalist and violin teacher, which originally developed for the teaching of the violin, is now applied to the teaching of other instruments Suzuki method Shin'ichi Suzuki SV referring to the catalogue prepared by Manfred H. Stattkus of music by Claudio Monteverdi (1567-1643) sv abbreviation of sub verbo (Latin: under the word - used for a reference to a dictionary, encylopedia, etc.) s.v. abbreviated form of sotto voce (Italian: under the breath, in lowered tones, softly, as an aside, in an undertone) [entry by Steven Otto] svanendo (Italian) vanishing, en s'estompant svanirando (Italian) vanishing, fainter and fainter Svar (Swedish) in a fugue, the second answering theme Svaramandala see surmandal Svar lippi see swar lippi svegliando (Italian, literally 'wakening') brisk, alert, lively, sprightly, erweckend (German), en réveillant (French) svegliato (Italian) awakened, brisk, alert, lively, sprightly, animated Svejtrit a Scandinavian step-lift pivot dance svelte (French) smart, quick, freely, lightly, nimble, speedy, slender, willowy, elegant svelto (Italian) smart, quick, freely, lightly, nimble, speedy, slender, willowy, elegant Sviluppo (Italian m.) the development section of a movement in sonata form Svirala (Croatia) a six-hole shepherd's flute, from Dalmatia Svirala in the Dayton C Miller Collection Svirel a double longitudinal whistle flute with two pipes made of willow, maple or bird cherry. The mouthpieces of the pipes are beak-shaped. 3 finger-holes are cut or burnt out of each pipe set close to their lower ends, two of the holes are in the front and one is on the back, thus forming a pair of three hole pipes. The shorter pipes is normally 300-350 mm long, the longer is 450-470 mm. When playing, the "beaks" are both placed in the mouth with the pipes held at about 45 degrees to the vertical, and each drawn apart from the other to form an acute angle. The player holds one pipe in each hand. The first record of the svirel in Russian literature dates back to the 12th century Svirets (Old Russian) anyone who played a wind instrument Svirka Bulgarian's shepherd's flute Svolgimento (Italian m.) development SVP abbreviation of s'il vous plaît (French: please) SW for Searle/Winklhofer, the catalogue prepared by Humphrey Searle (1915-1982), updated by Sharon Winklhofer, of music by Franz Liszt (1811-1886) Sw. abbreviation of 'Swell Organ' Swadeshi belonging to or made in one's country Swage a tool used in bending or shaping cold metal, a stamp or die for marking or shaping metal with a hammer Swaging metal-forming technique in which the dimensions of an item are altered using a die or dies Swahili rumba in Kenya, Swahili rumba remains one of the popular urban sounds. Since the early 1980s, the Swahili bands have experimented with various stylistic innovations but even today, their music remains closely tied to their rumba origins Swami (Hindi) a Hindu religious teacher Swamp blues a form of blues music that is highly evolved and specialized. It arose from the Louisiana blues and is known for its laidback rhythms which dominate a music that is simultaneously funky and often lighthearted - for a blues sub-genre. Influences from Cajun music or black Creole zydeco music can also be heard in the sound, which has long been based out of Baton Rouge, Louisiana Swamp blues from which this extract has been taken Swamp Pop a style of music created by Cajun and Creole musicians in the late 1950s. This hybrid of pop, rock, and rhythm & blues is virtually identical to the pop, rock, and R&B of this area that was popular in other parts of the country. Accordions are rare in swamp pop, which favors typical R&B instrumentation, and French lyrics are rare, as well. Instead, swamp pop's regional identity comes from a soulful, emotional vocal style that has strong connections with zydeco and Cajun music Louisiana Voices from which this extract has been taken Swanee whistle slide whistle, piston whistle, zufolo a pistone (Italian m.), flauto a culisse (Italian m.), flauto a tiro (Italian m.), Lotusflöte (German f.), Stempelflöte (German f.), flûte lotine (French f.), flûte à coulisse (French f.) see 'slide whistle' Swara in Indian music, a musical note, a tonal register. The notes, or swaras, of Indian music are Shadjamam, Rishabham, Gandharam, Madhyamam, Panchamam, Dhaivatam and Nishadam. Collectively these notes are known as the sargam, the Indian solfege. In singing, these become Sa, Ri (Carnatic) or Re (Hindustani), Ga, Ma, Pa, Da (Carnatic) or Dha (Hindustani), and Ni. (Sargam stands for "Sa-R(i,e)-Ga-M(a)"). Only these syllables are sung, and further designations are never vocalized. When writing these become, S, R, G, M, P, D, N. A dot above a letter indicates that the note is sung one octave higher, a dot below indicates a note one octave lower. In certain forms of Indian classical music and quwalli, when a rapid, 16th note sequence of the same note is to be sung, sometimes different sylables are used in a certain sequence to make the whole easier to pronounce. For example instead of "sa-sa-sa-sa-sa-sa-sa-sa" said very quickly, it might be "sa-da-da-li-sa-da-da-li" which lends itself more to a quick and light tongue movement Swara from which this extract has been taken Swaraj (Sanskrit) (the agitation in favour of) self-rule, self-government (for India) Swarajnana (Sanskrit) the knowledge of music Swaré bèlè (Martinique) dance evening Swargarohan Parva the name of the last of the eighteen sections of the epic Mahabharata which describes how, when Yudhisthira, the eldest of the five Pandava brothers, retired to the Himalayas, towards the close of his life, and lost his wife and four brothers one after another, Indra appeared in his chariot to take him in the flesh to his (Indra's) Swarga, i.e., his heaven where mortals after death enjoy the results of their good deeds on earth Swar lippi (India) a form of music notation known to have existed during the ages of the Vedas (from c.1500 BC). The Vedic hymns were typically sung in three notes: the central note was referred to as the swarita. This was the default state and needed no notational element. The upper note was called the udatta. This was denoted with a small vertical line over the syllable. The lower note was called the anudatta and was denoted with a horizontal line underneath the syllable. There are two modern systems that are derived from swar lippi, namely Paluskar notation, introduced at the turn of the 20th-century, and, a little later, Bhatkhande notation, which is the major non-Western based system in use in India today North Indian Musical Notation - An Overview from which this information has been taken Swarmandal see surmandal Swastika (Sanskrit) an ancient symbol of good fortune more recently associated with the German National Socialist (Nazi) Party Sway the term has a specific meaning in the technique of ballroom dancing, namely, describing a body position in which its upper part gracefully deflects from the vertical Sweat in cooking, to cook in fat under a lid without colouring the foods Swed. abbreviation of 'Swedish' Swedish hip hop Swedish hip hop Sweep-picking a technique used on the guitar in which a "sweeping" motion of the pick is combined with a matching fret hand technique in order to produce a specific series of notes which are fast and fluid in sound. Despite being commonly known as sweep "picking" both hands perform an integral motion to achieve the desired effect Sweep-picking from which this extract has been taken Sweep The Floor one of the two-couple figures danced in a circle of four people traditionally associated with square dancing Little Circle Figures Sweep under the carpet conceal (a problem or difficulty) Sweet, Sweetly dolce (Italian), soave (Italian), süss (German), doux (French m.), douce (French f.), doucement (French) Sweetening a term used in the 18th century for the flattement technique, a finger vibrato The first absolutely clear description of the flattement technique appears in the anonymously edited recorder method The Complete Flute Master, which was printed for the first time in 1695 and reprinted up to 1765. The following advice for ornaments is added probably in 1699: "An open shake or sweetning is by shaking your finger over the half hole immediately below ye note to be sweetned ending with it off." Sweet potato see 'ocarina' Swei lei small Burmese bells Swell a device that controls the volume of an organ through the use of a foot-pedal operated shutter term that used to mean crescendo, but is now synonymous with messa di voce see 'Swell division' Swell division or 'Swell', a grouping of organ pipes located in a chamber or an enclosure equipped with Swell Shades, or movable louvers covering tone openings, which enable the organist to make the tone 'swell' or get louder, when desired. It is played from the top manual keyboard of a 2- or 3- manual console. The Swell contains stops to accompany the choir, and louder voices that benefit from the expression afforded by the Swell Shades, usually including a chorus of reeds Swell pedal also called 'swell shoe', a pedal on an organ console that controls the opening and closing of the swell shades Swell shades slats which look like Venetian blinds that can be opened and closed through a foot pedal called the swell shoe. This allows volume control because organ pipes behind the blinds will get louder as the shades are opened. The shades are normally in front of the division called the swell. They can also be placed in front of the solo and choir divisions if the organ has these divisions; a similar device called the 'Venetian swell' was incorporated into later harpsichords Swell shoe see 'swell pedal' SWF abbreviation of Südwestfunk (German) Swift, Swiftly veloce (Italian), volante (Italian), eilig (German), rapidement (French) Swing (contradance) (English, German m.) a basic figure in contradance which is a standard ballroom swing. The couple takes standard ballroom position, with the lady's left hand on the gent's shoulder, the gent's right hand on the lady's waist, and their free hands clasped together in the air. (Experienced dancers often experiment with other ways to place their hands.) One can either walk or use a buzz-step; one partner may walk while the other uses the buzz-step. For the buzz-step your right foot remains on the ground, with your partner's right foot to the right of it. Your left foot pushes against the ground repeatedly, moving you in a circle clockwise. Weight is very important in this figure. Usually ends facing across the set, sometimes down the set, rarely up the set, but always with the gent on the left and the lady on the right. It is generally recommended that newcomers get an experienced dancer to teach them this figure before the dance begins Swing from which this extract has been taken Swing (music) (English, German m.) American style of jazz music, originating in the 1930s, characterized by 'big band' instrumentation, a greater emphasis on solo passages, certain types of harmony (use of added 6ths rather than 7ths in major and minor chords, of un-embellished diminished chords, frequent use of the augmented 5th and little use of the augmented 11th, etc.) and a 4/4 tempo with an almost even emphasis on each beat of the bar or shuffle rhythm, a rhythmic style, unique to jazz, in which the first of a pair of written quavers (eighth notes) is played longer than the second, even twice as long, while the second tends to receive a slight accent, though the distribution of accents is irregular and syncopated. The degree of this effect depends on the overall tempo, and is modified by the requirements of expression and phrasing Swing Swing Swing at the Wall one of the two-couple figures danced in a circle of four people traditionally associated with square dancing Little Circle Figures Swing dance a group of related street dances. The three main dance forms of swing are 'Lindy Hop', 'West Coast Swing', and 'East Coast Swing'. However, there are many other dances of this kind, such as 'Jive' and 'Balboa' Swing Dance Swing dance moves Swing era see 'Big Band era' Swing Figures one of the two-couple figures danced in a circle of four people traditionally associated with square dancing Little Circle Figures one of the big circle figures danced by all couples in one large circle facing the centre which are traditionally associated with square dancing Big Circle Figures Swing Old Adam, Swing Old Eve (Helvetia) one of the big circle figures danced by all couples in one large circle facing the centre which are traditionally associated with square dancing Big Circle Figures Swingout also called 'Lindy Turn' or 'Whip', the defining dance move of 'Lindy Hop' and 'West Coast Swing'. Its variants are also used in 'Jive', 'East Coast Swing' and 'Modern Jive' Swingout from which this extract has been taken Swing polka see slängpolska Swing songs see bambera Swing the one Behind one of the two-couple figures danced in a circle of four people traditionally associated with square dancing one of the big circle figures danced by all couples in one large circle facing the centre which are traditionally associated with square dancing Big Circle Figures Little Circle Figures Swing time in dance, swing or shuffle time or rhythm is music whose metre is that of common time played with a swing. It may be written as simple time and played with a swing, or as compound time and played as written Swing Your Corner Lady one of the two-couple figures danced in a circle of four people traditionally associated with square dancing Little Circle Figures Swisen (Arabic) a high-pitched North African oud Swiss bell ringers a common designation in the 19th- and early 20th-centuries for players of English handbells, especially in the United States. How this term originated is obscure; perhaps it derived from the Swiss custom of performing with cowbells Swiss flute an organ stop, with a pleasant tone somewhat like that of the Gamba Swiss hip hop Swiss hip hop Swiss organ see schwyzerörgeli Swiss sixth a German augmented sixth chord spelled with a raised second scale degree instead of a lowered third scale degree (i.e., D sharp instead of E flat in C major) Switch Rute or Ruthe (German), verge (French), verga (Italian), vara (Spanish) the forerunner of the wire brush, the switch is a bundle of twigs bound at one end or a length of bamboo split from one end to the middle into thin lengths. It is used to strike a drum head, often to provide a contrast to the sound produced when striking the same drum head with a standard wooden stick held in the opposite hand Sword dance Il bal do sabre, the Italian sword dance, comes from the Piedmont area of northwestern Italy. Italy has at least two different sword traditions. The morescas, or "Moorish" sword performances, featured in the 15th- to 18th-centuries as court entertainment. They were mock sword-play dances or battles between Christians and Moors. The other tradition of linked-sword dances appeared later, but seems to have borrowed some of the style of the morescas. The linked-sword dance was not mentioned in print until the early 19th-century, although oral tradition places its origin several centuries earlier there is a 'sword-dancing' tradition in Croatia, for example, the kraljice or 'queens' (a sword dance that existed in northern Pannonian region of Croatia and in Slavonia until the mid 20th-century), the 'contradance' from the southern part of Croatia (performed on the Peljesac peninsula) in which the male dancers wear face-covering white veils, and the chain sword dances performed by the kumpanije (male societies) from which the dances take their names, kumpanije, or mostre. A third type of sword dance (a mock combat dance), the Moreska is performed in the town of Korcula Sword dances from which the second entry has been drawn Sword dance Swordstick a percussion instrument that is shaped like a sword with jingles attached to either side of the blade, a type of sistrum Swung eighth notes eighth notes (quavers) in which the first half of each beat is prolonged. The exact ratio between between two eighth notes that make up each beat depends on the degree of 'swing' intended Swung note or 'shuffle note', a rhythmic device in which the duration of the initial note in a pair is augmented and that of the second is diminished. A swing or shuffle rhythm is the rhythm produced by playing repeated pairs of notes in this way. Notes that are not swung are known as straight notes Swung note Swung rhythm see 'swung note' SWV (WV is an abbreviation of Werke-Verzeichnis) reference to the catalogue of music by Heinrich Schütz (1585-1672) by Bittinger s'y attendre (French) expect it Sybell see cebell Sycamore (German Bergahorn, French Sycomore, European Species: Acer pseudo platanus) Sycamore is native to southern and central Europe and was apparently introduced into England in the 15th to 16th centuries Woods in Use in the Middle Ages & Renaissance from which this information has been taken Syce (Hindi) a groom, a running footman s'y connaître à (French) to know (all) about s'y connaître en (French) to know (all) about Sygyt meaning "whistling", a Tuvan overtone singing technique that utilizes a mid-range fundamental and produces a high-pitched, rather piercing harmonic reminiscent of whistling. The technique is different from khöömei as the fundamental is completely attenuated, and has a higher pitch. The tone sounds very bright and clear. It has been described as an imitation of the gentle breezes of summer, the songs of birds Overtone singing from which this extract has been taken s'y habituer (French) to get used to it Sykora after Vaclav Jan Sykora, the cataloguer of music by Frantisek Xaver Dusek [Dussek] (1731-1799) Syllaba anceps also called a syllable anceps, the term refers to a syllable that may be read as either long or short, especially a syllable at the end of a line Syllabary a writing system in which each symbol represents a syllable such as in Japanese kana (hiragana and katakana) scripts Syllabe (French f.) syllable Syllabic melody or syllabic song, a musical setting where one and only one note is related to one syllable in the text Syllabic song syllabic melody syllabique (French) syllabic syllabisch (German) syllabic Syllable a small unit of speech that consists of a vowel or a vowel and one or more consonants. Stressed and unstressed syllables form the basis of the rhythmic pattern of speech Syllable name a syllable is used to name a note, as for example do for C Syllabub a cream dessert flavoured with a liquor Syllepsis (s.), Syllepses (pl.) (Latin, from Greek) a particular type of zeugma, a rhetorical device whereby a single word is to be construed with two or more other words in the same sentence, usually in a slightly different sense (for example, one meaning might be literal but the other figurative). This leads to a grammatical incongruity because the word (or a single sense of the word) governing two or more others is unable to agree with both or all of them Sylvesterabend (German) New Year's Eve sym(s). abbreviated form of 'symphony, 'symphonies', 'symphonic' Symbiosis (Latin, from Greek) the association between two organisms which mutually support one another symbiotic a relationship based on symbiosis Symbol (English, German n.) a word, place, character, or object regarded as typifying or representing something (English, German n.) a mark, a sign, etc. representing an object, idea, function, or process (English, German n.) in literature, symbols can be cultural, contextual, or personal (English, German n.) a logo Symbole (French m.) symbol Symbolic character characters whose primary literary function is symbolic, even though the character may retain normal or realistic qualities Symbolic word in linguistics, a new word created because it sounds similar to another word with strong semantic associations Symbolik (German f.) symbolism symbolique (French) symbolic, symbolical symbolisch (German) symbolic symboliser (French) to symbolise Symbolism in literature, frequent use of words, places, characters, or objects that mean something beyond what they are on a literal level Late 19th Century Symbolism Symboles de crescendo/decrescendo (French) hairpins (signs that indicate a crescendo (increase in volume) or decrescendo (descrease in volume) is required) Symbols, musical Chart of Musical Symbols Symétrie (French f.) symmetry symétrique (French) symmetric, symmetrical Symfoni (Danish, Swedish) symphony Symfonie (Dutch) symphony Symmetrical scales Symmetrical Scales Sympathetic strings strings, that cannot be bowed or plucked, that resonate by means of their immediate proximity to other strings that can be bowed or plucked, which are set very closely above them Sympathetic vibration the vibration of an object independently in response to tone sounded by a musical instrument of which the object is a part, or that of another instrument sympathetique (French) likable, congenial symph. abbreviated form of 'symphony' Symphonia (Greek, literally 'consonance') in Greek music theory, the unison, as distinct from paraphonia, meaning the fifth, and antiphonia, meaning the octave a word used in place of the Latin word 'symphony' Michael Praetorius (1571-1621) confirms that symphonia was a type of keyboard instrument, possibly a clavichord or a spinet Symphonic black metal it has the same components as melodic black metal but a lot more orchestral pieces, mostly during the entire length of the song, mixed with the black metal element Symphonic black metal from which this extract has been taken Symphonic metal a term used to describe metal music that has "symphonic" elements, that is, elements that sound similar to a classical symphony Symphonic Metal Symphonic ode a symphonic composition combining orchestra and chorus Symphonic poem or 'tone poem', c. 1850 to present, a descriptive orchestral piece in which the music conveys a scene or relates a story Symphonic Poem Symphonic rock a subgenre of rock music, it is 'prog rock' with a much more strict adherence to classical music influences than other forms of prog Symphonic rock from which this extract has been taken Symphonic study synonymous with 'symphonic poem' Symphonie (German, French f.) symphony Symphonie concertante (French f.) a symphonie concertante is not a symphony, but a common name during the Classical era (c. 1775-1820) for a concerto featuring two or more soloists. The Italian equivalent is sinfonia concertante. The solo instruments of a symphonie concertante may be strings or winds, or a combination of the two. Probably the most famous example of the form is the Sinfonia Concertante for violin and viola by Mozart Sinfonia concertante Symphonie fantastique (French f.) Hector Berlioz (1803-1869) probably derived the title to his five movement Symphonie fantastique (intially composed 1830, revised and published 1845) from a scene in Act IV of Ossian ou Les Bardes, by Jean-François Lesueur (1760-1837), in which the words simphonie fantastique were printed in the full score. The Symphonie Fantastique was the first in a Romantic trend of associating the Dies Irae sequence (we have no records of the melody's origins, but attribute the text to Thomas of Celano) with death and the last judgment in its most terrible aspects Symphonie Fantastique (H 48) including MIDI files Symphoniette (French) sinfonia Symphonion an instrument resembling an orchestrion, that combines the tone of a pianoforte with that of the flute, clarinet, etc. Symphonious harmonious symphonique (French) symphonic symphonisch (German) symphonic, harmonic, consonant symphonische Band (German n.) symphonic band symphonische Dichtung (German f.) a symphonic poem symphonisches Gedicht (German n.) symphonic poem Symphonium a small mouth organ invented by Charles Wheatstone (1802-1875) which was patented in 1829, the instrument employs free reeds as its sounding elements. It is the forerunner to the English system concertina Mouth organ (symphonium), London, England, ca 1830 Symphony (Middle English symphonye, harmony, from Old French symphonie, from Latin symphonia, from Greek sumphonia, from sumphonos, harmonious : sun-, syn- + phone, sound), sinfonia (Italian), Symphonie (German), symphonie (French) an extended piece for full orchestra, usually serious in nature and in several movements before the mid 18th-century a symphony was an instrumental interlude between section of a large choral work harmony, especially of sound or color something characterized by a harmonious combination of elements Symphony Symphony Symphony of a Thousand a title given to Symphony no. 8 by Gustav Mahler (1860-1911). Although 858 singers and an orchestra of 171 took part in the first performance (and its repeat) in Munich in 1910 under Mahler himself it was the concert's promoter Emil Gutman who hit on the title "Symphony of a Thousand" which Mahler himself never used or sanctioned. Mahler was a practical musician and he does give advice to conductors that they should double the front desk woodwinds depending on the size of the hall and its accoustic where the size of the chorus can also be enlarged. His concern was balance rather than absolute size. In the score Mahler asks for "Mixed Double Chorus" but certainly gives us no precise number Gustav Mahler - Symphony No.8 "Symphony of a Thousand" Symphony orchestra an extended ensemble of instruments that has grown in number steadily since the early 18th-century when it might have had only 20 instruments to the modern orchestra which may have in excess of 100 members Symploce repeating words at both the beginning and the ending of a phrase Symposium (s.), Symposia (pl.) (from the Greek verb sympotein, 'to drink together') originally, an after-dinner speech contest or informal debate. Such spontaneous talks were popular in classical Athens as evening entertainment a meeting or conference for discussion of a topic, especially one in which the participants form an audience Symptom a sign of a disorder, especially when the sign differs from typical function or behavior. Sometimes the word "symptom" indicates a person's subjective report and "sign" indicates an objective measure Synaeresis when two vowels appear side-by-side within a single word, and the poet blurs them together into a single syllable to make his meter fit Synaesthesia (s.), Symaesthesiae (pl.) see 'synesthesia' Synallagmatic (in the context of civil contract law) a term for 'reciprocal' or 'bilateral' in the context of contracts, where reciprocal obligations are imposed upon all the parties Synästhesie (German f.) synesthesia Synchronic the examination of a subject such as literature, linguistics, or history when focusing on a single point of time - but perhaps across a wide geographic area, a variety of economic situations or through comparison and contrast of that subject with related ones in the same time period. Synchronic studies are, however, not concerned with historical change. This term contrasts with a diachronic study - one that focuses on historical change across time and examines that single topic over a period of years or centuries Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken Synchronisation (English, German f., French f.) an adjustment that causes something to occur or recur in unison (i.e. at the same moment in time) Synchronise (in motion picture making) to make the motion picture sound exactly simultaneous with the action, (in photography) to set the shutter timing so that it corresponds to the timing of the flash, (in general) making an adjustment that coordinates events so that they take place in unison synchronisieren (German) to synchronise Synchronization (English) the placing of one event relative to another so that when two events are synchronised they occur at exactly the same time Synclavier developed by Sydney Alonso and Cameron Jones with musical advice from Jon Appleton, this sythesiser was first designed and built in 1977. Appleton recalls, "My input was that we should have an instrument for live performance and that the functions of an analog studio and of certain music languages should be hardwired in the form of buttons and knobs on a control panel ..." In 1979, the Synclavier was remodelled to become the Synclavier II which quickly became a major commercial success, widely used in the film industry and in popular music composition and production The Synclavier from which this information has been taken syncopata (Italian) syncopated Syncopate to move the accent of a note or chord which falls naturally on a strong beat to an earlier weak beat, the note or chord then persists through to its natural place by means of a tie Syncopated a syncopated word has lost a sound or letter. This syncopation happens because of contractions, linguistic erosion over time, or intentional poetic artifice Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken Syncopated pedaling also called 'legato pedaling' or 'following' pedaling', the release of the damper pedal on playing a chord, followed by the immediate depression of the pedal Syncopatie (Dutch) syncopation Syncopatio (Latin) syncopation Syncopation sincope (Italian), Synkope (German), syncope (French), where a silence or weak beat replaces the expected strong beat in a bar, used extensively in the 14th-century and again in the 20th in jazz, the process of displacing 'expected' beats by anticipation or delay of half a beat. The natural melodic accent which would fall, in 'square' music, on the beat, is thus heard on the off-beat. This adds a flavor of ambiguity as to where the beat is in dance, as well as the standard musical meaning, there is a second one, namely, making more (and/or different) steps than required by the standard description of a figure, to address more rhythmical nuances of the music. This latter usage is considered incorrect by many dance instructors, but, in the absence of a better term, it is still in circulation in literature, the use of syncope Syncopation Syncopation (in dance) syncopato (Italian) syncopated Syncope (French f., Dutch) syncopation (Latin, from Greek) suspension of the action of the heart, resulting in unconsciousness or death (Latin, from Greek) in linguistics, the contraction of a word by the omission of a medial vowel syncoper (French) to syncopate syncopieren (German) to syncopate syncopiren (German, old spelling) to syncopate Syndie syndicated television programming, those sold to stations, rather than provided by one of the networks (colloquial) Syndrum see 'Pollard Syndrum' Synecdoche (Latin, from Greek) in linguistics, a figure of speech in which the name of a part is used to designate the whole, or the name of the whole is used to designate a part. Synecdoche is often similar to and overlaps with metonymy Syneresis the squeezing out of liquid from an over-cooked protein, for example, scrambled eggs Synesthesia (from Greek, 'perceiving together') also written 'synæsthesia' or 'synaesthesia', a neurological condition where the production of a mental image of one kind is found to be elicited by a sense-impression of a different kind. One example is 'coloured hearing', where particular tones, chords, or keys are associated, in the mind of the listener, with specific colours. Coloured hearing may arise due to strong associations arising from childhood co-exposure to particular stimuli. Such forms of coloured hearing are often associated with absolute pitch the term itself is a fairly late addition to rhetoric and literary terminology - it was first coined in 1892. Synesthesia is a rhetorical trope involving shifts in imagery. It involves taking one type of sensory input (sight, sound, smell, touch, taste) and comingling it with another separate sense in an impossible way A Brief History of Synesthesia in the Arts Literary Terms and Definitions Syngathistos a Thracian dance performed as the bride and groom are escorted to and from the church for their wedding Synket, The (from 'Syn' (synthesizer) and 'Ket' (off)) the Synket was designed and built by Paul Ketoff in Rome, Italy, in 1964. Commissioned by the American Academy in Rome for its electronic music studio, it was a small, portable, keyboard-based performance-oriented synthesizer The Synket from which this information has been taken Synklavier a tradename of the Yamaha Corporation, a piano that, through the use of electronic sensors, can operate as a synthesiser or, from signals read from a CD-ROM, the piano can be played automatically Synkooppi (Finnish) syncopation Synkop (Swedish) syncopation Synkope (German f., Danish) syncopation synkopieren (German) to syncopate Synkopierung (s.), Synkopierungen (pl.) (German f.) syncopation synkopiren (German, old spelling) to syncopate synkopisch (German) syncopated Synod a formal meeting of representatives of various units of the church Synod of Dort a National Synod held in Dordrecht in 1618/19, by the Dutch Reformed Church, in order to settle a serious controversy in the Dutch churches initiated by the rise of Arminianism. The first meeting was on 13 November 1618, and the final meeting, the 154th, was on 9 May 1619. Voting representatives from the Reformed churches in eight foreign countries were also invited. Dort was a contemporary colloquial English term for the town of Dordrecht and it still is the local colloquial pronunciation of the name. The Synod is often also referred to as Synod of Dordt or Synod of Dordrecht Synod of Dort from which this extract has been taken Synonyme (French m.) synonym synonyme (French) synonymous Synopsis (s.), Synopses (pl.) (Latin, from Greek) a condensed general survey or comprehensive view, a conspectus Synoptic gospels the three first gospels (Matthew Mark, Luke), which share several textual similarities Syntagma musicum (1618/9) written by Michael Praetorius (1571-1621), the Latinized named of Michael Schultze, and published in Wolfenbüttel, an important treatise on music and musical instruments Syntagmatic change any change in language resulting from the influence of nearby sounds or words, examples of which include linguistic assimilation and dissimilation Syntagmatic structure literally 'structure of syntax', "the mode of time-awareness which listeners are placed" such as 'narrative', 'epic', or 'lyrical'. Narrative structures feature a realistic temporal flow guided by tension and relaxation, privilege difference, and "as diegesis, songs speak to or address us by organizing a particular stretch of time into a conscious experience, and an experience of consciousness" Syntagmatic structure from which this extract has been taken Syntax (from Greek syntaxis) the standard word order and sentence structure of a language, as opposed to diction (the actual choice of words) or content (the meaning of individual words). Standard English syntax prefers a Subject-Verb-Object pattern, but poets may tweak syntax to achieve rhetorical or poetic effects. Intentionally disrupting word order for a poetic effect is called anastrophe. Syntax is often distinguished from morphology and grammar. Note that syntax is what allows us to produce sequential grammatical units such as phrases, clauses, and sentences Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken synth. abbreviation of 'synthesizer', 'synthesized' Synthàse électronique (French f.) tone sythesis Synthcore an alternative name for 'electroclash' that never found popularity Synthdance see 'spacesynth' Synthé (French m. abbreviation of synthétiseur) synthesizer Synthese (German f.) synthesis Synthesis (s.), Syntheses (pl.) (Latin, from Greek) the putting together of parts so as to make up a complex whole, or the resulting complex itself Synthesis additive or Fourier synthesis the creation of complex sounds by mixing sounds of a simpler nature, usually electronic subtractive synthesis selective elimination of elements of a complex sound to create a simpler one Synthesiser synonymous with 'synthesizer' Synthesizer (English, German m.) an instrument that uses electronics to generate a large range of sounds, some meant to mimic real instruments and others that are completly new, originally developed from principles developed by Robert Moog and others in the 1960s. A synthesizer is distinguished from an electronic piano or electronic organ by the fact that its sounds can be programmed by the user, and from a sampler by the fact that the sampler allows the user to make digital recordings of external sound sources Synth-Builder's Online Resource Vintage Synth Explorer a survey of over 80 makes Synthesizer Synthetic language one in which word order is irrelevant for determining meaning. Instead of using word order (i.e., Subject-Verb-Object or some similar pattern), a synthetic language uses special endings attached to the ends of nouns. These patterned endings, called declensions, indicate what noun in the sentence is a subject, what noun is a direct or indirect object, and so on, generally establishing the relationship between different parts of speech. Synthetic languages allow a great degree of poetic freedom in word order. Examples of synthetic languages include Latin, German, koine Greek, Welsh, and Anglo-Saxon. The opposite type of language is an analytic language such as Modern English, Spanish, or French Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken Synthetic scales the blues and bebop scales are sometimes called synthetic scales, because they do not fit in well with classical theory and appear to have been invented to fit a particular situation. In general, any number of synthetic scales can be constructed using just intervals of minor, major, and augmented seconds Derived Scales by Marc Sabatella from which this comment has been taken Synthétiseur (French m.) synthesizer synthetisieren (German) to synthesize Synthétistes, Les a composer's group founded in 1925 in Brussels at the instigation of Maurice Schoemaker (1890-1964) on the occasion of the 60th birthday of their teacher Paul Gilson (1865-1942). Other members of the group included Francis de Bourguignon (1890-1961), Jules Strens (1892-1971), Théodore Dejoncker (1894-1964), Marcel Poot (1901-1988), Gaston Brenta (1902-1969) and René Bernier (1905-1984) Synthi 100 the Synthi 100, designed by Peter Zinovieff at EMS, was first available in 1970. A performance-based system, it was distinctive for its programming capabilities, which were embodied in a large sequencer, and the number of modular functions, such as oscillators, filters, etc., that it contained Synthi 100 from which this information has been taken Synthpop a style of popular music in which the synthesizer is the dominant musical instrument. It is most closely associated with an era between the late 1970s and early 1980s when the synthesizer first became a practical and affordable instrument Synthpop from which this information has been taken Synth rock a descriptive phrase applied to the work of a variety of musical artists. Principally, these artists share in the use of intentionally artificial sounds, produced through synthesizers, samplers and drum machines Synth rock from which this information has been taken Syntonic comma also called the 'comma of Didymus' or the 'Ptolemaic comma', the difference between four justly tuned perfect fifths and two octaves plus a major third. It is expressed by the ratio 81:80, and is equal to 21.506 cents; the difference between the small major second (10:9) and the large major second (9:8). The syntonic comma arises through the incommensurability of the 3-limit and the 5-limit tuning series Syntonic diatonic scale the sound of 'just intonation' arises from the intervals of the tetrachords that are used to construct the 'syntonic diatonic scale'. These tetrachords are subtly different from those of the Pythagorean scale, having the superparticular ratios prescribed by Ptolemy for his 'syntonic diatonic genus'. These consist of the following rising sequence: semitone (16:15) - tone (9:8) - tone (10:9) Syntonic Tuning from which this extract has been taken Syntonic minor thirds comprised of a major semitone (16:15) added to a major tone (9:8) syntoninen Komma (Finnish) syntonic comma [corrected by Lars Hellvig] syntonische Komma (Dutch) syntonic comma syntonisches Komma (German n.) also known as the didymisches Komma (German n.), syntonic comma or comma of Didymus syntonisk Komma (Danish) syntonic comma syntoniskt Komma (Swedish) syntonic comma [corrected by Lars Hellvig] s'y prendre (French) to go about doing something s'y prendre bien (French) to do a good job s'y prendre mal (French) to do a bad job Syren an acoustical instrument used for the purpose of determining the number of vibrations corresponding to a note of any particular pitch Syrian chant canto syriano (Italian), Syrische Gesang (German), chant syriaque (French), canto sirio (Spanish) Syria, being one of the first countries to be Christianized, has a long and interesting history of church music. Christian poetry reached an early peak in the hymns, still in use today, of St. Ephrem (d. 373) which represent the beginning of Christian hymn writing and which were imitated by St. Hilarius, bishop of Poitiers (d. 366), and by St. Ambrose, bishop of Milan (d. 397). Ambrose also imported from Syria the practice of antiphonal singing Syringa (Latin) panpipes Syrinx (French m.) Panflöte (German f.), panflute, panpipes, flauto di Pan (Italian m.), siringa (Italian f., Spanish f.), flûte de Pan (French f.) (English, French m., German f.) panpipes, usually with 7 pipes, already known in the Cyclades (islands south east of Greece) around 2500 BC. According to mythology, Pan fell in love with the water nymph Syrinx. She ran away from him and when she could not cross the river Ladon to escape she asked Artemis to help her. Just as Pan was about to embrace her, Syrinx changed into cat-tail reeds. Pan, holding the marsh reeds, sighed in disappointment, causing the wind to blow through the reeds. He was enchanted by the sound, believing it to be the mournful cry of his beloved Syrinx. He produced a set of pipes so that he could have her with him always the name for the vocal cords of birds Syro-Maronite chant found in the following liturgical books of the Syro-Maronite Church: The Daily Office (Shhimto); The Festival Office (Fanqito); The Holy Week Office (Haso); The Funeral Offices; The Ritual (Book of Benedictions); The Sacramentary; The Pontifical; The Syriac Mass. The texts are always in the Syriac language. The melodies are ancient and date back to the first centuries of Christianity Maronite Sacred Music from which this extract has been taken Syro-Maronite-Arabic chant this appellation is explained by the fact that the chant has an Arabic text and a Syro-Maronite or originally Syro-Maronite melody. As in the case of the Syro-Maronite chant, it is almost always strophic. The melody is adapted to a larger or smaller number of strophes which always have an almost uniform meter Maronite Sacred Music from which this extract has been taken Syrtáki see sirtaki Syrtós the predominant dance in present-day Crete with a musical language that differs from that of sousta (the traditional dance of Rethymnon) or maleviziotis (the traditional dance of Iraklion). The syrtós is an open circle-dance, with melodies having longer phrases and a wider ambitus. It is performed also in different styles in other regions of Greece Systeem (Dutch) system System (English, Danish, Swedish, German n.) notation of a line of music including all the parts and voices involved, presented in a group of two or more staves which are joined together on the left hand side by a vertical bar and a brace. All staves belonging to a system are played simultaneously see 'score layout' Système (French m.) system Système D (French m.) an abbreviation of système Débrouillard, a policy of extracting oneself from difficult circumstances regardless of the interests of other Système MIDI (French m.) MIDI Systemic barline a line placed at the beginning of the system connecting two or more staves together Systems music see 'process music' Systemübergreifende Balkung (German f.) cross staff beaming Systemzwang (German) the influence exerted by a desire for systematic regularity sytten (Danish, Norwegian) seventeen syttende (Danish) seventeenth sytti (Norwegian) seventy syv (Norwegian) seven syvende (Danish, Norwegian) seventh syvs (Danish) seven Syvspring a popular dance from Jutland Syzygy (from Greek, 'yoke') in classical prosody, syzygy describes the combination of any two feet into another single metrical unit. It is often used interchangeably with the more precise term dipody, which refers more specifically to the metrical substitution of two normal feet, usually iambs or trochees, under a more powerful beat, so that a "galloping" or "rolling" rhythm results Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken Sz after András Szőllősy , the cataloguer of the music of Béla Bartók (1881-1945) Szamstellung (German f.) compilation Szene (German f.) scene