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Rgya-gling a Tibetan oboe that, together with rkang-gling, is used to accompany Buddhist dance dramas. A chain runs from the top of the wooden pipe to the brass bell Rgya-gling from which this information has been taken Oboe (rgya-gling) Tibet, 19th century RH, R. H. abbreviation of 'right hand', rechte Hand (German: right hand) Rhaita see ghaita Rhapsode in classical Greece, in the fifth and fourth centuries BC and perhaps earlier, a rhapsode was a professional performer of poetry, especially of epic poetry (notably the epics attributed to Homer) but also the wisdom and catalogue poetry of Hesiod and the satires of Archilochus and others. Plato's dialogue Ion, in which Socrates confronts a star rhapsode, remains our richest source of information on these artists. Often, rhapsodes are depicted in Greek art, wearing their signature cloak and carrying a staff. This equipment is also characteristic of travellers in general, implying that rhapsodes were itinerant performers, moving from town to town Rhapsode from which this extract has been taken Rhapsodie (French f., German f.) rhapsody rhapsodisch vortragen (German) to rhapsodise Rhapsodoi (Greek) wandering poet-singers in the Homeric age of Greece - the equivalent of a bard in the Celtic tradition. These rhapsodoi usually sang or chanted while accompanying themselves on the lyre Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken Rhapsody (from the Greek rhapsodia) rapsodia (Italian), Rhapsodie (German), rhapsodie (French) a term, similar to 'fantasia', applied to pieces from the 19th-century inspired by romantic notions Rhapsody in Blue (1924) commissioned by Paul Whiteman (1890-1967) and composed by George Gershwin (1898-1937) the work was actually orchestrated by Whiteman's arranger, Ferde Grofé (1892-1972). Two of the principal motives in Rhapsody in Blue are direct borrowings from two compositions by 'The Father of the Blues', W. C. Handy (1873-1958), namely Beale Street Blues and St. Louis Blues. Gershwin also employs the syncopated 'three-against-four accent cycle' that is a prominent feature of Handy's style. The persistent rumour that the E major main theme of Rhapsody in Blue was inspired by Gershwin's hearing of the Chimes of Erie at St. Peter's Cathedral in Erie, Pennsylvania, can be discounted as the chimes were not installed at St. Peter's until four years after the work's publication Rhapsody in Blue Rhay an Anglo-Saxon dance Rheinländer (German) a dance derived from the early 19th-century dance 'Scottish', schottische (German) or Ecossaise (French), which was itself derived from the far older German folk dance, the Hopser. From about 1842, in German cities, the 'Scottish' gave way to the quicker 'polka' but in the country it survived into the early 20th-century where it was known as the Rheinländer. In Norway, the schottische goes by the name of reinlendar Rhetoric the art of persuasive argument through writing or speech - the art of eloquence and charismatic language Rhetoric The Forest of Rhetoric - Silva rhetoricae Rhetoric and music Aristotle was the first to distinguish rhetoric from dialectic in terms of their respective goals. Whereas dialectic seeks to demonstrate a truth about the essence of a subject or thing, rhetoric seeks to provoke a definite subjective reaction in its audience. In the Medieval and Renaissance eras, many writers tried to draw parallels between the orator (and oration) and the musician (and music) and it was this old idea, which originated in classical times, that would later lead to the Baroque idea of the 'Doctrine of the Affections' Around 1680, the rhetorician and theologian François Fénelon wrote of Greek and Latin rhetoric, "it is true that, when one has undergone thorough study, one can derive great benefits from it... But in the end, one may dispense with it." The nonchalance with which Fénelon dismissed revered classical texts exemplifies the growing disenchantment among rhetoricians with figures, tropes, the dispositio, and other aging rhetorical precepts. Seventeenth-century rhetoricians - among them Fénelon, Bernard Lamy, René Bary, and René Rapin - enacted a radical reinvention of French rhetoric, splintering the discipline into three often conflicting strands: the first continued to reference French versions of classical rhetorical figures; the second melded with these ancient precepts a Cartesian taxonomy of the Passions; and the third sought to abandon artificial precepts altogether in the quest for transparent, or "Natural," representation. Even while adopting opposing methods, representatives of all three approaches were unanimous in regarding rhetoric and music as "sister" disciplines. Furthermore, French musicians and rhetoricians alike rejected the prevailing idea that the relationship between these disciplines was hierarchical, with rhetoric the dominant sibling. This shift helps to explain why the notion that music "imitated" the structures and conventions of rhetoric, while popular in other regions, is to be found in no French source after c.1640 [quoted from Une espèce d'éloquence dans la musique : Embracing a Dis-Figured Rhetoric in France by Jonathan Gibson] Rhetorical figures figures of speech such as schemes and tropes Rhetorical question a question that often implies an answer, but usually does not provide one explicitly Rhétorique (French) in the 14th century, Guillaume de Machaut (c.1300-1377), popularized the new lyric genres such as the rondeau, ballade, lai, and virelai and is considered to have been the leader of the new rhétorique, or poetic art. This tradition was continued by Eustache Deschamps (1346-1406), Christine de Pizan (1363-c.1434), Charles d'Orléans (1394-1464/5), and François Villon (1431-after 1463), as well as by Jean Froissart (c.1337-c.1405), the great chronicler Rhodes piano (English, Rhodes-Piano (German n.)) a musical keyboard instrument, a brand of electric piano. Its distinctive sound has appeared particularly in jazz and rock songs of the last fifty years. Its principles are derived from both the 'celesta' and the 'electric guitar'. The action is similar to that of a conventional piano, but whereas in a conventional piano each key causes felt-covered hammers to strike sets of strings, in a Rhodes piano rubber-tipped hammers strike tuning fork-like constructions to sound the note. Rhodes piano from which this extract has been taken Rhotacism (from Greek, rho or 'r') a shift linguistically from [z] to an [r] Rhombe (French m.) or planchette ronflante, thunder stick, bull roarer Rhotacism rhotacism refers to several phenomena related to the usage of the consonant r (whether as an alveolar tap, alveolar trill, or the rarer uvular trill): namely, the excessive or idiosyncratic use of the r; conversely, the inability or difficulty in pronouncing r; and the conversion of another consonant, e.g., s, into r. The term comes from the Greek letter rho, denoting "r" Rhotacism from which this extract has been taken Rhozok a Russian wind instrument, also known as the Vladimir horn, made out of wood, with a trumpet-like mouthpiece Rhumba an alternative spelling of rumba Rhumba box a large mbira, in Puerto Rico and Cuba known as a marimbula, that is box-shaped and can be sat on while being played. The 'rhumba box' carries the bass part of some form of Caribbean music, particularly mento Rhumba box from which this extract has been taken RhV referring to the catalogue prepared by Hans-Josef Irmen of the music of Josef Rheinberger (1839-1901) Rhyme (from Old French, rime, 'series', in turn adopted from Latin rithmus and Greek rhythmos) the similarity of sound between two words. When the sounds of their accented syllables and all succeeding sounds are identical, words rhyme approximate rhyme also slant rhyme, inexact rhyme, imperfect rhyme, pararhyme, near rhyme, half rhyme, off rhyme, analyzed rhyme, or suspended rhyme, occurs when the correspondence between the two words or syllables is only approximate and not exact. assonance repeating identical or similar vowels (especially in stressed syllables) in nearby words. Assonance in final vowels of lines can often lead to half rhyme. (shake/hate) cliché rhyme a rhyme that is considered trite or predictable. (love/dove, moon/June, trees/breeze) consonance a special type of alliteration in which the repeated pattern of consonants is marked by changes in the intervening vowels - i.e., the final consonants of the stressed syllables match each other but the vowels differ. (linger/longer/languor, rider/reader/ruder, rabies/robbers) crossed rhyme or interlaced rhyme, in long couplets, especially hexameter lines, sufficient room in the line allows a poet to use rhymes in the middle of the line as well as at the end of each line dactylic rhyme rhyme in which the stress is on the antepenultimate (third from last) syllable. (cacophonies/Aristophanes) double rhyme a rhyme that involves two syllables rather than one. For instance, rhyming lend/send is a single rhyme, in which each word consists of a single syllable. However, the words lending/sending constitute a double rhyme because two rhyming syllables are used. In English, most double rhymes create a feminine ending end rhyme the most common form of rhyme, where the rhyme comes at the end of a line exact rhyme true rhyme or perfect rhyme, rhyming two words in which both the consonant sounds and vowel sounds match to create a rhyme. The term 'exact' is sometimes used more specifically to refer to two homophones that are spelled dissimilarly but pronounced identically at the end of lines. (pain/pane, time/thyme, rein/reign, bough/bow, bear/bare) eye rhyme or sight rhyme, rhyming words that seem to rhyme when written down as text because parts of them are spelled identically, but which are pronounced differently from each other in modern English. (forth/worth, come/home, bury/fury, stove/shove, ear/bear, cough/bough, love/move, sea/grey) feminine rhyme a rhyme where the last syllable is unaccented. (picky/tricky) half rhyme or sprung rhyme, a type of approximate rhyme, where the final consonants match. (bent/ant) head rhyme another term for alliteration - especially alliteration of consonants at the beginning of words, rather than alliteration of internal consonants within the bodies of words. The name is something of a misnomer, since "head rhymes" usually involve no rhyme at all (short/ship) holorhyme (holorime, French) a rhyme in which two lines sound identical. (For I scream/For ice cream) identical rhyme an exact rhyme in which the match is particularly close. (line/mine, dig/pig, gun/begun) imperfect rhyme a rhyme between a stressed and an unstressed syllable. (wing/caring) internal rhyme a poetic device in which a word in the middle of a line rhymes with a word at the end of the same metrical line. Leonine verse uses internal rhyme masculine rhyme or rising rhythm, a rhyme where the last syllable is accented. (rhyme/sublime) semirhyme a rhyme with an extra syllable on one word. (bend, ending) slant rhyme or oblique rhyme, a type of approximate rhyme, a rhyme with an imperfect match in sound. (green/fiend, one/thumb) syllabic rhyme a rhyme in which the last syllable of each word sounds the same but does not necessarily contain vowels. (cleaver/silver or pitter/patter) tail rhyme (French rime couée, Latin rhythmus caudatus) or caudate rhyme, a unit of verse in which a short line, followed by a longer line or section of longer lines, rhymes with a preceding short line see 'rhyme scheme' Poetic terminology from which some of this information has been taken Rhyme from which some of this information has been taken Literary Forms and Definitions from which some of this information has been taken Rhyme, end-stopped see 'end-stopped rhyme' Rhyme scheme the particular arrangement of the lines that rhyme in a piece of poetry, for example: rime royal rhyme royal a seven-line stanzaic form invented by Chaucer in the fourteenth century and later modified by Spenser and other Renaissance poets. In rhyme royal, the stanzas are writen in iambic pentameter in a fixed rhyme scheme, ABABBCC Spenserian stanza a fixed verse form invented by Edmund Spenser for his epic poem The Faerie Queene. Each stanza contains nine lines in total: eight lines in iambic pentameter followed by a single 'Alexandrine' line in iambic hexameter. The rhyme scheme of these lines is ABABBCBCC heroic couplet common in English, the rhyme scheme is AA, BB, CC, DD, EE, FF, etc. quatrain common in English, the rhyme scheme is ABAB, CDCD, etc. sestina sextina sestine sextain a highly structured poem consisting of six six-line stanzas followed by a tercet (called its envoy or tornada), for a total of thirty-nine lines terza rima (Italian, 'third rhyme') used, by the Italian poet Dante, as the basic poetic unit of his trilogy, The Divine Comedy, terza rima is a three-line stanza form with interlocking rhymes that move from one stanza to the next. The typical pattern is ABA, BCB, CDC, DED monorhyme a rhyme scheme, common in Latin, Italian, Arabic, Welsh, and Slav poetry, a poem or section of a poem where all the lines have the same end rhyme. The rhyming pattern would thus look like this: AAAA AAAA, AAA AAA, or AA AA AA AA, etc. chant royal five stanzas of ABABCCDDEDe followed by either DDEDe or CCDDEDe (the lower case e indicates a line repeated verbatim) enclosed rhyme or enclosing rhyme, the rhyme scheme ABBA limerick a five-line poem with a strict form AABBA ottava rima an eight-line poem with the rhyme scheme ABABABCC Burns stanza standard Habbie Scottish stanza six-line stave the stanza is six lines in length and rhymes AAABAB, with tetrameter A lines and dimeter B lines. The second B line may or may not be repeated. A variation on the Burns stanza employs the rhyme scheme AABCCCB, with foreshortened third and seventh lines rondelet roundelay a brief French form of poetry, consisting of one stanza, made up of seven lines. It contains a refrain, a strict rhyme scheme and a distinct meter pattern, aBaABBa (the lower case a indicates a line repeated verbatim) villanelle has only two rhyme sounds - the first and third lines of the first stanza are rhyming refrains that alternate as the third line in each successive stanza and form a couplet at the close. A villanelle is nineteen lines long, consisting of five tercets and one concluding quatrain chain rhyme the linking together of stanzas by carrying a rhyme over from one stanza to the next. A number of verse forms use chain rhyme as an integral part of their structures. One example is terza rima, which is written in tercets with a rhyming pattern ABA, BCB, CDC. Another is the virelai ancien, which rhymes AABAAB, BBCBBC, CCDCCD Rhyme scheme from which some of this information has been taken Rhythm ritmo (Italian m., Spanish m.), Rhythmus (German m.), rythme (French m.) any aspect of music having to do with time, which, since music must exist in time, means that all music is rhythmic. At its simplest, rhythm may be thought of as the disposition of strong (or accented) and weak (or unaccented) beats in a piece of music. This has led some analysts to see 'metrical organization' and 'rhythm' as being identical. If periodic stress defines musical groups, then a primary definition of 'meter' includes the opposition of weak and strong. This opposition is shown most clearly in the contrast of arsis and thesis across the barline, a model which can be expanded, as it was by Kirnberger, Hauptmann, and Weber in the 18th- and 19th-centuries, to include musical form as a hierarchical extension of the metrical impulse for contemporary analysts, musical rhythm and form receive a more sophisticated treatment. Most recent literature ties higher-level rhythm and meter to pitch structure, using methods founded on the historical association between certain harmonic and melodic progressions and their corresponding metric positions or stress. Musical rhythm is seen as a product of goal-directed melodic and harmonic activity. Schenkerian notions of prolongation and interruption inform their analyses, and are used to locate tonic accents and "structural downbeats" at important junctures in pitch structure. These voice-leading events assume formal significance when they are correlated with surface activity to direct the rhythmic flow of a work the varying speed, loudness, pitch, elevation, intensity, and expressiveness of speech, especially poetry. In verse the rhythm is normally regular; in prose it may or may not be regular Theory and Analysis of Music Rhythm from which the first two entries have been taken Rhythm Rhythm Rhythm and Meter in Tonal Music: A Biblography and Glossary of Terms Literary Terms and Definitions from which the last entry has been taken Rhythm, accentual see 'sprung rhythm' Rhythm and blues (English, German m.) or, 'Rhythm 'n' blues', American pop music style from the black popular music tradition, popular between the 1940s and 1960s, that is played by an ensemble, generally with a lead vocalist or instrumentalist, a rhythm section, and an ensemble of voices, wind instruments, or guitar. The music is mainly vocal, in quadruple time, and in a major key, but characterized by the use 'blue notes' Rhythm and Blues Rhythm & Lead Guitar the position of a musician in a musical group who performs rhythm guitar a majority of the time, but also performs solos occasionally. This is usually in the context of two guitarists, one of which performs lead guitar more of the time, and the other of which performs rhythm guitar more of the time Rhythm and Lead Guitar from which this entry has been taken Rhythm changes the chord progression I-»VI-»IV-»V, or tonic-submediant-subdominant-dominant. In C major, for example, these chords would be C-»Am-»F-»G, used widely in popular song Rhythm changes from which this extract has been taken Rhythm clef see 'indefinite pitch clef' Rhythm guitar a kind of guitar playing that provides accompaniment for a singer or other instruments. Its purpose is to provide pulse or rhythm for the song, and to provide harmony that supports the other instruments (or voice). The rhythm guitar is the compliment to the lead guitar, which plays melody; for example, during solos, or "lead breaks", or during short "fills". Many skilled rhythm guitarists slip in and out of the role of playing rhythm and playing lead, if the song calls for it. So, there is not a hard line between being a rhythm guitarist and a lead guitarist Rhythm guitar from which this extract has been taken Rhythmic accent see 'accent' Rhythmical drums drums like the side drum, snare drum and bass drum that do not vary in pitch Rhythmic augmentation the lengthening of the time values of the notes of a melody Rhythmic counterpoint polyrhythm Rhythmic diminution the shortening of the time values of the notes of a melody Rhythmic gesture a durational pattern which, in contrast to a rhythmic unit, does not occupy a period of time equivalent to a pulse or pulses on an underlying metric level Rhythmic gesture from which this extract has been taken Rhythmic modes les modes rythmiques (French) the most famous music theorist of the 13th-century, Johannes de Garlandia, was the editor of the De mensurabili musica (1240), the treatise which defined and most completely elucidated the rhythmic modes. In this system all rhythms are compound. Transcribing them into modern notation always means a time-signature of 3/8, 6/8 or 9/8. Indeed, it used to be thought that simple rhythms weren't available as an option for composers until the invention of a different type of notation in the 14th-century. In a way, compound rhythms express the number three, and this of course was a form of 'divine perfection'. One compound beat is in fact called a 'perfection' for music at this time lengths are given in unit lengths 3 (long), 2 (medium) and 1 (short) with | indicating how the beats are grouped rhythmic mode 1 trochaic (2 1) trocaico (Spanish m.) trocheo (Italian m.) trochaïque (French) 2 1 | 2 1 | 2 1 | and so on rhythmic mode 2 iambic (1 2) iámbico (Spanish m.) giambo (Italian m.) iambique (French) 1 2 | 1 2 | 1 2 | and so on rhythmic mode 3 dactylic (3 | 1 2) dáctilo (Spanish m.) dattilo (Italian m.) dactylique (French) 3 | 1 2 | 3 | 1 2 | and so on rhythmic mode 4 anapestic (1 2 | 3) anapesto (Spanish m., Italian m.) anapeste (French m.) 1 2 | 3 | 1 2 | 3 | and so on rhythmic mode 5 spondaic (3 | 3) espóndeo (Spanish m.) spondeo (Italian m.) spondaïque (French) 3 | 3 | 3 | and so on rhythmic mode 6 tribrachic (1 1 1) tribaico (Spanish m.) anfibraco (Italian m.) 1 1 1 | 1 1 1 | 1 1 1 | and so on Rhythmic Modes & Anacrusis Rhythmic mode the English theorist Walter Odington (born ca. 1278) appears to describe a different situation in England - one in which simple (binary) as well as compound (ternary) rhythms were available. Roger Wibberley has suggested that the English had a way of notating this - a form of the third rhythmic mode. He proposes that in ligature notation, notes can be slanted backwards or forwards - and that depending on the way the notes slant, this indicates: continental (or "normal") mode three dotted crotchet, quaver, crotchet English mode three dotted crotchet, crotchet, quaver binary mode three crotchet, quaver, quaver Binary rhythm from which this extract has been taken Rhythmic notation see 'rhythm notation' Rhythmicon also known as the Polyrhythmophone, the world's first electronic drum machine (or "rhythm machine," the original term for devices of the type) Rhythmicon from which this extract has been taken Rhythmic unit a durational pattern which occupies a period of time equivalent to a pulse or pulses on an underlying metric level, as opposed to a rhythmic gesture. Rhythmic units may be classified as: metric even-note patterns, such as steady quavers (eighth notes) or quaver pulses intrametric confirming patterns, such as dotted quaver-semiquaver note (eighth-sixteenth note) and swing patterns contrametric non-confirming, or syncopated patterns extrametric irregular patterns, such as tuplets Rhythmic unit from which this extract has been taken Rhythmik (German f.) rhythm, the study of rhythm rhythmisch (German) rhythmic, rhythmical, ritmato (Italian), ritmico (Italian), rythmique (French), rythmé (French) rhythmische Erziehung (German f.) eurhythmics, rhythmic gymnastics, rhythmics (an approach to the education of music that was devised by Emile Jaques-Dalcroze (1865-1950), a Swiss musician and music educator Rhythm 'n' blues see 'Rhythm and blues' Rhythm notation a system of reading and writing music which shows rhythm. The chords are written above the staff and the rhythm is indicated in the traditional manner, though pitch is unspecified through the use of slashes placed on the centre line instead of noteheads Rhythmic notation from which this information has been taken Rhythmsection (German f.) rhythm section Rhythm section (English) the musicians whose primary job in a jazz or popular music band or ensemble is to establish the rhythm of a song or musical piece, often via repeated 'riffs' or ostinati. The term may also refer to the instruments used for this purpose as applied to a jazz band, the rhythm section usually includes piano, double bass (or electric bass), guitar and drum kit Rhythm section Rhythm, sprung see 'sprung rhythm' Rhythm syllables the vocalisation of rhythmic patterns using mnemonics, syllables that put together mimic any specific pattern see 'Chevé rhythm syllables' Rhythmus (Greek, Latin, German m.) rhythm, ritmo (Italian m., Spanish m.), rythme (French m.) Poetic terminology Rhythmus caudatus (Latin) see rime couée Rhythmusgerät (German n.) drum machine Rhythmusinstrument (German n.) rhythm instrument Rhythmusmaschine (German f.) rhythm unit, rhythm machine R.I. abbreviation of Repubblica Italiana (Italian: Republic of Italy) Ri the raised second degree of a major scale; in 'fixed do' solfeggio, ri is always the note 'D sharp' Ria (Spanish) a long narrow inlet of the sea, usually branching at the inner end RIAA Recording Industry Association of America rianimando (Italian) reanimating riant (m.), riante (f.) (French) smiling, gay, cheerful (landscape, etc.) RIAS abbreviation of Radio im Amerikanischen Sektor (German) Rib (of a violin, etc.) Zarge (German f.), éclisse (French f.), fascia (Italian), the sides that are bent to shape and then attached to the belly and back of the instrument Ribalta (Italian) footlights Ribattuta (Italian f.) a beat (Italian f.) passing note (Italian f.) a trill in dotted rhythm (Italian f., English, French f.) a form of trill originating from the time of Claudio Monteverdi (1567-1643) and Girolamo Frescobaldi (1583-1643) that begins slowly and accelerates toward its conclusion. Those who might have read the example in Der vollkommene Capellmeister, (Hamburg, 1739), by Johann Mattheson (1681-1764), will see according to the notation the speed of the trill doubles on the beat. Actually the limitations of mensural notation means that discrete changes seen on the page should be interpreted as a smooth acceleration in the speed. Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach (1714-1788), who in his Versuch über die wahre Art das Clavier zu spielen (Berlin, 1753) gives an example of this ornament in the chapter on embellishment, mentions in the text that there is a gradual acceleration Ribattuta di gorgia (Italian) or gorgia, a volcal trill that begins slowly and then accelerates towards its conclusion Ribbing a knitting technique where small rows are finley knitted together to form a texture, popular in polo neck jumpers and skinny-ribbed jumpers Ribbon microphone a microphone whose electric output results from the motion of a thin metal ribbon mounted between the poles of a permanent magnet and driven directly by sound waves - it is velocity-actuated if open to sound waves on both sides, and pressure-actuated if open to sound waves on only one side. Ribbon tweeter (loudspeaker) a tweeter loudspeaker that uses a very thin diaphragm, often of aluminum, or perhaps metalized plastic film, which supports a planar coil frequently made by deposition of aluminum vapour, suspended in a powerful magnetic field (typically provided by neodymium magnets) to reproduce high frequencies Ribeba (Italian) Jew's harp Ribeca (Italian f.) rebec Ribecchino (Italian) a small rebec Riberbula (Corsica) related to the Jew's harp Ribible rebec Ribs the sides of a stringed instrument such as a violin, guitar, etc. on a piano, made of Sitka spruce, the ribs help to keep the proper forward curve in the soundboard Ributhe (Scottish) Jew's harp Rib vault a vault with bands of projecting stonework along the angles or groins Ricasso part of sword and knife blades, the section just above the guard or handle, which is sometimes unsharpened and unbevelled Riccio (Italian m.) scroll (Italian m.) or chiocciola (Italian f.), Schnecke (German f.) or Kopf (German m. - scroll and pegbox), volute (French f.), tête (la volute et le cheviller) (French f. - scroll and pegbox), testa (Italian f. - scroll and pegbox), the scroll, that part of the violin, etc. where ornmental carving is normally found. On the violin and related stringed instruments it lies at the end of the neck just above the pegs the scroll is the carved spiral found just above the pegs at the very top of the neck of a violin, viola, etc. - if the instrument bears a carving of a face, animal, etc. then it is called a head and not a scroll Rice paper a term that usually refers to paper made from parts of the rice plant, like rice straw or rice flour. However, the term is also loosely used for paper made from or containing other plants, like hemp, bamboo or mulberry Ricerca (Italian f.) research Ricercar (German n.) ricercare Ricercare (s.), Ricercari (pl.) (Italian, literally 'to seek') ricercato or ricercarta, from the 16th- and 17th-centuries, originally improvisatory in style, these embellished, unaccompanied melodies were similar to preludes of the same period. From the late 16th-century, the name became associated also with contrapuntal polyphonic writing, first in two parts and later expanding to four. It is this latter use that led to the term being applied to any elaborate contrapuntal piece of music, for example, a Meisterfuge also recercare, formerly the title of an instrumental piece from the 16th-century, often fugal, that can be classed with the fantasia and capriccio, anabole, prelude, preambulum, and prooemium Ricercarta see ricercare Ricercarto see ricercare Rich (tone) tone containing many harmonic partials richettato (Italian) spiccato richiamare (Italian) to sing with a shrill voice, to warble or whistle in imitation of a bird Richiamo (Italian m.) curtain call Richiamo per uccelli (Italian m., literally 'call of the birds') bird pipe richtig (German) right, precise richtiges Tempo (German n.) appropriate speed, tempo guisto, temps juste richtiges Zeitmaß (German n.) appropriate speed, tempo guisto, temps juste Richtungsänderung (German f.) turnaround, change of direction Ricochet a glancing rebound made by a projectile before reaching its target, to make a glancing rebound a down-bow stroke on the violin, achieved by throwing the upper third of the bow on the same string resulting in a bouncing series of rapid notes in the single stroke, rimbalzando (Italian), abprallendes Stakkato (German) String Pedagogy Notebook - QuickTime Movies Ricordanza (Italian f.) remeberance, recollection Rictus (Latin) a gaping of the mouth, a wide-open grin ridacchiare (Italian) to gigle, to laugh ironically Ridda (Italian f.) whirling dance, crowd, confusion Rídda (Italian, mentioned in John Florio's Queen Anna's New World of Words (1611)) any kind of round Country dance as our Hay dance Riddáre (Italian, mentioned in John Florio's Queen Anna's New World of Words (1611)) to dance round Riddim a rhythm pattern, basically consisting of a drum pattern and a prominent bassline. This Patois or Jamaican-English term originates from the English word "rhythm" Riddim from which this extract has been taken Riddle (from Old English roedel, from roedan meaning 'to give council' or 'to read') a universal form of literature in which a puzzling question or a conundrum is presented to the reader Riddle canon a canon in which the composer has left it to the performer to choose at which point and at which pitch the following voice(s) should start Rideable fit to be ridden (horse, bycycle, etc.), fit to be travelled on (bicycle, horseback, etc.) Rideau (French m.) curtain le rideau se baisse the curtain falls, the curtain goes down le rideau se lève the curtain rises, the curtain goes up le rideau s'ouvre the curtain opens le rideau de ferme the curtain closes Rideau d'avant-scène (French m.) main drape Ride cymbal a cymbal (circular brass plate 20" to 22" in diameter) that sits on a stand at an angle, as a part of the drum kit, that is struck with drum sticks or brushes to keep a rhythmic pulse of the composition Ride cymbal ridente (Italian) laughing, bright (figurative), smiling Ride out in jazz, the final chorus of a piece is called the 'ride-out', 'out chorus' or 'sock chorus' ridere (Italian) to laugh ridere sotto i baffi (Italian) to laugh up one's sleeve ridersi (di) (Italian) to laugh (at), to deride Ride rhythm a basic jazz pattern of rhythmic beats in each bar (measure), so-named because it is often tapped out on either a 'ride cymbal' or a 'high hat' ridestare (Italian) to re-awaken, to arouse (again), to wake, to wake up RidgeBow a modern 'mouthbow' created by Wayland Harman RidgeBow Ridge rib stone rib running longitudinally or tranversely at the top of a vault Ridicolaggine (Italian f.) an absurdity, nonsense Ridicolo (Italian m.) ridicule, ridiculousness ridicolo (Italian) ridiculous, absurd, paltry Ridicule words designed to arouse laughter and contempt for a person, idea, or institution. The rhetorical goal is to condemn or criticize the object by ridicule by making it seem suitable only for mockery, by making it appear 'ridiculous' RIdIM abbreviation of Répertoire International d'Iconographie Musicale (French) Riding playing repeated rhythmic patterns with the sticks or brushes on a cymbal ridondante (Italian) redundant Ridondanza (Italian f.) redundancy, redundance ridondare (Italian) to redound, to overflow Ridotto (Italian m.) foyer (of a theatre), a resort, a retreat, a clubhouse (Italian) reduced, adapted, arranged from a full score or, in French, redoubte, an 18th-century public entertainment, introduced into England in 1722, consisting of singing and dancing in which audience and musicians would take part ridurre (Italian) to reduce Riduttore di rumore (Italian m.) noise reduction, noise suppression Riduzione (Italian f.) a reduction, an arrangement, a discount, an adaptation Riduzione per pianoforte (Italian f.) piano score riecheggiare (Italian) to re-echo riedere (Italian) to return (poetic) riedificare (Italian) to rebuid riempiere (Italian) to fill, to fill in (forms, etc.), to fill up, to cram, to stuff Rien (French m.) nothingness un rien (French m.: a mere nothing) des riens (French m.pl.: trivia) rien (French) nothing, anything, nil (score), not half, really rien à déclarer (French) nothing to declare rien à faire! (French) it's hopeless! nothing doing! it's not on! rien à la cle (French) 'open key', clefless a clefless staff may be used to represent a set of percussion sounds, each line typically representing a different percussion instrument rien à signaler (French) nothing to report rien au monde (French) nothing on earth, nothing in the world rien d'autre (French) nothing else rien de (French) nothing rien de moins (French) nothing less rien de plus (French) nothing more, nothing further rien de plus facile (French) nothing easier rien de neuf (French) nothing new rien de rien (French) nothing, absolutely nothing rien d'impossible (French) nothing impossible rien du tout (French) nothing at all rien entendu (French) hear anything rien ne le fera reculer (French) nothing will make him go back rien ne va plus (French, 'no more stakes accepted') in roulette, the cry of the croupier as the wheel begins to spin rien partout (French) the French equivalent of 'love all' in tennis, etc. rien que (French) nothing but rien qu'à moi (French) mine alone rien que la vérité (French) nothing but the truth Rientrata (Italian f.) re-entrance, re-entry, reappearance Rientro (Italian m.) shrinking, shrinkage riepilogare (Italian) to recapitulate Riepilogo (Italian m.) recapitulation, résumé Riesen-harfe (German) Aeolian harp Riesenschilf (German n.) Arundo donax, Arundo bifaria, Arundo donax var. versicolor, Arundo glauca, Arundo latifolia, Arundo sativa, Arundo versicolor, Cynodon donax, Donax arundinaceus, Donax donax, Scolochloa arundinacea, Scolochloa donax, bamboo reed, baranal (Hindi), bansi (Punjabi), caña común (Spanish f.), caña (Spanish f., Portuguese f.), caña cañabrava (Spanish f.), caña de roca (Portuguese f.), caña vieira (Portuguese f.), cane, giant cane, distaff cane, donako (Esperanto), gaha nal (Bengali), gardener’s garters, great reed, Indian grass, Italienskt rör (Swedish), jättiruoko (Finnish), Kaemperolr (Danish), Persian reed, canne de Provence (French f.), Provence reed, qasba (Maltese), reed, Pfahlrohr (German n.), roseau géant (French), shembeko (Ethiopian), spanisches Rohr (German n.), Spanish cane, Spanskrör (Swedish), Teberau gading (Malay) - used for over 5,000 years to make the single and double reeds used in numerous wind instruments this is the ‘reed’ ('rushes') referred to in the Bible. Today the giant reed is used to make clarinets, bagpipes and organ-pipes [Swedish terms corrected by Lars Hellvig] Riesen-stimme (German) stentorian voice Riet (Dutch) reed Riet-instrumenten (Dutch) reed instruments, reeds rieur (s.), rieure (pl.) (French) laughing, cheerful, merry (eyes) rievocare (Italian) to recall, to conjure up again Rifacimento (Italian m.) the recast or remodelled form of a literary work (in order to improve it), remaking, compensation, adaptation sometimes mis-spelt rifaccimento or rifacciamento (Italian: refacing) Riferimento (Italian m.) a reference riferire (Italian) to report, to relate, to tell, to refer, to attribute, to return (thanks) riferirsi (Italian) to refer, to relate Riferma (Italian f.) a re-engagement rifermare (Italian) to stop again, to confirm, to re-confirm, to re-engage Riff (English, French m., Italian m., German m., Spanish m.) a short music phrase, often repeated, particularly in jazz or blues Riff Riffa (Italian f.) violence, raffle, lottery riffoso (Italian) rowdy, insolent rifiatare (Italian) to breathe again, to take a deep breath Rifiorimenti (Italian pl.) ornaments, embellishments Rififi (French m.) trouble Riflard (French m.) brolly, umbrella Rifletorre (Italian m.) spotlight Riga (Italian f.) the stave Rigadoon (Old English) rigaudon Rigaudon (English, German m., French m.) a lively French dance in simple duple or quadruple time not unlike a bourrée with an upbeat on a crotchet (quarter note) Rigaudon Rigg see riqq Right and Left Grand one of the big circle figures danced by all couples in one large circle facing the centre which are traditionally associated with square dancing Big Circle Figures Right and Left Grand Variations one of the figures unique to, or traditionally associated with, square dancing Four-couple figures Right hand mano destra (Italian), rechte Hand (German), main droite (French) Right on it in jazz, with no introduction, to start right on the head rigide (French) rigid (character), stiff (muscle, card), inflexible (personality), strict (rule), hard and fast (rule) rigidement (French) strictly, rigidly Rigo (musicale) (Italian m.) staff Rigodino (Italian) rigaudon Rigodón (Spanish m.) rigaudon Rigodone (Italian) rigaudon Rigolétto (Italian, mentioned in John Florio's Queen Anna's New World of Words (1611)) a country skipping dance, horne-pipe, merrie-round. Also a gigge Rigor (Latin) a sudden chill accompanied by fits of violent shivering (note: the stress is placed on the first vowel) rigor (m.), rigore (f.) (Italian) rigour, strictness, exactness, strict (time) Rigor mortis (Latin) the rigidity of the body after death Rigor mortis rigoroso (Italian) exact, rigorous, strict, in the sense of 'in strict time' (although tempo giusto is the more commonly used term) rigoureux (French) exact, rigorous, strict, in the sense of 'in strict time' (although tempo giusto is the more commonly used term) Rigurigi Ugandan one-string fiddle Rijsttafel (Dutch) a dish consisting of plain boiled rice accomapnied by a variety of highly-seasoned foods Rik see riqq Riksmål (Norwegian) Riksmål denotes a conservative, chiefly pre-1938, unofficial variant of Bokmål. Bokmål or Dano-Norwegian which is the most commonly used of the two official written standards of Norwegian, the other being Nynorsk. Bokmål is used by around 85% of the population (regardless of dialect) and is the standard most commonly taught to foreign students of Norwegian Bokmål from which this material has been taken rilasciando (Italian) releasing, relaxing the time, giving way a little, nachlassend, rallentando rilasciante (Italian) rallentando rilassando (Italian) releasing, relaxing the time, giving way a little, nachlassend, rallentando rilassato (Italian) rallentando Rilch a Russian lute Rileanna (Gaelic) reels RILM abbreviation of Répertoire International de Littérature Musicale (French) RILM Abstracts this database lists dissertations about music, chapters in books about music, and articles in music journals. Each entry contains a short abstract. RILM is an acronym for Répertoire international de littérature musicale Rim in the construction of brass instruments, either an additional strip of metal called a garland, an iron or brass wire, or both are used to create a rim to reinforce and protect the thin edge of the bell. The wire may be soldered onto the top of the bell or onto the garland. Alternatively, the edge of the garland or the bell edge itself may be rolled around the wire Rima a narrow elongated opening or fissure between two symmetrical parts (Italian f., Spanish f.) rhyme Ríma (s.), Rímur (pl.) (Icelandic) rhyme Rima chiusa (Italian, literally 'closed rhythm') an arrangement of the rhymes in a quatrain such that the two outer and the two inner lines rhyme together rimar (Spanish) rhyme rimare (Italian) rhyme rimbalzando (Italian) rebounding, abprallendes Stakkato (German), ricochet (French) Rimbombo (Italian m.) echo effect Rime (French f.) rhyme Rime couée (French f.) or, in English, caudate rhyme, in Latin rhythmus caudatus, a unit of verse in which a short line, followed by a longer line or section of longer lines, rhymes with a preceding short line rimer (French) to rhyme Rime riche (French f.) identical rhyme Rime royale (French f.) or 'rime royal', rhyme royal rimettendo (Italian, literally 'resuming') returning to the original tempo rimettendosi (Italian, literally 'resuming') returning to the original tempo rimettere (Italian) send Rim shot or rimshot, a percussion technique usually used on the snare drum, involving hitting the rim of the drum there are two standard types of rim shots in marching percussion, the higher pitched 'ping shot' and the lower pitched 'gock' in orchestral percussion, a rimshot is performed by placing one drum stick with the stick head near the middle of the drumhead, and the shaft pressed against the rim, and striking with the other stick. This produces a less powerful, but more precise rimshot than its marching cousin Rimshot Rímur (Icelandic pl., 'rhymes') a dramatic form of epic song from Iceland, rooted in narrative poetry. As originally performed, a rímur circle could last many hours and cover many subjects Rímur rin. abbreviation of rinforzando (Italian: accenting, accented) Rinascimento (Italian m.) Renaissance Rinçage (French m.) rinse, (the act of) rinsing rincalzando (Italian) in good humour Rinceau (French) in decorative art, an elaborately foliated scroll-pattern Rince-doigts (French m.) finger-bowl rincer (French) to rinse rinf. abbreviation of rinforzando (Italian: accenting, accented) rinforzamento (Italian) reinforcement rinforzando (Italian) strengthened, reinforced, accenting, accented (Italian) or rafforzando (Italian), strengthening, verstärkend (German), en reforçant (French) a sudden increase in volume, either on an individual note or chord or throughout a phrase or passage rinforzare (Italian) rinforzando rinforzato (Italian) rinforzando, strengthened, verstärkt (German), renforcé (French) Rinforzo (Italian m.) reinforcement Ring a set of bells, numbering 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, or 12, hung for change ringing. Mounted to each headstock is a wheel from whose grooved rim a rope extends to the floor below. When the rope is pulled, the bell is made to swing in an arc of slightly more than 360 degrees. The bells are so arranged that the suspended ropes form a circle. The great majority of rings are in the British Isles Ring (German m.) band, circle, circlet, coil, collar, annulus, hoop Ringbang (Caribbean) a fusion of all the music of the Caribbean with the focus on the rhythm rather than the melody. Since its creation in 1994, 'ringbang' has grown in popularity in Barbados and throughout the Caribbean Ring Cycle, The Richard Wagner (1813-1883) wrote this mammoth 16 hour cycle of operas between 1848 and 1876. The first complete performance took place at the Festspielhaus in Bayreuth, Germany in August 1876. The four operas are: Das Rheingold 1853-4 Die Walküre 1854-6 Siegfried 1856-7 Götterdämmerung 1869-71 About the Ring Cycle Ring flute James Johnson, the inventor, spent 11 years developing this extraordinary unkeyed toroidal flute Ring Flute Ring modulation an audio effect performed by multiplying two audio signals, where one is typically a sine-wave or another simple waveform. It is referred to as "ring" modulation because the analog circuit of diodes originally used to implement this effect took the shape of a ring. This circuit is similar to a Bridge rectifier, except that instead of the diodes facing "Left" or "Right", they go "Clockwise" or "Anti-Clockwise" Ring modulation from which this extract has been taken Ring modulator a ring modulator accepts two inputs and produces the sum and difference frequencies of them for example, if two sine waves of 100 and 150 cycles are present at the inputs, the output will consist of two frequencies 50 cycles (150 minus 100) and 250 cycles (150 plus 100) waves with many partials, such as rectangular or sawtooth waves, create very complex output signals. Ring modulators offer a convenient way to create metallic sounds, bells and klangs. They have been widely used in the creation of electronic music Ring Modulator from which this information has been taken Ring polska also known as 'step polska', this is an ancient dance associated with marriage rites. Being ritualistic in nature and hence accorded a religious reverence, marriage-rites are often the repositories of traditions which have disappeared in secular society. The dance is called hoijakka in Finnish because of a shouted "hoi!" upon change of rotational direction and is known as trindpolska (literally 'step-polska') in Swedish-speaking districts, where it serves as an efterdans (after-dance) for a minuet or quadrille Ring shake a shake or fissure between the annual rings of a tree Ring shout religious dance performed by African-American slaves, performed with hand clapping and a shuffle step to spirituals Ringtone or 'ring tone', a digital music file that is designed to be played on a mobile phone when there is an incoming call Rinnakkaissävellaji (Finnish) relative key rinviato (German) postponed Rinyu-gaku (Japanese) the music of Southern Asia, always involving dances and pantomimes, that found its way to ancient Japan Rinzaffato (Italian) in art, a coarse plaster used for filling hollows and cracks in a wall before the application of the arricciato and the intonaco río abajo (Spanish) downstream, down-river rioso (Italian) laughing RIP abbreviation of requiescat in pace (Latin: may he/she rest in peace) Rip a loud tonal slide up to a note often ending with a sharp accent rip. abbreviation of ripieno Rip and Snort one of the big circle figures danced by all couples in one large circle facing the centre which are traditionally associated with square dancing Big Circle Figures Riparelle a suggestive dance that appeared in Vert-Vert by Jacques Offenbach (1819-1880), not unlike the 'Can Can' Ripercussione (Italian f.) repercussion ripertere (Italian) to repeat Ripetitore (Italian m./f.) a coach (particularly of singers) Ripetizione (Italian f.) repetition, rehearsal Ripiano (Italian m.) see repiano Ripienist (German m.) ripieno violinist, a player of the ripieno or tutti parts in an orchestra Ripienista (Italian m./f.) one of the ripieno Ripièniste (French m.) one of the ripieno Ripieno (s.), Ripieni (pl.) (Italian m., literally 'filling up') a term used to distinguish passages played by soloists (marked concertante, solo or obbligato) and those played by the whole orchestra (marked ripieno or tutti) a direction used in military band music calling for the entrance of clarinets, oboes, etc. on the organ, a combination stop drawing all registers of a particular manual Ripieno di cinque (Italian) mixture stop of five ranks, in Italian organs Ripieno di due (Italian) mixture stop of two ranks, in Italian organs Ripieno di quattro (Italian) mixture stop of four ranks, in Italian organs Ripieno di tre (Italian) mixture stop of three ranks, in Italian organs Ripieur di cinque (Italian) mixture stop of five ranks, in Italian organs ripigliare (Italian) to resume RIPM abbreviation of Répertoire International de la Presse Musicale (French) riposato (m.), riposata (f.) (Italian) reposeful, in a calm and tranquil manner Riposo (Italian m.) repose, rest Riposte (French) a quick counter-thrust, a prompt retaliation (originally a fencing term but now in general use riposte (French) to make a quick counter-thrust, to retaliate promptly Rippe (German f.) rib Ripping to extract digital audio tracks from an audio CD a software program that extracts audio files from a CD is called a ripper riprende (Italian) resume riprendendo (Italian) resuming riprendendo poco a poco il tempo (Italian) gradually regaining the former tempo riprendere (French, literally 'to resume') resume original tempo Ripresa (s.), Riprese (pl.) (Italian f.) reprise, repeat, recapitulation, as a repeat sign usually associated with that refered to in dal segno the ripresa, ritornello, and passacaglia are based on the 16th-century Italian dance form. The ripresa or ritornello (often appearing as V-I or IV-V-I) is a unit of music that precedes, follows, or alternates with a dance. The internal ripresa could be used as a portion within a dance or as a conclusion. While the number of internal riprese varies according to the time elapsing between sections of a piece, its harmonic design (i.e., the basic V-I pattern) is fixed. The concluding ripresa, on the other hand, occurs at the end of a piece and shows a greater harmonic variety through the insertion or substitution of alternate chords. In the concluding ripresa, the basic V-I pattern could be varied through the insertion, reshuffling, and mixing of chords, resulting in unpredictable chains of chord progressions such as IV-V-I-I, V-V-I-IV, V-V-I-II, or V-V-I-I. During the 17th-century, these concluding riprese became independent sets and took the name of the passacaglia or ciaccona. The technique of the passacaglia or ciaccona then, is simply an ostinato of derived formulas of the ripresa. Thus, the ripresa, ritornello, and passacaglia evolved from the same harmonic pattern which originally functioned as a unit of the Italian dance form in 15th-century dance, a sideways step or steps (usually a sideways double) lasting one misura, except in piva misura where it is danced twice as quickly and can only be accomplished as a sideways single Musical Borrowings from which the second entry has been taken Riproduzione (Italian f.) reproduction Ripsaw a coarse-toothed saw used for cutting wood along the grain Ripsaw music (The Bahamas) a tradition that came from the Turks and Caicos Islands, and is characterized by the use of a carpenter's saw as a percussion instrument. The saw is scraped with a metal object, such as a screwdriver, to produce a unique sound; this is called 'ripping the saw'. Ripsaw is closely related to 'rake and scrape' Riq see riqq Riqq also reqq, tar or duff, Middle Eastern and North African tambourine Reqq Tambourine Frame drum (riqq?), Syria, 19th century Rira bien qui rira le dernier. (French) Whoever laughs last laughs best. Rire (French m.) laugh le rires (French: laughter) rire (French) to laugh, to joke, to have fun rire de (French) to laugh at rire sous cape (French) to laugh up one's sleeve rire un bon coup (French) to have a good laugh risaltato (Italian) emphasized, hervorgehoben (German), mis en relief (French) riscaldano (Italian) livelier, warming up Rise in dance, this is a smooth relevé from a position à terre through all the levels of the foot (quarter-point, half-point and three-quarter point). The toes do not move from the spot at which the rise began risentitamente (Italian) marked, distinct, lively, poignant, vigorous risentito (Italian) lively, poignant, vigorous, angrily, firmly Rises and falls a category of the ballroom dance technique that refers to rises and falls of the body of a dancer achieved through actions of knees and feet (ankles) Rises and falls from which this extract has been taken Risha (Arabic, literally 'feather') pick for plucking strings, for example, on the barbat risible (French) laughable Rising action the action in a play before the climax Rising rhyme another term for masculine rhyme in which the final foot ends in a stressed syllable RISM abbreviation of Répertoire International des Sources Musicales (French) risol. abbrevation for risoluto (Italian: bold, resolute, energetic) risolutamente (Italian) resolutely, boldly, rigorously risoluto (Italian) bold, resolute, energetic Risoluzione (Italian f.) determination, firmness, steady rhythm, resolution (for example, of a discord) risonante (Italian) resounding, ringing, sounding Risonanza (Italian f.) resonance, a sound risonare (Italian) to resound, to ring, to echo Risorgimento Italian unification (called in Italian the Risorgimento, or 'Resurgence') was the political and social process that unified disparate states of the Italian peninsula into the single nation of Italy. It is difficult to pin down exact dates for the beginning and end of Italian reunification, but most scholars agree that it began with the Congress of Vienna in 1815 and the end of Napoleonic rule, and largely ended with the Franco-Prussian War in 1871, though the last città irredente did not join the Kingdom of Italy until the Treaty of Saint-Germain after World War I Italian unification from which this extract has been taken Risotto (Italian) a dish made of boiled rice, meat or meat broth, butter, etc. Rispetto a type of Italian folk-song see strambotto Risposta (Italian f.) the answer in a fugue Risque (French m.) risk risqué (French) (a remark or anecdote) that is indecent, suggestive or daring risquer (French) to risk risquer de faire (French) stand a good chance of doing Rissaldar (Hindi) or ressaldar, the native commander of an Indian cavalry regiment Risset scale, continuous Jean-Claude Risset (b. 1938) created a version of the Shepard scale where the steps between each tone are continuous, and it is appropriately called the continuous Risset scale or Shepard-Risset glissando. He has also created a similar effect with rhythm in which tempo seems to increase or decrease endlessly see 'Shephard scale' Jean-Claude Risset rissoler (French) to brown Ristampa (Italian f.) reprint ristampare (Italian) reprint ristretto (Italian) the stretto in a fugue ristringendo (Italian) quickening, drawing together Risuonanza (Italian f.) resonance Risuonatore (Italian m.) resonator Risus sardonicus a highly characteristic, abnormal, sustained spasm of the facial muscles that is most often observed as a symptom of tetanus. The name of the condition derives from the appearance of raised eyebrows and an evil, open grin that it gives to its victim risvegliando (Italian) or risvegliato (Italian), re-awakening, re-animated, lively, with increased animation, wieder erweckend (German), en réveillant (French), réveillé (French) risvegliare (Italian) to wake up, to revive, to re-animate risvegliato (Italian) or risvegliando (Italian), re-awakening, re-animated, lively, with increased animation, wieder erweckend (German), en réveillant (French), réveillé (French) rit. (Italian) abbreviated form of ritenuto (Italian: suddenly slower - also riten.) or ritardando (Italian: gradually slower - also ritard.) see ritenuto see ritardando ritard. (Italian) abbreviated form of ritardando (Italian: gradually slower) see ritardando Ritardamento (Italian m.) a delay, a delaying, a deferment, a postponement ritardando (Italian) gradually slower, retarding, to hold back, holding back, held back (gradual change of tempo), gradually delaying the tempo, en retardant (French), alongez (French), cédez (French), zurückhalten (German) ritardare (Italian) to hold back, holding back, held back (gradual change of tempo) ritardato (Italian) delayed, retardé (French), to hold back, holding back, held back (gradual change of tempo) Ritardo (Italian m.) the gradual diminishing of speed (Italian m.) in harmony, the prolongation of a note from a previous chord into the succeeding one, i.e. is a suspension Rite (French m.) rite, ritual Rite de passage (s.), Rites de passage (pl.) (France) a ritual or cermony marking the passage from one period of life to another riten. (Italian) abbreviated form of ritenuto (Italian: suddenly slower) ritenendo (Italian, literally 'deduct a little') holding back, rallentando (Italian), en retenant (French) ritenendo un po' (Italian, literally 'deduct a little') becoming a little slower ritenente (Italian, literally 'deduct a little') rallentando ritenento (Italian) detained, slower, kept back ritenuto (Italian, literally 'held back') suddenly slower, retenu (French) sometime used instead of ritardando, although it differs from ritardando in that ritenuto implies a sudden change of tempo (often for only a short period of time) while ritardando indicates a gradual change Riti or ziti, a Gambian/Senegalese one-string fiddle of kapok wood covered with lizard skin, used for exorcism ceremonies ritmato (m.), ritmata (f.) (Italian) rhythmic, rhythmical, rythmé (French), rythmique (French), rhythmisch (German) ritme (Dutch) rhythm ritmico (m.), ritmica (f.) (Italian, Portuguese) rhythmic, rhythmical, rythmé (French), rythmique (French), rhythmisch (German) ritmisch (Dutch) rhythmic Ritmo (Italian m., Spanish m., Portuguese) rhythm, Rhythmus (German m.), rythme (French m.) Ritmo compuesto (Spanish m.) compound time Ritmo della musica (Italian m.) pacing (musical rhythm) Ritmo di tre battute (Italian m.) music played so quickly that each bar (measure) is played as a single beat and each group of three bars is a single hyperbar (hypermeasure) Ritmo libre (Spanish m.) a term used to describe the structure of the music of Ancient Greece and Rome, Gregorian chant, Spanish chants, unmeasured music, etc., where the rhythm is determined by the text to which the musical line is applied rather than to a mathematical relationship that might exist within the musical notation itself Ritmo Pilón (Cuba, Spanish m.) a beat created by Enrique Bonne and brought to fame by Pacho Alonso Ritornel (English) ritornello Ritornell (German n.) ritornello Ritornello (s.), Ritornelli (pl.) (Italian, m. literally 'refrain') a piece or section that is returned to a passage in a concerto during which the soloist is silent the closing section or couplet of a 14th-century Italian madrigal or caccia in 17th-century opera, an instrumental piece, for example, prelude, interlude or postlude (Italian m.) the name for the 'repeat sign' see 'form' for information about 'ritornello form' Ritornello Ritornell (German) ritornello Ritornelo (Spanish m.) ritornello Ritorno (Italian m., of which ritornello is the diminutive) return Ritorto (Italian m.) crook Ritournelle (French) a quick 17th-century dance in triple time, for example, Ritournelle de Scocapur and Ritournelle des Amazons by Jean-Baptiste Lully (1632-1687), Ritournelle d'alma mia by Michel-Richard de Lalande (1657-1726) see 'ritornel' Ritson Manuscript although very much smaller and less elaborate than the Eton, Lambeth and Caius Choirbooks, the Pepys and Ritson Manuscripts contain shorter and rather simpler pieces, presumably for smaller and less able choirs. The Ritson MS, unlike the Pepys, was on internal evidence the work of at least five distinct hands. It was compiled over a long period between early in the second half of the fifteenth century and 1510, apparently in the West Country The Pepys and Ritson Manuscripts from which this information has been taken Ritterbratsche (German f.) see 'Ritter-viola' ritterlich (German) knightly Ritter-viola built in 1875 by Karl Adam Hörlein of Würzburg, the viola alta designed by Hermann Ritter was played by the designer at one of the Wagner Festivals with the Bayreuth orchestra. He later added a fifth string (e'') so combining the compass of the viola and the violin Ritual (English, Spanish m., German n.) a set of actions, performed mainly for their symbolic value, which is prescribed by a religion or by the traditions of a community Ritual from which this short extract has been taken Rituale (Italian m.) ritual Ritual in religion Ritual in religion rituel (m.), rituelle (f.) (French) ritual Rituel (French m.) ritual Rivage (French m.) shore Rive (French f.) bank (of a river), shore (of a lake) riveduto (Italian) revised Rive gauche (French f., literally 'left bank') the district of Paris on the left bank of the Seine inhabited by students, artists and writers Rivelatore (Italian m.) pick-up river (French) to rivet Riverain (m.), Riveraine (f.) (French) riverside resident, the resident (of a street) riverain (m.), riveraine (f.) (French) riverside Riverbero (Italian m.) reverberation Riverbo (Italian m.) reverb Riverside [1914-18] established by Russell Hoare in the village of Riverside, Leicestershire, as an experimental educational community. Hoare insisted that the children should do whatever seemed good to them. He gave talk to the Friends Guild of Teachers and stated his intention: "I am not out to make good little citizens. I am out to make rebels." Riverso see rovescio riverso, al (Italian) reversed, as regards motion of parts, so that it may be used in the sense of 'contrary' or 'retrograde' Rivescio see rovescio Riviera (Italian) a coastal district Rivière (French f.) river (French) a necklace of precious stones, especially a necklace of more than one string Rivista (Italian f.) magazine, review rivolgimento (Italian) inversion of the parts in double counterpoint rivoltato (Italian) inverted, turned upside down (in counterpoint) Rivolto (Italian m.) complementary interval, inversion (of a melodic or harmonic interval) Rizitika the most important genre of vocal music from the northern part of the Lefka Ora (White Mountains), within the province of Chaniá, in western Crete. They are the principal musical repertoire for feasts in the villages, above all marriages and baptisms, but also for simple banquets. Based on the occasion, rizitika songs can be divided into two repertoires: the tavla repertoire ('songs for the table', reserved for convivial occasions, mainly wedding banquets) and the strata repertoire ('songs for the road', reserved for parts of the wedding rites other than the banquet, that is, for the transfer of the dowry to the bridegroom's house, the ceremonial welcome by the bridegroom's mother of the bride, the gathering of the gifts, etc., where they are called tou gamou tragoudi, wedding song) Rizorkestra a one-man-roots-blues-band, with guitar, singing, kazoo, hi-hat and bass drum playing simultaneously. repetoire consists of early blues songs, jug band tunes, gospel music classics, instrumental stomps, romps, jumps, and rags, early country music, early jazz, tin pan alley tunes, folk music songs and novelty songs, with the additional insertion of themes and motifs from sousa marches, European classical music composers, musical theatre and film music, in original compostions and improvisations Rizorkestra from which this entry has been taken Rizzio guitar a French 16th-century guitar, usually decorated with tortoise shell, ivory, mother of pearl and ebony, named for David Rizzio or David Riccio (c.1533-1566) a singer and guitarist, born at Turin, the son of a music teacher who rose to become the private secretary of Mary I of Scotland Rkan-dun Tibetan bone pipes made of human thighs Rkang-gling Tibetan trumpet Rkang-gling Trumpet (rkang-gling), Tibet, late 19th century RKO abbreviation of Radio-Keith-Orpheum (German) RMCM abbreviation of 'Royal Manchester College of Music' rms abbreviation of 'root mean square' RMWV referring to the catalogue prepared by Mathias Herrmann of music by Rudolf Mauersberger (1889-1971) RN abbreviation of route nationale (French: main road), revenu national (French: GNP - gross national product) RNCM abbreviation of 'Royal Northern College of Music, Manchester' Rnga (Indian, China, Nepal) a double headed frame-drum Rnga from which this extract has been taken RO from the catalogue of music by Louis Moreau Gottschalk (1829-1869) prepared by Robert Offergeld RO abbreviation of Radio Orchestra Roach a fresh-water fish of the carp family Roaring silence the title of David Revill's 1993 biography of John Cage Robab see rubab Robbed time rubato (Italian) Robe (French f.) (woman's) dress, (judge's) robe, (horse's coat) Robe de chambre (French f.) dressing-gown, a woman's dressing-gown suitable for an informal reception of friends Robe de quatre sous (French f.) cheap dress Robe de terrasse (French f.) a woman's dress suitable for wearing on the terrace of a mansion in warm weather Robe du soir (French f.) evening gown Robertsbridge Codex (c. 1360) an Italian music manuscript of the 14th century. It contains the earliest surviving music written specifically for keyboard Robertsbridge Codex from which this extract has been taken Robin and Marion see 'Play of Robin and Marion' Robinet (French m.) tap, faucet (U.S.) Robot hip hop see 'electro music' robuste (French) robust Robustesse (French f.) robustness Robusto (Italian) robust, strongly voiced (Italian m.) a vigorous tenor suitable for strong masculine operatic parts robusto (Italian) strong, powerful Roc (French m.) rock Rocaille (French f.) rocky ground, rockery (in a garden) in art, decorative design based on the forms of rocks and shells rocailleux (m.), rocailleuse (f.) (French) rocky (terrain) Rocchetta (Italian f.) rankett (Italian m.), racket, rocchetta (Italian f.), Rankett (German n.), Stockfagott (German n.), Wurstfagott (German n.), racket (French m.), cervelas (French m.) Roche (French f.) rock (Italian) raucous, hoarse, rough-sounding, jarring Rocher (French) rock rocheux (m.), rocheuse (f.) (French) rocky Rock (English, German m.) see 'rock music' Rockabilly music pioneered by stars like Carl Perkins, but popularized by Elvis Presley, Jerry Lee Lewis, and Sun Records producer Sam Phillips, it is usually accompanied by a guitar, drums, and an upright bass. The earliest recognized style of rock and roll by white performers, Rockabilly has been strongly influenced both harmonically and melodically by African-American rhythm and blues and Gospel music Rock and roll (English, Rock and Roll German m.) American popular music of the 1950s, essentially a highly rhythmic style of blues with most compositions some form of the 12-bar blues, played on electric and amplified instruments (guitar, sax, drum kit, piano and bass) with an emphasis on the first beat Rock and Roll Rock and roll anthem a celebratory rock and roll song. The subject that the anthem celebrates can vary, although one common anthemic theme is the celebration of rock and roll for itself Rock and roll anthem from which this extract has been taken Rock ballad see 'power ballad' Rock en español the latest generation of Spanish language rock and roll. Borrowing heavily from British and American rock and roll music and from popular music of Spanish-speaking cultures (cumbia, ranchera, rumba, tango, etc) rock en español has evolved from a cult-like music movement to a more well established music genre Rock en español from which this extract has been taken Rocket mildly pungent plant grown like spinach and eaten in salads Rocket theme see 'Mannheim' Rock harmonicon a "great novelty in musical instruments, the Rock Harmonicon" was exhibited in Edinburgh in 1842. The 'Harmonicon' was originally developed by a stone-mason and consisted of 65 pieces of hard slate cut to different sizes and set in tiers, to form a musical scale Rock Harmonicon Rocking melodeon see 'lap organ' Rock in Opposition or RIO, a term today almost synonymous with 'avant-progressive rock' or 'experimental rock', originally a movement representing a collective of "progressive" bands in the late 1970s united in their opposition to the music industry that refused to recognise their music. It was initiated by Henry Cow in March 1978 when they invited four European groups to come to London and perform in a festival called "Rock in Opposition" Rock in Opposition from which this extract has been taken Rockism an ideology of popular music criticism about which form of popular music constitutes 'authentic' rock and roll' Rockism from which this extract has been taken Rock music often shortened to just 'Rock', a popular music style developed in the United States and Great Britain in the late 1960s characterised by a driving backbeat, electric guitar and vocals. Its main influences were 1950s rock and roll, soul music and blues. As the genre grew, other influences were added, such as jazz, folk, and classical music. Rock spawned a lot of subgenres: hard rock, southern rock, heavy metal, progressive rock, punk rock, grunge, etc. Ger Tillekens writes, "Though initially most people called it "beat music", from its very beginnings rock music was mainly a harmonic thing. The British beat revolution that started it all, revolved around guitars and the chords played on those instruments. Not hindered by any formal musical knowledge, the artists of early rock music were just sticking chords after one another till they seem to fit with the moods they wanted to express for themselves and to transfer to their audience. That's why chord progressions are so important in rock music. That doesn't mean, however, that other things - like the "beat" itself, rhythm - don't count as well. A good rhythm trick can turn a harmonically simple song, based on just the three basic chords, into a hit song" Rock music Contemporary Rock - mp3s Rock musical (English, Rockmusical German n.) see 'rock opera' Rockmusik (German f.) rock music, rock Rock nacional see 'Argentine rock' Rock'n'roll see 'rock and roll' Rockoper (German f.) rock opera Rock opera or rock musical, a musical production in the form of an opera or a musical in a modern rock and roll style rather than more traditional forms. It differs from conventional rock and roll music, which is often a song that is unlinked in plot or story with other songs, but overlaps considerably with concept albums and song cycles Rock opera from which this extract has been taken Rocksteady the name given to a style of music popular in Jamaica between 1966 and 1968. The term comes from a dance style which Alton Ellis named in his recording "Rock Steady". The Rocksteady dance was a more relaxed affair than the earlier, more frantic ska moves Rocksteady from which this extract has been taken roco (Italian) raucous, hoarse, rough-sounding, jarring Rococo (French, from rocaille, literally 'like a shell') originally an architectural term, it is now applied to a florid musical style overlapping the late baroque and early classical periods. The Rococo period (1725-1775) was an 18th-century reaction against the Baroque style. Less formal and grandiose in structure, it was a graceful rather than profound style. The goal of all artists was to charm, delight and entertain. There were great painters such as Jean Antoine Watteau (1684-1721), and composers like Francois Couperin (1668-1733), although the two musical figures most closely associated with this style are Jean-Philippe Rameau (1683-1722), whose Treatise on Harmony (1722) set forth concepts that became the point of departure for modern music theory, and Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach (1714-1788), son of Johann Sebastian Bach. His theoretical treatise Essay on the True Art of Playing Keyboard Instruments (1753-62) explained the musical practices of the mid 18th-century Rocongo a larger, deeper-sounding, member of the charango family Rockoson a form of Cuban music containing elements of timba, nueva trova and 'rock and roll' Roda (Portuguese, literally 'wheel') the circle in which capoeira takes place Rodeo (Spanish) a rounding-up of cattle, an enclosure into which cattle are rounded up, an open-air entertainment at which cowboys exhibits their horsemanship a ballet score written in 1942 by American composer Aaron Copland (1900-1990). It was originally created for a string orchestra but was later modified for a full symphony orchestra. The ballet consists of five sections: Buckaroo Holiday, Ranch House Party, Corral Nocturne, Saturday Night Waltz and Hoe-Down, while the symphonic version omits Ranch House Party, leaving the other sections relatively intact Rodeo (ballet) from which the second extract has been taken Rodilla (Spanish f.) knee Rodona (Catalan f.) a semibreve, whole note Roei (Japanese) Japanese courtly songs written in T'ang style, part of gagaku Roer-quint (German, literally 'reed fifth') an organ stop sounding the fifth above the diapasons Roertrom (Dutch) tenor drum Roertrommel (Dutch) tenor drum Roffel (Dutch) (drum)roll Rogoi (Malaysia) a 2 string, steel-strung, bowed spike lute with a body made from a hollow coconut Rogoi from which this information has been taken Roh (German) coarse, rough Rohr (s.), Röhre (pl.) (German n.) reed, canna (Italian f.), ancia (Italian f.), linguetta (Italian f.), Rohrblatt (German n.), Zungestimme (German f.), anche (French f.), éiglotte (French f.), caña (Spanish f.), lengüetta (Spanish f.) Rohrblatt (s.), Röhrblatter (pl.) (German n.) reed, canna (Italian f.), ancia (Italian f.), linguetta (Italian f.), Rohrblatt (German n.), Zungestimme (German f.), anche (French f.), éiglotte (French f.), caña (Spanish f.), lengüetta (Spanish f.) Röhrenglocken (German f. pl.) tubular bells, tubes de cloches, campane tubolari Rohrflöte (German f., literally 'reed flute') in the organ, a cylindrical pipe with a small tube welded into its closed top section. The length of these pipes varies in proportion to their diameter, giving different shapes and sounds Rohr-nasat (German) see 'Reed-nasat' Rohr-pfeife (German) reed-pipe Rohr-quint (German, literally 'reed fifth') an organ stop sounding the fifth above the diapasons Röhrtrommel (German f.) tenor drum Rohrwerke (German n.) the collective term for the reed-stops of an organ Roi (French m.) king Roi de la fève (French m.) see Bohnenkönig Roi fainéant (French m.) a king who does nothing, a king in name only Roi Soleil, le (French m.) 'The Sun King' (a reference to Louis XIV of France) Louis XIV of France Rojok Russian trumpet carved from a single piece of wood, usually apple wood Roko (Hausa, literally 'eulogy') praise-singing, a traditional form of oratory, is actually proclaiming another's name to honour him/her. Traditionally, each Hausa has at least one personal praise song (take), which relates genealogy and life accomplishments. The praise-singer recites the praised person's genealogy, recounting his/her feats, fame, prosperity, and influence Male praise-singers in Accra: in the company of women Rokoko (German n.) rococo (Italian) Rokokomusik (German f.) rococo music, music of the Rococo Rokudan (Japanese) the formal name of Rokudan is Rokudan-no-Shirabe, Roku meaning six and dan means section. Rokudan belongs to the rather small category of purely instrumental koto pieces, called dan-mono or shirabe-mono. The main characteristics of dan-mono are as follows: they are instrumental (without singing) they consist of several sections (dan), each section having 52 beats according to traditional counting, or 52 bars of 2/4 time (104 beats) if counted in a manner closer to Western practice as for the tempo, dan-mono starts slowly, accelerates gradually throughout the piece, and slows down again at the last phrase rolar (Portuguese) deboulés (French) Role rôle Rôle (French m.) actor's part in a film, drama, play, etc. the word is used more generally for the part a person plays in society, or for the function of a person of thing Roll rollo (Italian), Wirbel (German), roulement (French), a series of rapid drum beats played so quickly that they sound like a continuous sound in organ playing, a rapid arpeggio on the tambourine, a rapid repeated striking with the knuckles on the banjo, Scruggs style fingerpicking in traditional fiddle playing, an ornament like a turn rollando (Italian) rolling on the drum or tambourine Roll Away with a Half Sashay in contradance, a basic figure which begins with two opposite-gender-role dancers facing in the same direction, holding hands. One of them takes a step or two toward the other, who is pulled in front of him/her while changing hands. At the end of the figure, the dancers have changed places but are still facing in the same direction as initially. (Most commonly, this figure starts with the lady on the gent's left and the lady passes in front of the gent). Giving weight is of key importance in this figure Roll Away with a Half Sashay from which this short extract has been taken Rolle (German f.) a rolling passage of quick notes of equal value, proceeding by degrees up or down the scale (German f.) part, role (in a play, film, etc.) Rolled chord arpeggio (the chord itself), arpeggiato (the manner of playing using rolled chords) Roller-board movement or just 'roller'. In an organ with a mechanical action, the keys are directly in front of the pipes and wind chest so the connection between the key and valve follows straight lines and right angles. Sometimes the architecture and space available necessitate the placing of the pipes off to the side. Then the connection must follow straight lines at irregular angles. The 'roller', a wooden rod, is used in this circumstance as its rotation can accommodate the irregular angles. It has two arms at each end. One is attached to the key (or pedal) and the other is attached to the valve directly, or trackers which lead to the valve. The roller mechanism is frequently used in the pedal division and is only found in mechanical action instruments Rolling in dance, dancers who do not have a good turn-out should not force their legs to turn out too much at first, as this usually results in rolling ankles. If the weight is on the inside of the feet, dancers call this 'rolling in'; if the weight is on the outside of the feet, it is called 'rolling out'. The toes and heels should be flat on the floor and the turn-out must come from the hip joints Rolling papers small sheets, rolls, or leaves of paper which are sold for rolling one's own cigarettes either by hand or with a rolling machine Rollo (Italian) a drum-roll (which can be played on a drum or on the tambourine) Roll The Barrel one of the two-couple figures danced in a circle of four people traditionally associated with square dancing Little Circle Figures Rolltitel (German m.) scroll titles Rolltrommel (German f.) tenor drum Rolmo horizontal ritual cymbals used by Tibetan monks in Buddhist rites Rôle (French m.) role (in the theatre, film, etc.) Rôle principal (French m.) main role (in the theatre, film, etc.) Rom. abbreviation of 'Romanian' Romalis a type of seguidilla Roma music music is highly varied among the diverse communities of the Roma (also called 'Gypsies'). By far the most popular form of Roma music among outsiders is flamenco, which developed in the Spanish Roma community. In all the places Roma live, in Europe, North Africa, the Middle East and north-west India, they have become known as musicians. Typically nomadic, Roma have long acted as wandering entertainers and tradesmen. The wide distances travelled have introduced a multitude of influences, using Indian roots and adding Arab, Persian, Slavic, Romanian, German, French, Spanish and Celtic flourishes Roma music from which this short extract has been taken Roman (Danish, French m., Norwegian, German m.) novel Roman à clef (French m.) also livre à clef (French m.), key-novel (English), Schlüsselroman (German m.), a novel that portrays real events in recent history by concealing the identities of real persons under invented names Roman à thèse (French m.) a novel which sets out to prove some hypothesis or to express some specific point of view or opinion Roman cantata one of the most important secular vocal genres of the Baroque era. Destined for aristocratic cognoscenti, it survives almost exclusively in manuscript form. It is therefore quite remarkable that this repertoire was widely exported, in Italy as well as abroad. Most of the manuscripts are magnificent volumes with exceptionnally rich bindings, mainly realized in the famous bottega degli Andreoli, bookbinders of the Vatican. They show splendid decorated initials and beautiful calligraphies of professional scribes such as Antonio Chiusi, Bernardino Terenzi, Giorgio Lottico, and Giovanni Antelli. These are clearly objects of prestige, commissioned by a patron and realized by professional copyists. They were an exclusive gift from the papal court, considered the most important at that time, deliberately intended for a selected audience Transmission of the Roman Cantatas: The Evidence from Philology by Christine Jeanneret, from which this extract has been taken Roman Catholic Church also called the Catholic Church, the Christian Church in full communion with the Pope, who is currently Pope Benedict XVI. It traces its origins to the original undivided Christian community founded by Jesus, with its traditions first established by the Twelve Apostles and maintained through unbroken Apostolic Succession. The Church is not only the largest Christian Church, but also the largest organized body of any world religion. According to the Statistical Yearbook of the Church, the Church's worldwide recorded membership at the end of 2004 was 1,098,366,000, or approximately 1 in 6 of the world's population. According to canon law, members are those who have been baptized in, or have been received into, the Catholic Church on making a profession of faith, provided they have not formally renounced membership. While the Holy See of Rome is seen as central, the Catholic Church is a worldwide organization made up of one Western and 22 Eastern Rite particular Churches. The Church is divided into jurisdictional areas, usually on a territorial basis. The standard territorial unit is called, in the Latin Rite, a diocese, and in the Eastern Rites, an eparchy, each of which is headed by a bishop. At the end of 2004, the total number of all these jurisdictional areas or sees was 2755 Roman Catholic Church from which this extract has been taken Romance (French f.) a short lyric tale set to music, a sentimental ballad Romance romanza (Italian), Romanze (German), romance (French) (Spanish m.) from fourteenth- to eighteenth-century Spain, an epic ballad with a legendary or historical theme, sung either by groups of solo singers, or by a single singer to the accompaniment of a vihuela, later taking on the characteristics of the villancico (Spanish, French) a song with a simple vocal line and a simple accompaniment, especially popular in late 18th- and 19th-century France and Italy a short instrumental piece with the lyrical character of a vocal romance Romance (genre) Romance, historical a narrative that takes a small episode or group of episodes from some ancient or famous chronicle and then independently develops those events in much greater detail Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken Romance languages a major branch of the Indo-European language family, comprise all languages that descended from Latin, the language of the Roman Empire. The Romance languages have more than 600 million native speakers worldwide, mainly in the Americas, Europe, and Africa, as well as in many smaller regions scattered through the world. All Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic) descend from Vulgar Latin Romance languages from which this extract has been taken Romance, medieval also called a chivalric romance, in medieval use, romance referred to episodic French and German poetry dealing with chivalry and the adventures of knights in warfare as they rescue fair maidens and confront supernatural challenges. The medieval metrical romances resembled the earlier chansons de gestes and epics Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken Romance, metrical any medieval romance written in verse or meter Romance, modern in contrast with medieval and Renaissance romance, the meaning of a modern romance has become more restricted in the 20th century. Modern nonscholarly speakers refer to romances when they mean formulaic stories recounting the growth of a passionate sexual relationship Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken Romance, renaissance the original medieval genre of metrical romances gradually were replaced by prose works in the 1500s. At that point, the meaning of a "romance" expanded to include any lengthy French or Spanish story written in the 1500s and 1600s involving episodic encounters with supernatural or exciting events. The connotations were of wild adventures rather than romantic longing as in the modern meaning of romance Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken Romancero (Spanish) a collection of romantic songs Romance sans paroles (French f., literally 'song without words') a romantic piano piece, similar in mood to a nocture Roman courteois (French 'courtly romance') a genre of aristocratic entertainment in narrative verse popular in the Middle Ages. Among the most famous of the courtly romances is the Roman de la Rose Roman de Fauvel first published in Paris in 1314, in a climate of political instability. The text is attributed to Gervais du Bus, a member of the royal administration. It was successful enough to be still copied in the 15th century. Twelve manuscripts have survived, the most famous of which is probably the fr. BN146, written in 1316 Roman de Fauvel from which this extract has been taken Roman de la Rose a late medieval French poem styled as an allegorical dream vision. The first section was written by the French epic poet Guillaume de Lorris (fl. 1230) and the remainder written forty years later by Jean de Meun (or Jean de Meung) (c.1250-c.1305) Roman de la Rose from which this extract has been taken Romane (German m.) Latin Romanesca (Italian) a dance rather like the galliard popular in the mid 16th- to the mid 17th-century, a melody, purportedly from Rome, often used as a ground bass an Italian song from the Renaissance Romanesque (French) romanesca, resembling or having the characteristics of a novel (English) an architectural term that is used to describe the architecture of Europe which emerged in the late 10th century and evolved into the Gothic style during the 12th century. The Romanesque style in England is more traditionally referred to as Norman architecture Roman expérimental (French m.) an experimental novel, a novel using previously untried techniques Roman-feuilleton (French m.) the dominant literary genre of the nineteenth century, serialised fiction printed in French newpapers to boost circulation Roman-fleuve (s.), Romans-fleuves (pl.) (French m.) a sequence of novels (each complete in itself) which follows the life and development of a character or of a group of characters often within a family Romanian hip hop Romanian hip hop Romanian minor scale Romanichals Romanies in England are generally known as Romanichals or Romani Gypsies, while their Welsh equivalent are known as Kale Roman Imperial period after long centuries of representative democracy, within only a few generations, power in Roman government first collapsed into unofficial triumvirates and ultimately into dictatorships. Although Julius Caesar was a monarch in all but name, historians consider his nephew Octavian (alias Caesar Augustus) the first official Emperor, and his rise to power in 27 AD marks the end of the Roman Republican Period and the beginning of the Roman Imperial Period. Writers living during this enormous power shift include Cicero, Julius Caesar, Lucretius, Catullus, Livy, and Tibullus. Imperial writers who wrote primarily after the Republic collapsed include Horace, Ovid, Seneca, Longinus, Pliny the Elder, Jospehus, Lucan, Martial, Plutarch, Statius, Tacitus, Juvenal, Pliny the Younger, Suetonius, Marcus Aurelius, and Apuleius. The Roman Empire itself collapsed in the fifth century AD. Vandals sacked the city of Rome in 455 AD, and in 476, another wave of barbarians dethroned the last Western Emperor, Romulus Augustulus Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken romanisch (German) Latin, Romanesque, Romance (pertaining to the language) Roman mandoline see 'mandolin, mandoline' Roman notation the music of Rome has its origins in Greek traditions. Our term for music itself is derived from the Greek term mousike, which means 'the art of the muses'. Early Greek music was purely melodic, or homophonic, utilizing only one melody without chordal accompaniment. Musical notation didn't appear in Roman music until the 9th-century. It was used mainly by the clergy to standardize chants. Prior to this time, music was an aural tradition. When it developed notation was achieved through the use of neumes, a system derived from the Greeks Roman numbering roman number arabic number I 1 II 2 III 3 IV 4 V 5 VI 6 VII 7 VIII 8 IX 9 X 10 XI 11 XII 12 XIII 13 XIV 14 XV 15 XVI 16 XVII 17 XVIII 18 XIX 19 XX 20 XXX 30 XL 40 L 50 LX 60 LXX 70 LXXX 80 XC 90 C 100 D 500 M 1000 MMVIII 2008 Roman numeral analysis the use of Roman numerals, Römischen Zahlen (German), and other figures associated with chord symbols to indicate the quality of chords and their positioning relation to the key centre Naming chords with Roman numerals Roman poétique (French m.) a poetic novel, a novel which achieves its effects by techniques normally associated with poetry Roman policier (French m.) a novel in which the detective is a policeman, a 'thriller' Roman Republican period the period of Roman history between 514 BC up until 27 AD, when Rome was primarily and (at least officially) a Republic with elected senators. After Rome's traditional founding in 753 BCE, it fell under the power of Etruscan rulers who were viewed as tyrants. The Romans rebelled, and rose from a primitive monarchy to a complex system of indirect representation under Patrician families, where the richest individuals in select families were eligible for public office; they would represent either particular districts or a number of "clients" (the forerunners of modern special interest groups). By the first century BC, Julius Caesar, Sulla, the Gracchi brothers, and other men increasingly upset this system - sometimes as part of oligarchic coalitions, sometimes as dictators (Latin imperatores). Although Julius Caesar was a monarch in all but name, historians consider his nephew Octavian (alias Caesar Augustus) the first official Emperor, and his rise to power in 27 AD marks the end of the Republican Period and the beginning of the Imperial Period. Examples of early Roman and Republican literature include Plautus, Ennius, and Terence. Writers that bridge the gap between the two periods include Cicero, Julius Caesar, Lucretius, Catullus, Livy, and Tibullus Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken Roman Rite The liturgical rite of the Church of Rome is called the Roman Rite. The quite distinct term Latin Rite, usually refers not to a liturgical rite but to the particular Church within the Roman Catholic Church that was sometimes referred to also as the Patriarchate of the West, within which liturgical rites other than the now almost universally adopted Roman Rite have been and still are in use. Like other liturgical rites, the Roman Rite has grown and been adapted over the centuries. The development of its Eucharistic liturgy can be divided into three stages: Pre-Tridentine, Tridentine, and the Post-Tridentine Roman Rite from which this extract has been taken Roman School in music history, the Roman School was a group of composers of predominantly church music, in Rome, during the 16th and 17th centuries, therefore spanning the late Renaissance and early Baroque eras. The term also refers to the music they produced. Many of the composers had a direct connection to the Vatican and the papal chapel, though they worked at several churches; stylistically they are often contrasted with the Venetian School of composers, a concurrent movement which was much more progressive. By far the most famous composer of the Roman School is Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina, whose name has been associated for four hundred years with smooth, clear, polyphonic perfection. However, there were other composers working in Rome, and in a variety of styles and forms Roman School from which this extract has been taken Romanschriftsteller (m.), Romanschriftstellerin (f.) (German) novelist Roman stoicism the philosophy espoused by Marcus Aurelius's Meditations, "Roman Stoicism" actually originates with earlier Greek thinkers, a specific school of philosophers that met at the stoa in Athens. Stoicism asserts that the natural world consists of suffering, and that the appropriate response of a human being is to face this suffering with dignity and a lack of tears while doing one's duty, acknowledging that life and pleasure are transitory Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken Roman strings a term formerly given to gut strings from the kingdom of Naples Roman style see 'stile antico' Romantic ballet a style of ballet produced during the early 19th-century in which the accent was on the conveyance of a mood to a story, for example, La Sylphide and Giselle Romantic ballet La Sylphide Giselle Romantic comedy sympathetic comedy that presents the adventures of young lovers trying to overcome social, psychological, or interpersonal constraints to achieve a successful union. Commedia dell'arte is a general type of drama that falls into this category Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken Romantic era an era of music following the Classical era and ending around 1900. For many, the era began formally with Symphony No. 3 Op. 55 by Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827), known as the Eroica (Italian for 'heroic'), and written in 1803/4. In terms of sheer scale, the piece is about twice as long as any symphony that came before - the first movement alone is as long as the entirety of many symphonies from the classical period. The work also covers greater emotional ground than had earlier works Romanticism a term loosely applied to literary and artistic movements of the late 18th- and 19th-centuries. Resulting in part from the libertarian and egalitarian ideals of the French Revolution, the romantic movements had in common only a revolt against the prescribed rules of classicism. The basic aims of romanticism were various: a return to nature and to belief in the goodness of humanity; the rediscovery of the artist as a supremely individual creator; the development of nationalistic pride; and the exaltation of the senses and emotions over reason and intellect. In addition, romanticism was a philosophical revolt against rationalism Romanticism (c1780-c1830) Romanticism Literary Terms and Definitions CM von Weber and Nature Romanticismo (Italian m., Spanish m.) Romanticism Romanticismo tardío (Spanish m.) late Romanticism Romantic music 19th-century music that is lyrical, harmonically chromatic, emotionally charged and nationalistic Romantic opera in the 19th-century, Italian opera reached its apogee with the work of Bellini, Donizetti and Verdi, where the music is romantic, the plots dramatic and the presentation clear Romantik (German f.) Romanticism, the romantic era romantique (French) romantic romantisch (German) romantic, romantically romantische Ära (German f.) Romantic era romantische Epoche (German f.) Romantic period Romantische Musik (German f.) Romantic music, music of the Romantic period romantische Stil (German m.) Romantic style Romantisme (French m.) Romanticism Romantismo (Portuguese m.) Romanticism Romanza (Spanish f., Italian f.) originally long, lyric tales that were sung by minstrels a slow single-movement aria in a 19th-century Italian opera, for example Una furtiva lagrima in Donizetti's L' Elisir d'Amore more generally, any song or aria of a lyrical and intimate nature (Spanish f., Italian f.) romance Romanza senza parole (Italian f.) 'song without words', a romance, usually for piano Romanze (German f.) romance romanzesco (Italian) romantic, imaginative, fairy-like Romanzo (Italian m.) novel (book) Romaunt of the Rose a partial translation into Middle English of the French allegory, the Roman de la Rose Romaunt of the Rose from which this extract has been taken rombando (Italian) humming Rombo (Spanish m., Italian m.) bull-roarer, thunder stick Römer (m.), Römerin (f.) (German) Roman Romerías Spanish religious processions and festivals Basque open circle dances, danced by a wide circle of men and women holding hands, or joined by handkerchiefs römisch (German) Latin, Roman Römischer Gesang (German m.) Gregorian plainchant Römische Zahl (s.), Römischen Zahlen (pl.) (German f.) Roman numeral (i.e. I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, etc.) römische Unruhe, oder Die edelmüthige Octavia, Die (1705) the German composer Reinhard Keiser (1674-1739) worked as director of the Hamburg Opera and afterwards for some time in Copenhagen. He wrote more than 100 operas. His opera Die römische Unruhe, oder Die edelmüthige Octavia has long been recognized as a source of material for Handel in the first decade of the 18th-century as well as for other compositions for some fifty years, from Aminta e Fillide (1708) to The Triumph of Time and Truth (1758) Rommé (German n.) rummy (card game) Rommelpot (Dutch) friction drum Rommelpott (Swedish) also Rummelpott or Friktionstrumma, friction drum [corrected by Lars Hellvig] Romo a short-lived British pop cultural movement, which had its heyday in late 1995 and early 1996 Romo from which this extract has been taken Romp (Dutch) body or shell of a drum Roncón the drone pipe on an Iberian bagpipe Rond Rond Rond (French m.) ring (circle), slice rond (m.), ronde (f.) (French) round, plump, tight (familiar) "Is used figuratively in music. A voice that is "round" is a voice that is full, smooth and uniform. And one also says figuratively that a declamatory period [complex sentence] is "round" when it is full, rhythmical [nombreux] and well shaped [bien tourné] and has an agreeable rhythm [cadence]." - Dictionnaire de l'Académie Françoise (1694) Ranums' Panat Times from which this quotation has been taken Ronda (Italian f.) a round Rondador small panpipes, that originated in Ecuador, where the pipes are arranged on one row but with neighbouring pairs an interval of a third apart, therefore capable of producing harmony by blowing a tube and its immediate neighbour Rondador from which this extract has been taken Rondalla (Spanish f.) a group of Spanish serenade songs sung by large groups of singers and players as they walk through the city streets (Spanish f.) a group of serenaders Rond-de-cuir (French m., literally 'a circle of leather') a bureaucrat, a petty official Rond de jambe (French, literally 'round of the leg') in dance, a circular movement of the leg. Ronds de jambe are used as an exercise at the barre, in the centre and in the adage, and are done à terre or en l'air. When used as a step,ronds de jambe are done en l'air and may besauté or relevé. All are done clockwise (en dehors) and counterclockwise (en dedans Rond de jambe from which this information has been taken in the French can-can, quick rotary movement of lower leg with knee raised and skirt held up Rond de jambe à terre (French, literally 'rond de jambe on the ground') in dance, an exercise at the barre or in the centre in which one leg is made to describe a series of circular movements on the ground. Both legs must be kept perfectly straight and all movement must come from the hip, along with the arching and relaxing of the instep. The toe of the working foot does not rise off the ground and does not pass beyond the fourth position front (fourth position ouvert) or the fourth position back. This is an exercise to turn the legs out from the hips, to loosen the hips and to keep the toe well back and heel forward. There are two kinds of ronds de jambe à terre: those done en dedans (inward) and those done en dehors (outward) Rond de jambe à terre from which this information has been taken Rond de jambe, demi grand (French) a rond de jambe where the leg is sustained at a lower height than a grand battement, usually 90º Rond de jambe en l'air (French, literally 'rond de jambe in the air') in dance, ronds de jambe en l'air are done at the barre and in centre practice and may be single, or double, en dehors or en dedans. The toe of the working foot describes an oval, the extreme ends of which are the second position en l'air and the supporting leg. The thigh must be kept motionless and the hips well turned out, the whole movement being made by the leg below the knee. The thigh should also be held horizontal so that the pointed toe of the working foot passes at (approximately) the height of the supporting knee. Ronds de jambe en l'air may also be done with the leg extended to the second position en l'air (demi-position) and closed to the calf of the supporting leg. The accent of the movement comes when the foot is in the second position en l'air. The movement is done en dehors and en dedans Rond de jambe en l'air from which this information has been taken Rond de jambe, grand (French) a rond de jambe where the leg is sustained at grand battement height Ronde (French f.) round, beat (of a policeman) (French f.) a semibreve (whole note), ganze Note (German) a lively Renaissance round dance or country dance associated with the outdoors, in which the participants danced in a circle or a line. As La Ronde, the dance survived in the 19th-century where it was danced to quadrille music Rondeau (s,), Rondeaux (French pl.) (English, German n.) well-established by the 13th-century, in the 14th- and 15th-centuries, the most enduring of the formes fixes, popular with the troubadours, characterised as a song with a refrain. The rondel and virelai are two types of rondeaux and are thought to have been dances see formes fixes a short poem consisting of ten, thirteen, or fifteen lines using only two rhymes which concludes each section with an abbreviated line that serves as a refrain (French) rondo Rondeau (music) Rondeau - with good examples Literary Terms and Definitions from which information on the poetic form has been taken Rondeau cinquain a later form of rondeau with a refrain of five lines Rondeau quatrain a later form of rondeau with a refrain of four lines Rondel (French) a type of song, sometimes danced, in which a refrain alternates with a number of contrasted passages, based on the poetic style of ten or thirteen lines with only two rhymes and the opening words used twice as a refrain a short poem resembling the rondeau. It usually totals fourteen lines containing only two rhyming sounds. The first two lines are repeated at the middle of the poem and again at the end. The rondel differs from the rondeau only in the number of lines and the use of complete (not partial) lines for the refrain Literary Terms and Definitions from which the second entry has been taken Rondellus a 13th-century style of round, usually with three voices where there is voice exchange Rondellus Rondellus rondement (French) briskly, straight, evenly "In a circle, in a manner that is "round." ... Is also said figuratively to mean frankly and sincerely. ... A good man goes about his work rondement, does not split hairs, is not wily. ... Also means uniformly, with equal strength. A man who walks rondement and without stopping covers a lot of ground. A master likes a journeyman who works rondement, who does not slacken, who never stops working." - Furetière (1727) [P. M. Ranum: It would seem that rondement implied near equality of notes and a smooth, unaccented performance, at a moderate and steady tempo. This conclusion seems corroborated by the 1752 French translation of Quantz, p. 117, ¶ 22, and p. 123, ¶ 11: rund is translated as rond.] Ranums' Panat Times from which these quotations have been taken Rondeña the name may derive from rondar, which means 'to patrol' or 'to prowl around'. It may be that the rondeña was originally a song of young men serenading their loved ones from beneath windows. In its toque form, the rondeña is believed to have originated with the bandits who practiced their trade in the mountains near Ronda in Malaga Rondeñas see flamenco Ronde pointée (French f.) a dotted semibreve, a dotted whole note Rondeur (French f.) roundness, frankness, plumpness, a rounded contour, a rounded outline Rondiletta (Italian) a short rondo Rondin (Ecuador) an Ecuadorean folk flute Rondinetto (Italian) a short rondo Rondino (Italian) a short rondo Rondo (English, German n., Italian m.) or rondeau (French), sometimes termed 'old rondo', an instrumental form in which the first or main section (sometimes called the 'refrain) is repeated between subsidiary sections (called 'episodes', 'couplets', 'digressions' or 'subordinate themes') and to conclude the piece - usually in a lively tempo see 'form' Rondo Rondo Rondó (Spanish) rondo, rondeau (French) Rondo all'Ongarese Hungarian rondo Rondoform (German f.) rondo form Rondoletto (Italian) a short rondo Rondo-sonata form sometimes termed the 'modern rondo', a form which is basically like a rondo but observes also the sonata principle. The principle rondo theme is followed by the first episode in a contrasting key (the exposition). This is followed by the rondo theme again and then by an episode that has the character of a development. This is followed by a recapitulation of the exposition in the tonic key and finally the rondo theme reappears in the manner of a coda see 'form' Rond-point (s.), Ronds-points (pl.) (French m.) a circus, a point where several streets meet Roneat ek Cambodian high-pitched xylophone Roneat thung Cambodian low-pitched xylophone roñoso (Spanish) rusty Ronquera (Spanish f.) hoarseness (of the voice) Ronqueta a smaller drone pipe on an Iberian bagpipe Ronquido (Spanish m.) snore Ronquilla the smallest drone pipe on an Iberian bagpipe Ronroco an Andean string instrument that is part of the family of charangos. The ronroco has five double-strings and it is the largest of the charangos. It is also known as charangón Charango röntgen (German) to X-ray Röntgenaufnahme (German f.) X-ray Röntgenbild (German n.) X-ray Röntgenstrahlen (German m. pl.) X-rays Rood a crucifix, usually wooden, suspended across the chancel arch above the rood screen; it could also be painted on the chancel arch Rood loft a gallery set over the rood screen, sometimes the rood loft was substantial enough to be used as a singing gallery - access was via a rood stair see jubé Roof boss an ornamental knob covering the intersection of ribs in a vault or on a ceiling Root a word in an older language that became the source for future words in later languages. Words in different languages that ultimately descend from the same root - cousins and siblings on the linguistic family tree - are said to be cognates to each other. Etymology is the study of how words can be traced back to an older root a base morpheme without affixes attached to it (in music) basso fondamentale (Italian), Ursprung (German), Wurzel (German), ton générateur (French) in a chord, the fundamental note, that is the note that would be the lowest note if the chord were in 'root' position. Note, however, that if the root note is not at the bottom, the chord is said to be 'inverted'. An equivalent definition is that the root is the note that would be the lowest note in a chord once the chord has been rearranged into its fundamental triadic (or 7th, 9th, 11th or 13th) structure Literary Terms and Definitions from which the first two entries have been taken Root creation creating a new word by inventing its form from scratch - without reference to any pre-existing word or sound Rootless voicing Voicing Chords Root note the note by which a chord or scale is named (usually the deepest note in the chord, and always the first note in a scale) Root position also called 'normal form' or 'uninverted', a triad or chord is said to be in 'root position' when the root note of the chord is the lowest note, for example, a C major triad is in root position when the note C is the lowest note Roots reggae the name given to specifically Rastafarian (that is 'spirtual') reggae music, with lyrics predominantly in praise of Jah (God) Roots reggae Roots rock see 'alternative country' Ropa blanca (Spanish f.) household linen Ropa de abrigo (Spanish f.) warm clothes Ropa de cama (Spanish f.) bed linen Ropa interior (Spanish f.) underwear, underclothes Ropa sucia (Spanish f.) dirty laundry Rosa (Italian f.) rose, as for example in the table of a lute, Rosette (German f.), rose (French f.) (German n.) pink (colour) Rosace (French f.) sound hole on a guitar Rosalia (Latin) or 'sequential modulation', from the 19th-century, a musical sequence where a phrase or passage is successively repeated, each time modulated a tone (step) or semitone (half step) higher, named after an Italian song Rosalia mia cara rosa Rauchen (German n.) pink noise Rosary a series of prayers; to assist the memory, the prayers are counted off on a string of beads Rose (English, French f., German f.) the ornamental rosette set into a hole cut into the harpsichord soundboard, usually of cast metal in North European instruments and of parchment and veneer in Italian instruments. It is almost never cut into the wood of the soundboard as in the lute, rosa (Italian f.), Rosette (German f.) rosé (m.), rosée (f.) (French) rose-coloured, pinkish (wine) Roseau creux (French m.) hollow reed Roseau géant (French m.) Arundo donax, Arundo bifaria, Arundo donax var. versicolor, Arundo glauca, Arundo latifolia, Arundo sativa, Arundo versicolor, Cynodon donax, Donax arundinaceus, Donax donax, Scolochloa arundinacea, Scolochloa donax, bamboo reed, baranal (Hindi), bansi (Punjabi), caña (Portuguese f., Spanish f.), caña común (Spanish f.), caña cañabrava (Spanish f.), caña de roca (Portuguese f.), caña vieira (Portuguese f.), cane, giant cane, canne de Provence (French f.), distaff cane, donako (Esperanto), gaha nal (Bengali), gardener’s garters, great reed, Indian grass, Italienskt rör (Swedish), jättiruoko (Finnish), Kaemperolr (Danish), Persian reed, Provence reed, qasba (Maltese), reed, Riesenschilf (German n.), Pfahlrohr (German n.), shembeko (Ethiopian), spanisches Rohr (German n.), Spanish cane, Spanskrör (Swedish), Teberau gading (Malay) - used for over 5,000 years to make the single and double reeds used in numerous wind instruments this is the ‘reed’ referred to in the Bible. Today the giant reed is used to make clarinets, bagpipes and organ-pipes [Swedish terms corrected by Lars Hellvig] Rose hips the fleshy, bright-coloured fruit of the rose plant Rosen-Kranz (German m.) rosary (religious artifact) Rosenmontag (German m.) Monday before Shrove Tuesday Rosette (English, German f.) a small architectural ornament consisting of a disc on which there is a carved or moulded a circular, stylized design representing an open rose the decorative strip or inlay work found around the soundhole on an acoustic guitar the decoration often found in the centre of members of the Renaissance and Baroque plucked instrument family that includes the lute, mandora, etc. carved from the soundboard or laid into it, with a 'rose-like' pattern, rose (French f.), rosa (Italian f.) Rosette pattern a flower like pattern created when four-colour halftones are overlapped with specified angles of difference between them. The exact positions are 45-degrees for black, 75-degrees for magenta, 90-degrees for yellow, and 105-degrees for cyan. The rosette pattern that emerges recreates the look of a colour photograph Rose window a circular window with tracery arranged like the spokes of a wheel Rosewood (Latin name, Dalbergia sp.) there are a number of different American and African species that go under the name "Rosewood". It was used for inlays and veneer from the 16th century on Woods in Use in the Middle Ages & Renaissance from which this information has been taken rosig (German) rosy Rosin colofonia (Italian f., Spanish f.), Kolophonium (German n.), colophane (French f.), or resin, a substance refined from turpentine which is applied to the hair of the bows of stringed instruments to give the necessary 'grip' or roughness to the contact between string and hair to set the strings in vibration. Rosin is a solid form of resin obtained from pines and some other plants, mostly conifers, produced by heating fresh liquid resin to vapourise the volatile liquid terpene components. It is semi-transparent and varies in color from yellow to black. At room temperature it is brittle, but it melts at stove-top temperatures. It chiefly consists of different resin acids, especially abietic acid rosin is used by string players to improve the 'bite' of the bow hair on the string and by dancers on their shoes to prevent them slipping rosin is used often in intaglio printing as a component of acid resists, especially with the aquatint method Rosin from which part of this entry has been taken Rosine (German f.) raisin Rosmarin (German m.) rosemary (herb) Rossi Codex (Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Rossi 215) a music manuscript collection of the 14th century. Currently in the Vatican Library, it is the oldest source of secular polyphonic Italian music to survive. While the music is anonymous, some composers have been identified from the appearance of the same pieces in other sources. The Codex was probably copied sometime between 1350 and 1370, and the music was written between approximately 1325 and 1355. The history of the Italian musical trecento begins with the Rossi Codex Rossi Codex from which part of this entry has been taken Rossignol (French m.) nightingale Rosso antico (Italian m.) a dark red marble rostfrei (German) stainless (steel) rostig (German) rusty Rostral (German) a music pen Rostro (Spanish m.) face, nerve (colloquial), cheek (colloquial) Rostro anguloso (Spanish m.) angular face Rostrum (s.), Rostra (pl.) see 'podium' Róta (Italian, mentioned in John Florio's Queen Anna's New World of Words (1611)) any kind of wheele Rota see 'round' (Latin) wheel (Latin) hurdy-gurdy a list of persons required to perform certain duties at specified times the Roaman supreme court for ecclesiastical and secular cases rot anlaufen (German) go red, blush Rota Romana the papal court, founded in the 13th century Rotary press a printing press where the plate is mounted on a cylinder and a roller system applies ink to the raised area of the plate. The paper passes between the plate cylinder and an impression cylinder where the resulting squeeze between the two rollers produces the printed impression on the paper. These presses can either be sheet-fed where individual pieces of paper are mechanically supplied, or web-fed where the paper is unwound from a large roll. After printing, the web is cut into individual sheets. Web-fed presses are used for larger print runs. The letterpress web-fed press usually contains several printing units so that multiple colours can be printed during a single run. Rotary presses were first with letterpress but eventually adapted to print gravure and lithography after a workable method of stereotyping was developed for them. The general process for these techniques remains the same except for the manner in which the image is attached to the cylinder, and the inking mechanism that must cater to the specific needs of each medium Rotary valve válvula rotatoria (Spanish f.), válvula rotativa (Spanish f.), cilindro rotativo (Italian m.), Drehventil (German n.), Zylinderventil (German n.), cylindre à rotation (French m.) rotary valves were developed by 1818, when Friedrich Blühmel and Heinrich Stölzel, both from Berlin, were asked to include them in their valve patent. Further development took place in Vienna - in 1835 by Joseph Riedl, followed in 1843 by Leopold Uhlmann - to the point that eventually led to the modern form of rotary valve. In rotary valves, additional tubing is added by the turn of a rotor enclosed in an outer casing . The valve loops and main tubing are soldered to the outer case on the same plane. The port of the rotor allows free passageway either to the main tubing or to the additional valve tubing Rotary valve rotativo (Spanish) rotary Rote a method of teaching by imitation Rote learning see 'round' crwth, lyre Lyre (rotte, after 5th-7th-century German type) England, late 19th century Rotella (Italian f.) shank rote Titelbuchstabe (German m.) rubric Rôtisserie (French f.) an establishment where cooked food may be purchased, a device for spit-roasting meat or fowl Rotogravure an intaglio printing process in which an image is transferred to a rotary cylinder by photochemical means Rotondo (Italian, literally 'round') a full tone, a rounded tone Roto-toms roto-toms are a type of pitched skin percussion which are occasionally used in orchestral music. The skins are stretched over metal frames, tunable by rotating the drum. They are played with any kind of drumsticks or soft beaters. Available sizes/tunings are as follows: diameter (in inches) pitch range 18" E2-C#3 16" F2-F3 14" G2-G3 12" B2-B3 10" G3-G4 8" C4-C5 6" E4-E5 Rotrouenge or rotruenge, a Medieval term applied to a style of troubadour song, that may have implied that a refrain was present and that the text followed a particular rhyme scheme, but the precise definition remains uncertain Rotstift (German m.) red pencil Rotta (German f.) a type of medieval dance (usually played at the end of a series of other dances), a rote (a medieval stringed instrument) Rot-Tanne (German f.) abete rosso (Italian m.), legno di abete rosso (Italian m.), Fichte (Holz) (German f.), (bois de) sapin (French m.), spruce (wood) Rotte see 'round' rotto (Italian) broken, torn, interrupted Rotulador (Spanish m.) felt-tip pen Rotulae (Latin) Christmas roundelays Rotunda (Latin) a circular building or hall, usually one with a dome Johannes de Grocheio (c.1255-c.1320), a Parisian musical theorist, was the first to describe the rotunda or round dance. Grocheio wrote that the round dance was performed at great feasts (magnis conviviis) Roturier (m.), Roturière (f.) (French, literally 'commoner') a person of low status in society roturier (m.), roturière (f.) (French) plebeian Roud Folk Song Index a database of 300,000 references to over 21,600 songs that have been collected from oral tradition in the English language from all over the world. It is compiled by Steve Roud, a librarian in the London Borough of Croydon. Roud's Index is a combination of the Broadside Index (printed sources before 1900) and a "field-recording index" compiled by Roud. It subsumes all the previous well-known printed sources known to Francis James Child (the Child Ballads) and includes recordings from 1900 to 1975 Roud Folk Song Index from which this extract has been taken Roué (French m.) a profligate, a debauchee, one whose life is given over to sensual pleasure Roue de frottement (French f.) friction wheel (for example, on a hurdy-gurdy), ruota a sfregamento (Italian f.), Streichrad (German n.) Rouge (French m.) a red powder used to give artificial colour to the cheeks, a red powder used for polishing plate (hence 'jeweller's rouge') any of the red numbers in roulette Rouge-et-noir (French) also called trente-et-quarante, a gambling game played with cards Rouge flambé (French m.) a red colour found in porcelain, and produced by the reduction of copper Rough music charivari Roulade (German f., French f.) a vocal variation, melisma or division, often a run or arpeggio that runs from one melody note to another, usually using only one syllable in music, any vocal or instrumental flourish, but particularly those termed 'free embellishments', ornamentation that is not indicated by symbols or has any set form, passeggi (Italian pl.), Passagen (German pl.) Roulade aux frais de l'auteur (French f.) a vocal variation that is considered 'in bad taste' in that it obscures the melodic intentions of the composer roulant (m.), roulante (f.) (French) rolling roulé (m.), roulée (f.) (French) curved (brim of a hat), (in linguistics) trilled or rolled (r) Rouleau (s.), Rouleaux (pl.) (French m.) shank (French m.) player piano roll (French m.) a cylindrical packet of identical coins, or a pile of counters in a game of hazard (French m.) a decorative trimming to a woman's dress formed by a roll of cloth, lace, etc. (French m.) in art, a decorative moulding resembling a roll of paper, etc. (French m.) ringlet (hair), roll (of paper), roll (for applying ink in printing) Roulement (French m.) rotation (work: rota basis, rota system) (French m.) drum roll, which may be performed on a drum or a tambourine on the guitar, the prolonged reiteration of a single note Roulement de batterie (French m.) drum roll Roulement de tambour (French m.) drum roll Roulement de timbales (French m.) drum roll Roulement serre (French m.) tremolo strisciato, closed roll Roulement simple (French m.) single beat roll (on a drum) rouler à droite (French) to drive on the right rouler à gauche (French) to drive on the left rouler à ... km à l'heure (French) to go ... km per hour rouler à vive allure (French) to race along rouler au pas (French) to go at a snail's pace, to crawl along rouler des mécaniques (French) to swagger rouler la pâte (French) to roll out crust, to roll out dough rouler les hanches (French) to wiggle one's hips rouler les R (French) to roll one's Rs rouler pour ... (French) to work for ... rouler sa bosse (French) to see the world, to knock around rouler ses manches (jusqu'au coude) (French) to roll up one's sleeves (to the elbow) rouler sous la table (French) to be drunk rouler sur (French) to centre on (conversation) rouler sur l'or (French) to be very rich, to be loaded (colloquial) rouler une cigarette (French) to roll a cigarette rouler une poussette (French) to push a pram, to push a baby carriage rouler une voiture (French) to drive a car rouler un tapis (French) to roll up a rug Roulette (French f.) a game of chance in which a small ball is thrown so as to lodge in one of the numbered sections of a rotating wheel in art, a toothed wheel used as an engraving tool Rouleur (Reunion) or houleur, a bass drum that is ridden like a horse. It is used in maloya Round (English, German m.) a short perpetual canon in which all the parts sound at the same pitch or at an octave to it, sometimes with an accompaniment called a pes. The round is distinctively different from all other canons in that it employs the principle of the circle in all parts, and for this reason it is often called a 'circle canon'. The round is also known as a 'roundel', a diminutive of the word 'round', and historically the terms appear to have been used interchangeably. 'Rota' is another name for round, and is sometimes spelled 'rotte' or 'rote'. Rota is a Medieval Latin term meaning 'wheel', and is used primarily in the British Isles A Documented Definition and Brief History of Rounds Round character a round character is depicted with such psychological depth and detail that he or she seems like a "real" person. The round character contrasts with the flat character, a character who serves a specific or minor literary function in a text, and who may be a stock character or simplified stereotype. If the round character changes or evolves over the course of a narrative or appears to have the capacity for such change, the character is also dynamic. Typically, a short story has one round character and several flat ones. However, in longer novels and plays, there may be many round characters. The terms flat and round were first coined by the novelist E. M. Forster in his study, Aspects of the Novel Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken Round dancing a type of dancing where basic steps can be danced to different tunes, for example, in waltzes, polkas, etc. What is Round Dancing? Rounded binary form compositional form with two sections, in which the second ends with a return to material from the first, each section is usually repeated Rounded vowel a vowel made with the lips sticking out - i.e., all of the back vowels except [a] Roundel a poem in the pattern of the rondeau, but only having eleven lines. Like the rondeau and the rondel, the roundel uses only two rhymes and a twice-repeated refrain or 'roundelay', in the 14th-century, a ballad in which a simple strain is often repeated a circle-dance see 'round' Roundelay a term used as a generic label for fixed forms of poetry using limited rhymes - such as the rondeau, rondel, and roundel. The word roundelay can be used in reference to the musical background (setting) for a poem in a fixed form and also for a round dance that is to be performed while the music plays and the poem is recited or sung Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken Roundhead a member or supporter of the parliamentarian or Puritan party during the English Civil War, one of those who opposed King Charles I (c.1625-49) and his Cavalier followers Round O in the 17th- and 18th-century, an anglicized form of the French word rondeau a dance from John Playford's The Dancing Master (1709) Round O The Dancing Master Rout a process that may be applied to a guitar, where a hole or cavity is cut into the body of the instrument, for example, in order to replaced an original pickup with a pickup of a different shape or size Roux (French m.) a mixture of melted butter and flour used to thicken soups, sauces, etc. Rou xian (Chinese) on the erhu, left hand vibrato Roverscio see rovescio Roversio see rovescio rovesciamento (Italian) or rovescio, reversion, contrary motion, sometimes used in the sense of retrograde, backward motion (Italian) inversion, for example, of chords or intervals rovescio (Italian, literally 'reverse') see rovesciamento Row an alternative name for 'series' Rowan (German Eberesche, French Sorbier, European Species: Sorbus aucuparia) believed to have been used only for carving, small turnery, and tool handles Woods in Use in the Middle Ages & Renaissance from which this information has been taken Royal anthem a patriotic song, much like a national anthem that recognizes the nation's monarch. It is usually performed during events of royal importance, such as a public appearance by the monarch Royal anthem from which this information has been taken Royale also called changement battu (French, literally 'royal') in dance, a changement in which the calves are beaten together before the feet change position Royal Music of the Kabaka of Buganda baakisimba: sematimba ne kikwabanga and olutalu. The Kabaka is the king of the Buganda of Uganda. Two types of log xylophones are found among the Baganda of Uganda and are played in the enclosure of the Kabaka's court. The amadinda is a twelve -key xylophone and the akadinda has seventeen or twenty-two keys. The akadinda is performed only for the Kabaka. Its range extends beyond that of the amadinda, especially in the upper register. Three musicians play on the amadinda whilst the akadinda involves three to six players. Both xylophone styles are based on interlocking melodies that are performed in octave duplications. The individual parts are often relatively simple, but their combination yields music of extreme complexity and beauty. Accompanying the xylophones are: enderre (bamboo flute), endigidi (one string fiddle), ensasi (two container rattles), empunyi, engalibi, nankasa and embutu (drums) Popular African Traditional Dances from which this information has been taken Royal portable harp an Irish harp Royal Portable Harp, Dublin, Ireland, ca 1820 Royalties or 'running royalties', usage-based payments made by one party (the "licensee") to another (the "licensor") for ongoing use of an asset, sometimes an intellectual property (IP) right Royalties from which this extract has been taken Royalty free music commonly refers to stock or 'library music' licensed for a single fee, without the need to pay any subsequent royalties Roza (Spanish f.) groove Rozadura (Spanish f.) scratch Rozenice (Croatia) Istrian shawm Rozhok Russian folk trumpet, a reed instrument made from a cow's horn, birch, maple or juniper. Juniper horns are said to possess the best quality of sound. Originally, they were hollowed in the same way as shepherd's horns, i.e. two halves hollowed out and then bound together with birch bark; nowadays they are bored and shaped on a lathe. The total length of the horn is 400-500 mm. The mouthpiece is shaped as a cup - the other end has a conical bell. The horn has 4 or 5 finger-holes on the front side and one hole set higher than the others on the back RP abbreviation of 'received pronunciation' RPO abbreviation of 'Royal Philharmonic Orchestra' RSFSR abbreviation of 'Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic' RSO abbreviation of 'Radio Symphony Orchestra' R.S.V.P. abbreviation for répondez, s'il vous plaît (French: please reply) RSWV referring to the catalogue prepared by Stephan Pflicht on music by Robert Stolz (1880-1975) RT60 also known as 'reverberation time', the RT60 is the time taken for an impulse sound to decay by 60 dB. For speech, the RT60 of a space should be lower than for a room used for music. In general, as the volume of a room increases, the RT60 time can be longer. The RT60 time of a room can be estimated using mathematical formulae RTÉ abbreviation of Radio Telefís Éireann RTF abbreviation of Radiodiffusion-Télévision Française (French) RTVB abbreviation of Radio-Télévision Belge de la Communauté Française (French) Ruan in the artifacts unearthed in the Six Dynasties (220-581) grave at the Xi Shan Bridge, Nanjing, there was an engraved picture showing Ruan Xian, a member of the 'Seven Wise Men of the Bamboo Grove', playing a musical instrument. In memory of this great player, the instrument bears his name. It is a mellow sounding Chinese instrument played with a plectrum and similar to the mandolin. It was once known as the qin pipa (dating it to the Qin dynasty between 221-207 BC) or yue qin (moon mandolin) and is a member of the tan bo yue, the family of plucked instruments to extend its usefulness in the modern Chinese orchestra, it is now constructed as a family made up of: name tuning range gao yin ruan soprano ruan     xiao ruan small or treble ruan     zhong ruan alto ruan A-d-a-d' or G-d-a-e' A-a'' da ruan tenor ruan D-A-d-a or C-G-d-a D-e' di yin ruan bass ruan     Ruan Ruan Ruan Chinese moon lutes Rubab Afghan plucked lute, with a short neck with double chambers, three main playing strings (made of animal gut or string), drone strings and sympathetic metal strings Rubab rubando to perform in a rubato style Rubaiyat an Arabic term meaning a quatrain, or four-line stanza. The term is nearly always included in the title of any Arabic poem that is built upon such quatrains rubato see 'dislocation' (Italian, literally 'robbed') abbreviated from tempo rubato (Italian: robbed time), a limited freedom of rhythm and tempo when performing a piece of music where the time extension applied to one note is taken (hence 'robbed) from an adjoining note or notes Rub board the southern Louisiana version of the washboard, used by Cajun and Zydeco musicians Rubel Russian washboard Rubella (Latin) German measles Rubible the rebec Rub-on gold finishes also known as 'rub and buff', 'treasure gold wax', 'gilt sticks' or 'gilt cream'. These are gold coloured pigments mixed into a wax medium. These finishes will tarnish due to the properties inherent in the copper content of bronze powders. Many of these can be made in-house using clear waxes and mica powders Rubric in a medieval manuscript, a heading in red letters, using an ink derived from red lead, rote Titelbuchstabe (German m.) Rubrica (Italian) column (in a newspaper) address book Rúbrica (Spanish f.) heading (of a document) Rubricator scribe who entered the rubric headings in a manuscript Ruche (French, literally 'bee-hive') a full frilling of gauze or other light fabric used as an ornament on a woman's dress, although it can also be used to create draping and texture within the body of the garment Rücken (German m.) back, spine (of a book) Rückfrage (German f.) further inquiry Rückgang (German m.) a transposition leading to the repetition of a preceding theme Rückkoppelung (German f.) feed back Rück-Positiv (German n.) in the organ, a set of pipes built behind the organist, developed for accompaniment of the choir. This is a smaller, quieter organ with its own dedicated manual positioned below that of the main organ Rücksicht (German f.) consideration Rücksichtslosigkeit (German f.) inconsiderateness, lack of consideration, recklessness, thoughtlessness Rückstand (German m.) backlog (of work) Rückstande aufarbeiten (German) clear backlog (of work) Rückstrählung (German f.) reverberation, reflection Rückung (German f.) syncopation (probably archaic), abrupt modulation (contemporary usage) rückwärts (German) backwards Rue a plant with yellow flowers whose bitter-tasting leaves were used mostly in herbal cures but occasionally in salads Rueda de prensa (Spanish f.) press conference rudement (French) roughly Rudiments (English, German pl.) a set of basic patterns used in rudimental drumming. These patterns form the basic building blocks or "vocabulary" of drumming, and can be combined in a more-or-less infinite variety of ways to create drumming music Rudiment from which this extract has been taken (English, German pl.) short for 'rudiments of music' Rudimenti (Italian m. pl.) rudiments Rudimentos (Spanish m. pl.) rudiments Rudiments of music a term synonymous with 'music theory' Ruding the Jew's harp of the Kenyah and Kayan peoples of Northern Borneo, both the wood and metal versions being extremely thin and very fragile Ruding Rudl/rull Swedish and Norwegian country dance Rudra vina also known as the bin (been), it appears to be one of the oldest styles of vina. The evidence is readily seen in elements of its construction, and from its depiction on the walls of ancient temples. This instrument is basically a bamboo stick with two gourds attached. It has frets which are set into wax. This instrument is quite rare nowadays. Rueda a Spanish round dance in quintuple time Ruf-Antwort-Form (German f.) call and response (form) Ruff type of stroke in drum playing involving three rapid strokes before the main one (in use 1550-1630) a circular collar in the form of a starched and crimped or pleated frill. From 1562 to 1577, ruffs measured about three inches wide and two inches deep, becoming separate articles of clothing by 1570. The cartwheel ruff was in fashion from 1550 to 1610 and the fan-shaped ruff, made almost entirely of lace, from 1570 to 1625. Men's ruffs were generally higher in back than in front, following the line of the jaw, to frame the face and set off the shape of the skull Ruffle to stir up (water) so as to form ripples, to trouble or vex, to twitch or flutter, to shuffle, to mix so as to make a random order or arrangement, to fluff up, to disturb the smoothness of, to pleat or gather into a ruffle frill, affray, drum roll Ruffles and Flourishes drum rolls (ruffles) and flourishes (selected brass instruments) performed by U.S. bands to honour high ranking dignitories, the number of Ruffles and Flourishes to be performed being set out in Table 2-1 of AR 600-25 Rufous a colour that may be described as reddish-brown or brownish-red, the colour of rust or oxidised iron. It is derived from the meaning of “red” in Latin and is used in the names of many animals, especially birds, to describe the colour of their skin, fur or plumage Ruggiero a bass line, popular in late 16th- and early 17th-century Italy, upon which it was the practice of Italian composers to improvise contrapuntal variations. In one sense, the term is nearly synonymous with the 'ground bass' of a passacaglia or the fundamental progression of a chaconne. In actual practice, ruggieri of the 17th- and 18th-centuries tended to be longer and subject to considerable variation. Unlike a passacaglia where the ground is invariant, and a chaconne where there is not repeating bass line, a ruggiero work repeats the bass but never the same way twice. In this sense a ruggiero might be seen as a hybrid of ostinato techniques represented in both passacaglia and chaconne the name Ruggiero is believed to come from Orlando furioso the epic poem by Lodovico Ariosto (1474-1533), one stanza of which begins Ruggier, qual sempre fui Orlando Furioso by Lodovico Ariosto Rugghio di leone (Italian) friction or string drum, called Rommelpot, tambour à cordes or Löwengebrull Ruggine (Italian f.) rust Ruggio di leone (Italian) friction or string drum, called Rommelpot, tambour à cordes or Löwengebrull ruggire (Italian) roar Ruggito (Italian m.) roar Ruggito del leone (Italian m.) or ruggito di leone, a friction or string drum, also called Rommelpot, tambour à cordes or Löwengebrull Rugido (Spanish m.) roar rugir (Spanish) roar Rugissement de lion (French m.) friction or string drum, called Rommelpot, tambour à cordes or Löwengebrull Ruhe (German f.) peace, quiet, rest ruhelos (German) restless Ruhepunkt (German m.) or Ruhezeichen, the fermata sign, a musical symbol placed over a note or rest to be extended beyond its normal duration Ruhezeichen (German n.) see Ruhepunkt ruhig (German) quiet, restful, peaceful, calm, tranquil, calmly, tranquille, tranquillo ruhig bleiben (German) keep calm ruhig gehend (German) gently moving, andante moderato ruhig verhalten (German) to keep silent rühren die Trommel (German) beat the drum Rührtrommel (German f.) field drum, tenor drum Rührung (German f.) emotion Ruido (Spanish m.) noise, din, commotion Ruído (Portuguese) noise, din, commotion Ruído alba (Portuguese) white noise Ruído rosa (Portuguese) pink noise ruidosamente (Spanish) noisily ruidoso (Spanish) noisy (Spanish) sensational (used figuratively) Ruiseñor (Spanish m.) nightingale Rule of St Augustine a rule for religious community life first devised by a follower of St Augustine of Hippo in the 5th century; revived in the 11th century for use by the regular canons Rule of St Benedict a set of rules for monastic life devised by an Italian monk, Benedict of Nursia, in the 6th century; became the basis for Western monasticism Rule of the octave a formula for the harmonisation of the ascending and descending scale many 18th-century thoroughbass and composition texts follow the figuring found in François Campion's Traite (1716), which shows the following figures for the ascending and descending C-major scale: ascending scale: C D(4/3) E(6) F(6/5) G A(6) B(6/5) C descending scale: C B(6) A(#6/4/3) G F(4/2) E(6) D(4/3) C although it is true that this procedure essentially defines a unique harmony for each scale degree, the harmony changes depending on whether the bass ascends or descends, and thus the "leading of the bass" is taken into consideration. For example, a ^3-»^4-»^5 ascent would result in I6-»ii6/5-»V, whereas a ^5-»^4-»^3 descent would result in V-»V4/2-»I6. Also consider the use of the secondary dominant, V4/3 of V, as a way of passing from V6 to V when descending. This gambit helps redirect the tension toward a new goal, after leaving the chord above the leading note. On the other hand, when ascending to ^1, the leading tone was set with V6/5 in order to increase the upwards-striving tension. Furthermore, this rule of the octave also clearly defines the stable goals of the progression. The only root-position chords are I, V, and I. The other chords - which pass to and from these stable harmonies - are in inversions More Figured Bass from which this extract has been taken rullando (Italian) drumming, rolling on the drum or tambourine rullante (Italian) rolling (on the drum or tambourine) rullante, Tamburo (Italian) tenor drum rullio di tamburo (Italian) beat the drum Rullo del timpano (Italian m.) drum roll Rullo di tamburo (Italian m.) drum roll Rumba (German m./f., Italian m.) type of drum, synonymous with the conga drum Rumba (English, German m./f., Italian m.) Cuban rhythms played at informal celebrations, combining African drumming and Spanish or African vocal traditions with improvised dancing and singing there is a difference between flamenco rumba and Cuban rumba. Flamenco rumba, proof of the impact of Cuban music in Europe and especially in Spanish gypsy music, is played with guitars and clapped hands. The Cuban rumba is played with drums (three tumbadoras) two sticks or palitos and chorus. Two of the drums, the tumbadora and the segundo or tres golpes, play the basic rhythm and the quinto, which is a higher pitched drum, plays improvised beats to guide the dancers there are now three kinds of Cuban rumba rhythm: guaguancó a moderate to fast style where the rhythm can be more complex and a couple dances in a flirtatious fashion. The man throws his arm or leg or pelvis in the direction of his partner, symbolically attempting to touch or sexually contact the woman. She entices him and then turns away when he reaches out. The Spanish word vacunar refers to this moment columbia a style of Cuban rumba developed at the end of the 19th-century in the eastern province of Matanzas, differing from other rumbas by having a 6/8 beat. It is usually danced by solo male dancers who perform acrobatic and daring moves to demonstrate their courage, strength and agility yambú a slower, simpler style where older people and others dance in a relaxed manner now-extinct variants: jiribilla   resedá   Rumba Rumba congolaise a catch-all term for the amalgams of Congolese folk music and Latin American styles that swept Africa in the mid twentieth century see sebene Rumba de cajón the Cuban rumba that features the Cuban cajón, box-shaped percussion instruments often used in sets of three like conga and batá drums Rumba flamenca also called rumba gitana, this sensual style derives from the Afro-Cuban rumba brought back from Cuba to Southern Spain in the 19th-century Rumba gitana a Catalonian-derived genre associated with the French Roma, popularised by The Gipsy Kings Rumbakugel (s.), Rumbakugeln (pl.) (German f.) maraca Rumba soukous the highly commercial modern form of Congolese rumba Rumbastäbe (German m. pl.) claves Rumbero a participant in the tradition of rumba Rummelpott (German m.) see Brummtopf (Swedish) also Rommelpott or Friktionstrumma, friction drum [corrected by Lars Hellvig] Rumorarmonio also called 'Noise Harmonium' or the 'Russolo-Phone', an invention made in 1922 by the Italian Futurist Luigi Russolo (1885-1947) which combined several noise machines with a rudimentary keyboard. This was presented to the Parisian public in 1929 by Edgar Varèse The "Intonorumori" (1913), "Rumorarmonio" (1922) & the "Enharmonic Piano" (1931) Rumore (Italian m.) noise rumoreggiare (Italian) rumble rumoroso (Italian) noisy, loud Run rapid ascending or descending of notes, which may start with an embellishment, and which in vocal music might be sung to a single syllable a roulade Runddans Swedish round dance Rundfunk (German m.) broadcasting Rundfunkaufnahme (German f.) radio recording Rundfunkchor (German m.) radio choir, radio chorus Rundfunkorchester (German n.) radio orchestra Rundfunktanzorchester (German n.) radio dance orchestra Rundfunkübertragung (German f.) radio transmission Rundgesang (s.), Rundgesänge (pl.) (German m.) round Rundholzstab (German m.) or Dübel (German m.), dowel, wooden rod Rune chanting see 'kalevalaic music' Runes a form of the Latin alphabet used for inscriptions in Germanic countries in the early medieval period Rune singing see 'kalevalaic music' Runestone a commemorative stone carved with runes Runic alphabets a set of related alphabets using letters known as runes to write various Germanic languages prior to the adoption of the Latin alphabet and for specialised purposes thereafter Running a defect in an organ produced by a leakage of the wind in the wind-chest, the pipes sounding when a key is pressed down although no stop in drawn Running head a shortened version of the title of a book, article, etc. placed at the top of each page Runolaulu see laulu Run-in line or enjambement (French, 'straddling'), in poetry, a line having no pause or end punctuation but having uninterrupted grammatical meaning continuing into the next line Run-on sentence a grammatical error, to continue a sentence without a punctuation mark where it should be Runosong see laulu Ruolo (Italian m.) role (in the theatre, film, etc.) Ruolo principale (Italian m.) main role (in the theatre, film, etc.) Ruota a sfregamento (Italian f.) friction wheel (for example, on a hurdy-gurdy), Streichrad (German n.), roue de frottement (French f.) Rupee (Hindi) a monetary unit in India Rural blues see 'country blues' Rural contemporary see 'alternative country' Rural dean a minister assisting a bishop to administer a subdivision of an archdeaconry; known on the Continent as an archpriest Rural deanery a group of parishes forming a subdivision of an archdeaconry Rural milonga see milonga rusé (m.), ruée (f.) (French) cunning, wily, full of tricks Ruse de guerre (French m.) a stratagem Rus in urbe (Latin) the country in the city, an urban retreat specifically designed to seem rural Russ. abbreviation of 'Russian' russ. abbreviation of russisch (German: Russian - russe (French)) russare (Italian) snore Russe (French f.) Russian Russian bassoon upright serpent Russian bow grip the Russian bow hold is more of a push-pull grip. Nonetheless, it is not to be discounted, as Heifetz and other students of Leopold Auer made good use of. It isn't very springy, but can creates a large, robust sound with proper technique. The bow on the index finger lies on the second joint, or between the second and knuckle. The hand tends to be very flat, with the fingers spread apart. Russians use less taut bow-hair [taken from Violinist.com] some have suggested that this should be called the "Wieniawski bow grip" because Wieniawski taught his students his own kind of very stiff bowing that allowed him to play a "devil's staccato" with ease Russian chant also Znamenny chant, canto russo (Italian), canto znamenny (Italian), Znamenny-Gesang (German), chant russe (French), canto ruso (Spanish) a term that refer to either 'any monodial, unison liturgical singing that is performed using Kryuki notation, rather than linear notation', or 'a particular system of unison liturgical singing'. Both meanings refer to the Russian Orthodox Church tradition of singing Znamenny Chant from which this extract has been taken Russian criminal music a Russian urban folk genre originating from Odessa. Many songs were composed in the 1920s/30s by prisoners sentenced to long period of hard labour. Nowdays this chanson-style glamorises the post-Soviet underworld with lyrics that are decorated with jailhouse slang. The classic of the form, entitled Murka, tells of a gangster killing his girlfriend for being an undercover agent of the Bolshevik secret police Murka Russian guitar the classical and acoustic seven-string guitar arrived Russia in the 19th-century, most probably as a development of the English guitar and the baroque lute. The standard tuning is a G major chord as follows: D'-G'-B-D-g-b-d' Russian guitar from which this extract has been taken Russian hip hop Russian hip hop Russian horn a form of hunting horn which, because it plays only one note, must be used in sets, one horn and one performer for each note to be played Russian horn band bands of horns were heard in Weissenfels on church feast days in the 19th-century. A long tradition of playing in Russian horn bands also existed in eastern Germany's Erzgebirge. The instrument was developed in Russia in the mid 18th-century Russian horns, beginning of the 19th-century Russian psychedelic trance also called 'Russian psytrance', 'Russian dark' or simply 'dark', a form of darker and distorted psychedelic trance music made mostly in Russia and Central Europe. The music is considered to be less popular than mainstream melodic psychedelic trance Russian psychedelic trance from which this extract has been taken Russian sacred music An Outline History of Russian Sacred Music Russian School (ballet) the Russian School was founded in St. Petersburg in 1738 by the French dancer Jean-Baptiste Landé. The French influence continued under such great teachers as Charles Le Picq, Charles Didelot, Christian Johanssen, Jules Perrot, Arthur Saint-Léon and Marius Petipa. In 1885 Virginia Zucchi, a famous Italian ballerina, appeared in St. Petersburg and created a sensation with her forceful and brilliant Italian technique which differed from the soft, graceful elegance of the French technique prevalent in Russia until then. Other Italian dancers such as Enrico Cecchetti arrived in Russia and continued to astound the Russians with their amazing dexterity, brilliant pirouettes, tours and fouettés. The Russian dancers rapidly absorbed everything the Italians had to teach and incorporated it into the Russian system. Thus, the Russian School of Ballet is a development of the French and Italian Schools. During the 1920s the Russian ballerina and teacher Agrippina Vaganova developed a planned instructional system which later became known to the whole world as the Vaganova system. This svstem has become the basic method of the entire Soviet choreographic school Russian School from which this information has been taken russo (m.), russa (f.) (Italian) Russian Russolo-Phone see 'Rumorarmonio' Rust (Dutch) rest Rustic buccolico (Italian), ländlich (German), bucolique (French), pertaining to the countryside, unsophisticated, of rude or rough workmanship rústica, en (Spanish) paperback Rustico (Italian m.) in a rustic manner, rural Rustle noise noise consisting of aperiodic pulses characterized by the average time between those pulses (such as the mean time interval between clicks of a Geiger counter), known as rustle time Rustle noise from which this information has been taken Rustpunt (Dutch) caesura Rute (German f.) a switch, a birch brush used with the bass drum Ruthe (German f.) a switch, a birch brush used with the bass drum Rutina (Spanish f.) routine rutinario (Spanish) routine Rutscher (German) a dance also known as the Galopade Rutto (Italian m.) belch Rumore (Italian m.) noise ruvidamente (Italian) roughly, harshly, avec rudesse (suggested by Prof. Wes Kenney) ruvido (Italian) in a rough, harsh style RV acronym of Ryom-Verzeichnis, after Peter Ryom (b.1937), the cataloguer of the music of Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741) rv abbrevation of rendez-vous (French: meeting, date) Rwaïs (literally 'chief' or 'master') Chleuh Berber professional musicians who play in ensembles consisting of ouds, rababs and cymbals, with various numbers of vocalists. The leader (rayes) leads the choreography and music of the group. These performances begin with an instrumental astara on rabab, which also gives the notes of the melody which follows. The next phase is the amarg, or sung poetry, and then ammussu, a danced overture, tammust, an energetic song, aberdag, a dance, and finally the rhythmically swift tabbayt. Although the exact order may vary, the astara always begins, and the tabbayt always at the end Rwandan hip hop Rwandan hip hop RWV acronym of Rosetti-Werke-Verzeichnis, reference to the catalogue of music by Francesco Antonio Rosetti (born Anton Rössler) (c.1750-1792) by Sterling E. Murray Rx may be written also with the x formed by a short diagonal cutting through the diagonal foot of the letter R, abbreviation of recipe (Latin: take!) (Latin) a prescription, a solution to a problem Ry see RV Ryan's Mammoth Collection, 1050 Reels and Jigs, Hornpipes and Clogs (1883) edited and collected by William Bradbury Ryan of Boston, an important source of traditional Irish music Ryom see RV Rythme (French m.) rhythm, ritmo (Italian m., Spanish m.), Rhythmus (German m.) rythmé (French) measured, rhythmic, rhythmical, rhythmisch (German), ritmico (Italian), ritmato (Italian), rythmique (French) Rythme binaire (French m.) duple rhythm Rythme cardiaque (French m.) (rate of) heartbeat rythmer (French) to give a certain rhythm to, to punctuate, to give rhthm to Rythme saccadé (s.), Rythmes saccadés (pl.) (French m.) or rythmes sautillants, the 'jerky' or hopping dotted rhythm associated particularly with the French ouverture's first section and the entrée grave Rythme sautillant (s.), Rythmes sautillants (pl.) (French m.) see rythme saccadé Rythme ternaire (French m.) triple rhythm Rythme un peu abandonné, un (French m.) a fairly free rhythm rythmique (French) rhythmic, rhythmical, rhythmisch (German), ritmico (Italian), ritmato (Italian), rythmé (French) (French) the rhythm section Rythmus (German) alternative spelling of Rhythmus Rytm (Swedish) rhythm Rytme (Danish) rhythm Rytmi (Finnish) rhythm Ryuso (Japanese) the pick worn on the index finger of the right hand by the player of zithers such as the yakumogoto Ryuteki also called yokobue, oteki, yojoor or ryuuteki, Japanese transverse flute, one of the three side-blown flutes used in gagaku, the other two being koma-bue and kagura-bue Ryuteki Ryuteki in the Dayton C Miller Collection Transverse flute (ryuteki), Japan, 19th century Ryuuteki see ryuteki