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con rabbia (Italian) with rage, furiously, passionately, angrily con raccoglimento (Italian) meditatively, collectedly con ragionevolezza (Italian) with reason con rapidità (Italian) with rapidity con rassegnazione (Italian) resignedly, with a sense of resignation (i.e. resolved to endure) [entry suggested by Kathleen Sterling] con replica (Italian) with repetition, to be repeated con ricchezza (Italian) prosperously (in a rich way) con riferimento a (Italian) referring to, in reference to, with reference to, with regards to con rigore (Italian) rigorously, strictly con rigore di tempo (Italian) in strict time con rilevanza (Italian) patently (manifestly) con riluttanza (Italian) reluctantly con rimpianto (Italian) regretfully con riposo (Italian) calmly, reposefully, in a calm and tranquil manner con riscaldamento centralizzato (Italian) centrally heated con riserva (Italian) with a reservation con riservatezza (Italian) reservedly con risoluzione (Italian) with firmness, resolutely con rispetto (Italian) piously (respectfully) con riverenza (Italian) piously (reverently) consacrer (French) to devote, to consecrate (religious), to establish con sangue freddo (Italian) cold (cold-blooded) con sarcasmo (Italian) piercingly (sarcastically) con scarsa importanza (Italian) niggling (footling) con scarse vedute (Italian) parochial (narrow minded) consciemment (French) consciously Conscience (French f.) conscience, consciousness consciencieux (m.), consciencieuse (f.) (French) conscientious conscient (m.), consciente (f.) (French) conscious conscient de (French) aware of, conscious of con sciolezza (Italian) with freedom, with ease, with agility Conscrit (French m.) conscript con sdegno (Italian) scornfully, angrily Consecration to make sacred, the separation of a thing or person for divine service of the Eucharist, the act whereby the bread and wine become the body and blood of Christ of bishops, the conferrring of the character of the office by bishops to another of altars and churches and sacred vessels, the setting apart of these things exclusively for the service of God Consécration (French f.) consecration consécutif (m.), consécutive (f.) (French) consecutive consécutif à (French) following upon Consecutive chords chords of the same kind succeeding one another without interruption Consecutive fifths and octaves or 'parallel fifths and octaves', quintos consecutivos (Spanish), quinte di moto retto, ottave di moto retto (Italian), Quintenfolgen, Quintenparallelen, Oktavenfolgen, Oktavenparallelen (German), quintes consécutives, octaves consécutives (French) also known as parallel fifths, involve the concurrence of successive intervals of a perfect fifth between two voices in parallel motion; e.g., a parallel movement from C to D in one voice, and G to A in a higher voice. Intervening octaves are irrelevant to this aspect of musical grammar; for example, parallel 12ths (i.e., as created by successive intervals of an octave plus a fifth) are equivalent to parallel fifths. Consecutive fifths are avoided in part because they cause a loss of individuality between parts. This lack of individuality is even more pronounced when parts move in parallel octaves or in unison. These are therefore also generally forbidden among independently moving parts. Hidden consecutives occur when two independent parts approach a single perfect fifth or an octave by similar motion instead of oblique or contrary motion. Conventional style dictates that such an interval, often called an exposed fifth or exposed octave, be avoided. But this is sometimes permitted under certain conditions, such as the following: the interval does not involve either the highest or the lowest part, the interval does not occur between both of those extreme parts, the interval is approached in one part by a semitone step, or the interval is approached in the higher part by step. The details differ considerably from period to period, and even among composers writing in the same period Consecutive fifths from which the above has been taken Consecutive interval also called 'parallel intervals' or Intervallparallele (German f.), a progression of two or more chords where the harmonic interval between two parts remains fixed, for example, in octaves, in thirds, in fourths, and so on, some of which (particularly, unisons, fifths and octaves) are forbidden by the laws of harmony [additional information by Michael Zapf] consécutivement (French) consecutively Consecutives a series of similar intervals, chords, markings, etc., immediately following one another the term is most commonly applied to a succession of intervals that are forbidden by the rules of harmony Conseil (French m.) (piece of) advice, council (assembly), committee, meeting, consultant (person) Conseil d'administration (French m.) board of directors Conseil des ministres (French m.) Cabinet Conseil d'état (French m.) a French judicial body that examines administrative regulations and acts as a court of appeal against them Conseil municipal (French m.) town council Conseiller (m.), Conseillère (f.) (French) adviser, counsellor conseiller (French) to advise Conseiller municipal (French m.) town councillor con semplicità (Italian) with simplicity, overtly (plainly) con sensibilità (Italian) with sensibility, with feeling, sensitively, perceptual (sensible) con senso dell'umorismo (Italian) with (a sense of) humour (person) Consensus (Latin) agreement (of opinion), a majority verdict Consensus fidelium (German m., from Latin) (by the) agreement of the faithful Consensus omnium (Italian) (by the) agreement of all Consentement (French m.) consent con sentimento (Italian) with sentiment, with feeling consentir (French), to agree, to grant consentir à (French) to agree to Conséquence (French f.) consequence Consequent in a fugue, the answer or point of imitation the second of two similar musical statements in a musical period with two balancing halves, where the first half is 'completed' by the second, the halves are termed antecedent and consequent, somewhat analogous to a rhymed couplet in poetry conséquent (m.), conséquente (f.) (French) logical, sizeable con serenatà (Italian) in a calm, tranquil style con serietà (Italian) seriously Conservateur (m.), Conservatrice (f.) (French) museum curator, conservator, conservative (politically) conservateur (m.), conservatrice (f.) (French) conservative Conservation (French f.) preservation, conservation (the act of conserving) Conservatisme (French m.) conservatism Conservatoire (English, French m.) Konservatorium (German n.), conservatorio (Italian m., Spanish m.), conservatory (US, Australia) [additional information by Michael Zapf] an advanced college for studying music, music academy (the term is also applied to a college for the study of elocution) Conservatoire de Paris (French m.) a music college founded in 1795, based in Paris, France. It offers instruction in music and drama of the highest standards, drawing on the traditions of the 'French School'. In 1946 it was split into two Conservatoires, one for acting, theatre and drama, known as the Conservatoire National Supérieur d'Art Dramatique (CNSAD), and the other for music and dance, the Conservatoire National Supérieur de Musique et de Danse de Paris (CNSMDP). It is under the supervision of the Ministry of Culture and Communication Conservatoire de Paris from which this extract has been taken Conservatorio (Italian m., Spanish m.) conservatory Conservatório (Portuguese) conservatoire, conservatory Conservatorio de' mendicanti (Italian m.) see Ospedaletto Conservatorium (German n., Dutch) conservatoire Conservatory (U.S. English) conservatoire Conserve (French f.) tinned or canned food conserver (French) to preserve, to retain, to keep con severità (Italian) severely, strictly con sicurezza (Italian) with safety, positively (surely) considerare con particolare affetto (Italian) to hang upon (to depend upon) considérable (French) considerable Considération (French f.) consideration, regard (respect) considérer (French) to consider, to esteem (respect) considérer comme (French) to consider to be consigliarsi con (Italian) to confer with (lawyer) Consigne (French f.) left luggage (office), detention (school), deposit (sum), orders Consigne automatique (French f.) (left-luggage) lockers consigner (French) to charge a deposit on, to record (write), to keep in (pupils), to confine (to barracks) con significato (Italian) purposeful Consilience meaning 'a jumping together', it is a term used to describe the bridging of gaps between those who study the sciences, the humanities and the arts Consilience consilio (Latin) by counsel Consilium (Latin) board (of a company) con sincerità (Italian) sincerely (with sincerity) Consistance n.f. consistency (French) solidity (figurative) consistant (m.), consistante (f.) (French) solid, thick consister à faire (French) to consist in doing consister dans (French) to consist in consister en (French) to consist of con slancio (Italian) impetuously, with dash, with enthusiasm, con islancio con soavità (Italian) with gentleness con soddisfazione (Italian) with satisfaction Consoeur (French f.) colleague, fellow member Consola (Spanish f.) organ case, buffet d'orgue (French), console Consolación (Spanish f.) consolation consolante (Italian) consoling, soothing consolar (Spanish) to console consolatamente (Italian) quietly, comfortably, cheerfully Consolation (English, French f.) consoling or being consoled Console a table or wide shelf supported by a bracket fixed to a wall, a side table with legs at the front only the unit containing the various keyboards, pedals, control stops and other functional devices in a pipe, theatre or other similar kind of organ (but not the pipes) so called if it is separate from the rest of the case. If the console is integrated into of the case then the console is called a keydesk (French f.) harmonic curve (pertaining to the shape of the bridge on a stringed keyboard instrument) a free-standing cabinet containing electronic equipment (English) or Kleinklavier (German n.), a vertical, or upright, piano 40" to 42" in height (German f.) coined in the 1820s and used, in German, only for Frenchman Henri Pape's design of small upright piano [information provided by Michael Zapf] to provide comfort, to provide consolation (especially at times of grief or disappointment) (Spanish) to comfort, to provide consolation con solennità (Italian) with solemnity consoler (French) to console consolidar (Spanish) to consolidate consolider (French) to strengthen, to consolidate (figurative) Consolle (Italian f.) console Consomé (Spanish m.) clear soup based on meat stock, a cold jelly produced by the prolonged boiling of meat con somma espressione (Italian) with the utmost expression Consommateur (m.), Consommatrice (f.) (French) consumer, customer (in a café, etc.) Consommation (French) light refreshments (for example, a drink bought in a café) Consommé (English, French m.) clear soup based on meat stock, a cold jelly produced by the prolonged boiling of meat consommé (French) consummate consommer (French) to consume, to use, to consume, to consummate (marriage), to drink Consommation (French f.) consumption, consummation, drink con sommo espressione (Italian) with intense feeling Consonance (English, French f.) consonancia (Spanish), consonanza (Italian), Konsonanz (German) the medieval Church inherited its Pythagoreanism from Boethius, subsuming Pythagoras' numerological obsessions and Trinitarian symbolism to judge consonance the sole preserve of the the ratios of the octave (2:1), fifth (3:2), octave plus fifth (3:1), fourth (4:3), and double octave (4:1). These were the only consonances recognized by Greek theory, and great metaphysical significance was attached to the fact that the set of numbers from 1 to 4 was the source of all harmony - on this basis, the 81/64 Pythagorean third was excluded as a dissonance by the late Middle Ages and early Renaissance, thirds and sixths were also considered consonant Franco of Cologne (active c. 1240-1280) in his Ars cantus mensurabilis (c.1280), defines three classes of concord perfect concords unison, octave intermediate concord fifth, fourth imperfect concord major and minor thirds a papal decree (1324) attempted to ban the 'imperfect concords' on the grounds that they were sensuous, effeminate and worldly Joe Monzo writes, "While historically many theorists have used (and many still do use) the terms 'consonance' and 'dissonance' to refer to absolute psycho-acoustic phenomena, most modern tuning theorists prefer to limit the use of those terms to refer to relative perceptions which are a result of musical context, reserving the concept of 'accordance' for the absolute psycho-acoustic phenomena; thus, the modern equivalents would be 'concordance' and 'discordance'." [Joe Monzo's comment taken from http://tonalsoft.com/enc/consonance.htm] Consonance and Dissonance a special type of alliteration in which the repeated pattern of consonants is marked by changes in the intervening vowels - i.e., the final consonants of the stressed syllables match each other but the vowels differ; examples include linger, longer, and languor or rider, reader, raider, and ruder Literary Terms and Definitions from which this last entry has been taken Consonancia (Spanish f.) consonance Consonant (Dutch) consonance (English) concordant, harmonious, notes harmonising together (for example consonant tones or consonant chords) (English) a speech sound that is not a vowel Consonante (Spanish f.) consonant, consonance consonante (Spanish) consonant Consonant interval although generally a consonant interval is one that does not require resolution, different definitions have been used by different commentators in relation to different compositional styles.: in atonal music all intervals (or interval classes) are considered equally consonant melodically and harmonically in the middle ages only the octave and perfect fifth were considered consonant harmonically in sixteenth-century usage perfect fifths and octaves, and major and minor thirds and sixths were considered harmonically consonant, and all other intervals dissonant. In the common practice period, it makes more sense to speak of consonant and dissonant chords, and certain intervals previously thought to be dissonant (such as minor sevenths) became acceptable in certain contexts. However, sixteenth-century practice continued to be taught to beginning musicians throughout this period Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894) defined a harmonically consonant interval as one in which the two pitches have an overtone in common (specifically excluding the seventh harmonic). This essentially defines all seconds and sevenths as dissonant, and perfect fourths and fifth, and major and minor thirds and sixths, as consonant Pythagoras (c.569-c.475 BC) defined a hierarchy of consonance based on how small the numbers were which express the ratio Paul Hindemith (1895-1963) Twentieth-century composer and theorist who developed a system that has a hierarchy with the same results as Pythagoras's, but defined by fiat rather than by interval ratios, to better accommodate equal temperament, all of whose intervals (except the octave) would be dissonant using acoustical methods David Cope suggests the concept of interval strength, in which an interval's strength, consonance, or stability is determined by its approximation to a lower and stronger, or higher and weaker, position in the harmonic series Consonant and dissonant intervals from which this information has been taken Consonanz (German f.) consonance Consonanza (Italian f.) consonance consonare (Italian) to tune in unison, or concord with another Consonatie (Dutch) consonance consoniren (German) to concord, to match one's sound with that of another, to be consonant (with regard to intervals) [additional information by Michael Zapf] Consonne (French f.) consonant con sonorità (Italian) sonorously Consorcio (Spanish m.) consortium con sord. abbreviated form of con sordino (Italian: with dampers left in contact with the string) or con sordini (Italian: with mute or, on the piano, use the soft pedal) con sordina (Italian) with damper, mit Dämpfer (German), étouffé (French), with the dampers left in contact with the strings by not depressing the damper pedal (which raises the dampers from the strings) con sordino (s.), con sordini (pl.) (Italian m.) with mute, with mutes, muted, en sourdine (French) the exact meaning of these terms depends on the instrument: on the piano release the right pedal, use the soft pedal on a stringed instrument such as the violin place a mute on the bridge on a brass instrument insert a leather covered pad, paste-board cone or wooden cylinder (called a mute) into the bell of the instrument con sordino (s.), con sordini (pl.) are linguistically incorrect in Italian, although commonly found as markings in music. The correct Italian terms are con sordina (s.), con sordine (pl.) Consort (English, German n.) an English word from the sixteenth century, synonymous with 'concent' and 'concert', which describes a group or small musical ensemble, and where when the instruments come from different families the consort is said to be 'broken', otherwise the consort is 'whole', as when a chest of viols is being used (English) a husband or wife, especially the spouse of a monarch, also a companion or partner (English) to keep company with, to hang out with Consort anthem a consort song, often accompanied by the organ, to a religious text Consorte (Spanish m./f.) consort Consortium (s.), Consortia (pl.) (English, French m.) a group of firms, partnerships or individuals who act in concert to some common purpose Consort pitch see ton de la chambre Consort song English song from the 16th- and 17th-centuries, that could be performed entirely vocally or with the top part sung and the lower parts performed by a consort of viols con spazzola d'acciaio (Italian) with the wire-brush con spazzola metallica (Italian) with the wire-brush con spazzola metallica da jazz (Italian) with the wire-brush con spazzolino (Italian) with the brush con spazzolino strisciato (Italian) with a striped brush Conspectus (Latin) synopsis, summary, a general survey con speditezza (Italian) with quickness con spiccato senso civico (Italian) civic-minded conspicuo (Spanish) eminent, visible, conspicuous Conspicuous easily visible, easily or clearly visible, obvious to the eye or mind, blatant Conspiración (Spanish f.) conspiracy Conspirador (Spanish m.) conspirator conspirar (Spanish) to conspire Conspirateur (m.), Conspiratrice (f.) (French) conspirator Conspiration (French f.) conspiracy conspirer (French) to conspire con spirito (Italian) with spirit, with energy con sprezzo (Italian) with contempt conspuer (French) to boo constamment (French) constantly Constance (French f.) constancy con stanchezza (Italian) wearily Constancia (Spanish f.) constancy constant (m.), constante (f.) (French) constant Constant Bit Rate or 'CBR', a type of encoding that maintains a fixed bit rate throughout a file, so that data is sent in a steady stream. But because more complex passages may be encoded with fewer than necessary bits, and relatively simple passages may be encoded with more bits than are necessary, CBR can potentially result in lower-quality sound Constante (French f.) constant constante (Spanish) constant Constantin (German m.) Constantine constar (Spanish) to be clear, to appear, to figure, to consist Constat (French m.) (official) report constatar (Spanish) to check, to confirm Constatation (French f.) observation, statement of fact, verification constater (French) to note, to certify Constelación (Spanish f.) constellation Constellation (French f.) constellation constellé de (French) studded with Consternación (Spanish f.) consternation Consternation (French f.) dismay consterner (French) to dismay con stile (Italian) flair (chic), stylishly Constipado (Spanish m.) cold (illness) constiparse (Spanish) to catch a cold constipé (French) constipated, stilted (figurative) Constitución (Spanish f.) constitution, setting up constitucional (Spanish) constitutional constitué de (French) made up of constituer (French) to make up, to constitute, to form (organise), to constitute (be) constituir (Spanish) to constitute, to form, to set up, to establish constituirse (Spanish) to set oneself up, to appear (to present oneself) constitutif (m.), constitutive (f.) (French) constituent Constitution (French f.) formation, composition, constitution (political, medical) constitutionnel (m.), constitutionnelle (f.) (French) constitutional constitutivo (Spanish) constituent constituyente (Spanish) constituent constr. abbrevation of 'construction' (syntactical arrangement of words) con strazio (Italian) with anguish constreñir (Spanish) to force, to oblige, to restrain con strepito (Italian) in a spirited manner, noisily Constricción (Spanish f.) constriction Constringent having the quality of contracting, binding, or compressing con stromenti (Italian) with the instruments, meaning that the orchestra and the voices are together Construcción (Spanish f.) construction Construcción de instrumentos musicales (Spanish f.) musical instrument making Constructeur (French m.) manufacturer constructif (m.), constructive (f.) (French) constructive Construction (English, French f.) the act of turning musical ideas into larger scale musical works syntactical arrangement of words meaning (French f.) building Construction paper or sugar paper, a tougher type of coarse coloured paper typically available in large sheets. The texture is slightly rough, and the surface is unfinished. Due to the nature of the source material from which the paper is manufactured, small particles are visible on the paper's surface. The origin of the term sugar paper lies in its use for making bags to contain sugar. It is also related to the "blue paper" used by confectionery bakers from the 17th century England onwards, for example in the baking of Regency ratafia cakes (or macaroons) Constructivism in music, compositions that show a high degree of structure constructivo (m.), constructiva (f.) (Spanish) constructive Constructor (Spanish m.) builder construir (Spanish) to build, to construct (building, phrase, idea) construire (French) to build, to construct (building, phrase, idea) con strumenti (Italian) with the instruments, meaning that the orchestra and the voices are together con stupore (Italian) with astonishment, in astonishment, in bewilderment, in amazement con suavezza (Italian) with sweetness, with delicacy, with suavity con suavità (Italian) with sweetness, with delicacy, with suavity con successo (Italian) good effect, successfully Consuelo (Spanish m.) consolation, comfort Consuetudinal be uninflected use of the verb be to indicate habitual or frequent action. An example would be as follows: "What you be doing on Thursdays?" "I be working every afternoon." Users of standard edited English typically frown on this grammatical formation Literary Terms and Definitions from which this entry has been taken consuetudinario (Spanish) customary Consul (English, French m.) diplomatic representative who ranks below an ambassador Cónsul (Spanish m.) consul Consulado (Spanish m.) consulate Consulaire (French) consular consular (English, Spanish) of or pertaining to a consul or consulate Consulat (French m.) consulate Consulate diplomatic building that serves as the residence or workplace of a consul (often there are several, located in the larger commercial centres) Consulta (Spanish f.) consultation Consultancy a consultant or consulting firm Consultant (s.), Consultants (pl.) (German m.) an expert who gives advice within a particular field (for example, in hospitals or medical consulting rooms) but the term is used more generally to describe anybody who provides expertise and can be an advisor or a deliverer of task consultar (Spanish) to consult consultar con la almohada (Spanish) to sleep on it (think it over) consultar ... con la almohada (Spanish) to sleep on ... (think ... over) consultarlo con la almohada (Spanish) to sleep on it consultarsi con (Italian) to consult with Consultation (English, French f.) meeting for the purpose of seeking advice, surgery consulter (French) to consult, to hold surgery (doctor) Consulting (English, German n.) the act of give professional advice or services, usually for a fee Consultingfirma (German f.) consulting firm Consultorio (Spanish m.) surgery Consultorio sentimental (Spanish m.) problem page (in a magazine, newspaper, etc.) consumar (Spanish) to complete, to commit (crime), to consummate (marriage) consumer (French) to consume Consumición (Spanish f.) consumption, drink, food consumido (Spanish) skinny (person), wasted, shrivelled (fruit) Consumidor (Spanish m.) consumer consumir (Spanish) to consume consumirse (Spanish) to waste away (person), to wear out (clothes), to dry up Consumismo (Spanish m.) consumerism Consumo (Spanish m.) consumption con sumo agrado (Spanish) gladly con superficie in vetro (Italian) glass-topped con supporto (Italian) supportively con sussidio del governo (Italian) on welfare cont, cont. abbreviation of continuo (Italian), contano (Italian) Contabilidad (Spanish f.) book-keeping, accountancy Contable (Spanish m./f.) accountant Contactlinsen (German pl.) contact lenses Contact Improvisation a dance technique in which points of physical contact provide the starting point for movement improvisation and exploration, a form of dance improvisation Contact Improvisation Contact management system or CMS, a system that allows organisations and individuals to record relationships and interactions with customers and suppliers as well as allowing the development of comprehensive individual profiles Contacto (Spanish m.) contact Contact print Kontaktabzug (German m.), a photographic print made by exposing a photosensitive paper to negative film with both emulsions in direct contact to one another. No enlarger is needed as the negative rests against the paper under glass to keep it flat and contact even. The resulting print is the same size as the negative [German term supplied by Michael Zapf] Contadina (s.), Contadine (f. pl.) (Italian) a country dance, a peasant (female) contadinesca (Italian) rustic, in a rural style contado (Spanish) counted Contador (Spanish m.) meter, accountant (in Latin America) contados (Spanish) few contagiar (Spanish) to infect (person), to pass on (information), to contaminate (figurative) Contagio (Spanish m.) infection, contagion Contagion (English, German f.) contagious disease, any disease easily transmitted by contact contagioso (Spanish) infectious Contagious heterophony ansteckende Heterophonie (German f.), a term coined by Steven Brown, to describe a possible evolutionary precursor of human music, a form of pitch blending (specifically, collective vocalizations of group-living or pair-bonded species for cooperative purposes) in which individuals generate similar but poorly synchronized musical lines; for example, the howling of wolves which each wolf makes a similar call but the resultant chorus is poorly blended in time [German term supplied by Michael Zapf] Contagious heterophony: A new theory about the origins of music Container (s./pl.) (English, German m.) any object that can be used to hold things (especially a large metal boxlike object of standardised dimensions that can be loaded from one form of transport to another) (German m.) skip Containerbahnhof (German m.) container terminal Containerboard Wellpapperohpapier (German n.), a form of paperboard specially manufactured for the production of corrugated fibreboard. The term encompasses both linerboard and corrugating medium, the two types of paper that make up corrugated board [German term supplied by Michael Zapf] Containerdienst (German m.) container service Container-Dienst (German m.) container service Containerfahrzeug (German n.) container lorry Containerfrachter (German m.) containership Containerhafen (German m.) container port containerisieren (German) to containerise containerisiert (German) containerised containerisierte Fracht (German f.) containerised cargo, containerised freight Containerisierung (German f.) containerisation Containerterminal (German m.) container terminal [gender as advised by Michael Zapf] Containerumschlag (German m.) container handling Containerverschiffung (German f.) container shipping Container-Vollladung (German f.) full container load Containerwagen (German m.) container wagon Containerzug (German m.) container train Contaminación (Spanish f.) contamination, pollution contaminar (Spanish) to contaminate, to pollute Contandino (s.), Contadini (m. pl.) (Italian) a peasant (male) contano (Italian, literally 'they count') this expression indicates that certain parts have to remain silent while other parts are playing con tanta amabilidad (Spanish) with kindness con tantos problemas (Spanish) by all those problems, with all those problems contar (Spanish) to relate, to tell, to narrate, to count, to consider, to reckon, to have, to include, to count in, to be provided with contar bolas (Spanish) to tell fibs (lies) con tarjeta? (Spanish) by card (payment) contarse (Spanish) to be included, to be said contarse entre (Spanish) to be included among Contastorie (Sicilian/Italian) storytellers con tatto (Italian) tactfully Conte (French m., literally 'tale') a short story (a literary genre) (French m., literally 'tale') in music, the title of an instrumental piece, for example Conte Fantastique (1999) by the Scottish composer Alistair Hinton con te (Italian) with you Conte de fées (French m.) fairy tale Contemplación (Spanish f.) contemplation contemplar (Spanish) to look at, to contemplate (figurative) con tempo da perdere (Italian) with time to spare Contemporain (m.), Contemporaine (f.) (French) contemporary (person) contemporain (m.), contemporaine (f.) (French) contemporary Contemporaneo (m.), Contemporanea (f.) (Italian) contempory contemporaneo (m.), contemporanea (f.) (Italian) contempory Contemporáneo (Spanish m.) contemporary contemporáneo (Spanish) contemporary Contemporary writers, composers, etc. who write "at the present moment" Contemporary Christian Music or CCM, a somewhat outdated term originally used in the 1970s to describe a new form of pop/rock music that was lyrically based in the Christian faith. This music had its roots in 'Jesus Music', which sprung from the hippie Jesus Movement of the early 70s Contemporary Christian Music Contemporary dance a modern style of dancing that frees the dancer from the formal conventions of classical ballet. Rather than a specific dance technique, contemporary dance is a collection of systems and methods developed from Modern and Postmodern dance. The development of contemporary dance was parallel but separate to the development of New dance in Britain. Distinctions can also be made between European and American Contemporary dance Contemporary dance Contemporary folk music see 'English folk music' Contemporary jazz essentially a catch-all term for the various permutations of popular, mainstream jazz of the 1980s and 1990s. While those years were certainly not devoid of complex, cerebral jazz recordings, music referred to as 'contemporary jazz' does not usually share those sensibilities, nor is the term generally used to describe music centered around 'hard bop' or the avant-garde instrumental contemporary jazz is usually informed by some combination of: fusion often slickly produced, with an emphasis on rock, blues and soul rhythms pop-jazz with its almost exclusive concentration on memorable melodies smooth jazz with its primary goal of creating pleasant, mellow textures crossover jazz and contemporary funk with their blend of polished production and R&B influences not all contemporary jazz artists completely discard improvisation and challenging experimentation, but by and large, most instrumentalists emphasize shiny production, melody, and accessibility. In the realm of vocal jazz, these jazz singers may or may not possess an improvisational flair, but in most cases, their recordings attempt to evoke an aura of stylish sophistication, sometimes drawing upon pop and R&B in addition to jazz Contemporary music a term applied generally to any music written within the last forty or fifty years Contemporary Western square dance also called 'Western square dance', 'Western square dance', or 'modern American square dance', has, as its basis, a form established during the 1930s and 1940s by Lloyd Shaw, who solicited definitions from callers across the country in order to preserve traditional American folk dance Contenance (French f., German f.) countenance (appearance conveyed by a person's face, sanction, formal and explicit approval) Contenance angloise, la (French) see 'English countenance' Contendente (Italian m./f.) competitor contender (Spanish) to compete Contendiente (Spanish m./f.) competitor contener (Spanish) to contain, to restrain contenerse (Spanish) to restrain oneself con tenerezza (Italian) with tenderness, delicately Contenido (Spanish m.) contents contenido (Spanish) contained contentar (Spanish) to please contentarse (Spanish) to be satisfied, to be please contentarse de (Spanish) to be satisfied with, to be pleased with contento (Spanish) happy, pleased (satisfied) contenu (m.), contenue (f.) (French) self-contained, reserved, sober (in manner) Conte philosophique (French m.) a short story whose purpose is to illustrate a philosophical or moral theme or thesis con tepidita (Italian) with coldness and indifference Contergankind (s.), Contergankinder (pl.) (German n.) thalidomide baby Contest (s.), Contests (pl.), Conteste (German pl.) (English, German m.) a competition, especially one in which entrants perform separately and are then rated against one another Contestación (Spanish f.) answer Contestador automático (Spanish m.) answering machine contesta, que estás medio atontado (Spanish) answer me, you're in a daze contestar (Spanish) to answer, to answer back (to reply) Contexto (Spanish m.) context Contextual symbol a unique or original symbol an author creates within the context of an individual work or an author's collected works Contienda (Spanish f.) struggle contigo (Spanish) with you contiguo (Spanish) adjacent con timidezza (Italian) in a timid manner Continent one of the large landmasses of the earth, i.e. Europe, North America, South America, Africa, Asia, Australia, Antarctica Continental (English, Spanish) of of pertaining to the continents Continente (Spanish m.) continent Continental, The a tricky two-step made famous by Ginger Rogers and Fred Astaire in the film The Gay Divorcee (1934) The Continental - the lyrics Continental card a larger than standard postcard measuring 4 x 6" (10 x 15 cm) Continental fingering a form of notation for fingerings on musical instruments where 1 represents the thumb, 2, 3, 4 and 5 the remaining fingers Continental Tango or 'International Tango', a more refined and technically demanding form of the Argentine Tango Continenza in fifteenth-century dance, a short slightly sideward movement of the feet, which should last half a misura Contingence eventuality, a possible event or occurrence or result Contingencia (Spanish f.) contingency Contingent a gathering of persons representative of some larger group possible but not certain to occur Contingente (Spanish m.) contingent, quota contingente (Spanish) contingent Contingently in a contingent manner, without foresight continguo (Italian) adjacent Continko see xalam con tinto (Italian) with various shades of expression, expressively Continuación (Spanish f.) continuation, continuance Continually continuamente (Spanish), sempre (Italian), andauerend (German), toujours (French) frequently happening 'continuously' and 'continually' are often confused. 'Continuously' is used of something that happens frequently (for example, 'continually interrupted' meaning 'subject to frequent interruptions'), while 'continually' is used of something that happens without a pause (for example, 'continually raining' meaning 'raining without a pause') continuando (Italian) continuing Continuant Dauerlaut (German m.), a consonant sound that can be produced continuously as long as breath holds out, such as /s/ or /v/ [German term supplied by Michael Zapf] continuar (Spanish) to continue, to resume continuará (Spanish) 'to be continued' continuare (Italian) to continue, to resume continuare all'infinito con (Italian) to go on and on about continuare con (Italian) to carry on with continuato (Italian) continuing, held on, held down, sustained Continuazione (Italian f.) continuation Continued bass basso continuo continuel (French) perpetual continuer sur sa lancée (French) to keep going Continuidad (Spanish f.) continuity Continuità (Italian f.) continuity Continuo (English, German m., from the Italian) keyboard line in an orchestral work, short for basso continuo the performer or performers, instrument or instruments, that provide the bass line in a musical work, for example, a keyboard, cello, bass viol, lute, bassoon, etc. Basso continuo continuo (Spanish) continuous, continual Continuo lied in the seventeenth century, a lied form that was simpler and often cruder than the courtly solo songs of other countries. Adam Krieger (1634-1666) was the greatest continuo lied composer; his Arien (1667), mostly solos with continuo and instrumental ritornellos, vary from pastoral love-songs to lascivious drinking-songs. After 1670 the continuo lied declined, but it had a resurgence towards the mid-eighteenth century with such composers as Georg Philipp Telemann (1681-1767) and Johann Valentin Görner (1649-1745) Continuous breathing synonymous with 'circular breathing' Continuous imitation Renaissance polyphonic style where motives or subjects move between the lines or voices, often overlapping one another Continuous tone a continuously held note (for example, what can be heard when first picking up a telephone receiver connected to the telephone system and before dialing) in printing, a characteristic where a range of tones from black, through greys, to white have no discerning demarcations between each other. The term is usually used to denote the subtly blended tones produced by a printing process without the employment of halftone screens Continuum (s.), Continua (pl.) (Latin) a field of continuous extension con toda el alma (Spanish) with all my heart con todo detalle (Spanish) in great detail con tolleranza (Italian) patiently (in a tolerant way) con tono nasale (Italian) nasally Contorno (Portuguese m., Italian m., Spanish m.) outline, contour (geography) Contornos (Spanish m.pl.) surrounding area Contorsión (Spanish f.) contortion contorto (Italian) twisted Contour (French m.) an outline, a line marking points of equal elevation on a map contr. abbrevation of 'contraction', 'contracted' Contra or Kontra, Transylvanian (Romanian) or Hungarian three-stringed viola [additional information provided by Michael Zapf] see Kontra contra (Latin, Italian, Spanish, literally 'against') in musical terminology, a prefix indicating that the pitch of an instrument is usually one octave lower, for example, bassoon and contrabassoon, bass recorder in F and contrabass recorder in F Bass Harmonica (bass harp) Bass Recorder Quart Bass recorder Quint Bass Recorder Great Bass Recorder Contrabass and larger Recorders Octobass/Contrabass Flutes Contrabass Clarinet in GG Contrabasset Horn in FF Contralto Clarinet in EEb Contrabass Clarinet in BBb  Octo-Contralto Clarinet in EEEb Octo-Contrabass Clarinet in BBBb Bass Chalumeau Bass Saxophone in Bb Contrabass Saxophone in Eb Subcontrabass Saxophone (?) Tubax  Heckelphone  Bass Oboe Contrabass Oboe in FF Contrabass Oboe in CC Bass Shawms and lower Quart-Fagott Contrabassoon  Bass Dulcian Quart Bass Dulcian Quint Bass Dulcian Bass Sordune Great Bass Sordune Bass Rackett Great Bass Rackett Bass Crumhorn Extended Bass Crumhorn Great Bass Crumhorn Extended Great Bass Crumhorn Bass Kortholt Great Bass Kortholt Bass Sarrusophone in Bb Contrabass Sarrusophone in EEb Contrabass Sarrusophone in CC Contrabass Sarrusophone in BBb Bass Rothophone in Bb Contrabassophone Contrabass á Anche/Reed Contrabass Slide Reed Subcontrabass Bass Horn in CC Contrabass Bugle Bass Trumpet in Bb Contrabass Trumpet in F Contrabass Trombone Ophicleide (bass and contrabass) Bass Cornett Serpent (inc. contrabass serpent) Bass Saxhorn in Bb Contrabass Saxhorn in EEb Contrabass Saxhorn in BBb Subcontrabass Saxhorn in EEEb Subcontrabass Saxhorn in BBBb Bass Flugelhorn in Bb Subcontrabass Tuba in BBBb String Bass Contrabass Mania - from which this table has been taken contra (English, German, Spanish, Portuguese, from Latin) against Contraalmirante (Spanish m.) rear-admiral contraatacar (Spanish) to counter-attack Contraataque (Spanish m.) counter-attack Contrabaixo (Portuguese) double bass Contrabajo (Spanish m.) double bass, double-bass player contrabalancear (Spanish) to counter-balance Contrabandista (Spanish m./f.) smuggler Contrabando (Spanish m.) contraband Contrabas (Dutch) double bass Contrabass double bass in an organ, the rank of bass pipes which play one octave lower than the usual bass pipes, for example, in an orchestrion, band organ or pipe organ. In a fairground organ, the contra bass pipes provide powerful, deep, fundamental notes Contrabass bugle usually shortened to contra, the lowest-pitched instrument in the drum and bugle corps hornline. It is essentially the drum corps' counterpart to the marching band's sousaphone: the lowest-pitched member of the hornline, and a replacement for the concert tuba on the marching field Contrabass Bugle from which this information has been taken Contrabass clef alternative name for the subbass clef one of the 'so-called' F clefs Subbass Clef Contrabass flute a transverse flute usually two octaves below the standard concert flute Gino Bartoli / Contra Bass Flute in C Contrabassist (English, German m.) a double bass player Contrabassiste (French m.) a double bass player Contrabasso (Italian m.) double bass (German) double bass Contrabasso a pizzico (Italian m.) slap bass, Schlagbass (German), contrebasse jouée sans archet (French) Contrabasso di viola (Italian m.) Agricola wrote of the contrabasso di viola as being the deepest voice available. He was referring to an instrument comparable with that made by Hanns Vogel in 1563 and now in the Germanisches Nationalmuseum, Nuremberg. This ornately and beautifully decorated bass is fitted with gut frets like other viols and tuned G1-C-F-A-d-g Contrabasson (French m.) or contrebasson (French m.), contrabassoon, double bassoon Contrabassoon or double bassoon, contrafagotto (Italian m.), contrebasson (French m.), contrafagote (Spanish m.), Kontrafagott (German n.) a bassoon one octave lower than the standard orchestral bassoon Contrabassoon Contrabassoon, Vienna, Austria, ca 1840 Contrabassoniste (French m.) contrabassoonist Contrabass serpent see cornetto Contrabass trombone or double-bass trombone, trombón contrabajo (Spanish m.), trombone contrebasse (French m.) trombone contrabbasso (Italian m.), Kontrabassposaune (German f.) the modern contrabass trombone is a slide trombone tuned to the fundamental of F1 with two valves, which are activated by the thumb of the left hand and make it possible to lower the instrument's pitch from F1 to Eb1 or Bb0 while playing. Opening both valves simultaneously puts the instrument in Ab0. The contrabass trombone is used principally for the great octave and the contraoctave Contrabass Trombone from which the extract above has been taken Contrabass tuba the contrabass tuba is currently made in two tunings: C and Bb. It is used primarily in opera orchestras and in brass and military bands. It is rarely asked for in symphony orchestras. Contrabass tubas are basically made in two different forms: the tuba form and the spiral form. Spiral tubas are also known as helicons Contrabass Tuba from which the extract above has been taken Contrabass viol see 'violone' see 'double bass' Contrabbassista (Italian m./f.) double bass player, bass player Contrabbasso (Italian m.) double bass, bass, Kontrabass (German), contrebasse (French) Contra body movement in dance and in terms of body rotation during a step, an action that is opposite to 'side lead' or 'same sidelead' ('side lead', or 'same side lead', is taking the same side of the body as the direction of the movement of the moving foot, where 'taking' means that if a step is taken squarely forward or backward, for example, by the left foot, then the left side slightly rotates to the right or to the left respectively, as if the side of the body 'leads' the step) Contra body movement position in dance, the dancer's upper body is rotated towards the leading foot Contra bonos mores (Latin) contrary to acceptable behaviour Contracanto (Spanish m.) counter-melody con tracce (Italian) tracked Contracción (Spanish f.) contraction Contrachapado (Spanish m.) plywood Contracted harmony synonymous with 'close harmony' contráctil (Spanish) contractile Contraction in dance, a basic element the technique developed by Martha Graham, based around the inhalation and exhalation of the breath the squeezing together of sounds or words, especially when one word blurs into another, during fast or informal speech. Contractions such as I'm (I am), he's (he is), and they're (they are) are common in verbal communication, but they are often considered too loose for more formal writing Literary Terms and Definitions from which the second entry has been taken Contract proof in printing, a coloured, hard copy representation of the printed image, made from the films, or digital data, which will be used to make the final printing plates. The word "contract" comes from the fact that, when signed by the client, a contract is formed, which states that the final printed job should be a close match to the contract proof Contracultura (Spanish f.) counter-culture Contradance (English) also 'Contra dance', 'Contra-dance', refers to several folk dance styles in which couples dance in two facing lines. The name derives from the name of a French dance very popular in the eighteenth century, the name of which is itself a French corruption of the English word 'country' Contradance What is Contra dance? Why is it called Contra Dance? Contra Dance (German m.) contradance, contra-dance, contra dance Contradanza (Italianb f., Spanish f.) popular eighteenth-century French dance form, in which couples dance in two facing lines, usually written in major keys in 2/4 or 6/8 time, taken from unsophisticated English country dances that were lively and performed in lines or in rounds; this European musical and dance form was the predecessor to the danza, danza Habanera and most significantly, the classic danzón style Contra dance Late Eighteenth Century Dance Contradanza habanera (Spanish f.) the earliest contradanza habanera, La Pimienta, is an anonymous song published in an 1836 collection. The main innovation from the contradanza was rhythmic, as the habanera incorporated Spanish and African influences into its repertoire Contraddanza (Italian f.) contradanza Contra de flautado (Spanish f.) quintaton Contradicción (Spanish f.) contradiction contradictorio (m.), contradictoria (f.) (Spanish) contradictory contradecir (Spanish) to contradict Contradicción (Spanish f.) contradiction contradictorio (Spanish) contradictory contraer (Spanish) to contract, to tighten, to tighten up, to catch, to pick up contraer matrimonio (Spanish) to marry contraerse (Spanish) to contract, to limit oneself Contrafact (s.), Contrafacts (pl.) (from the Latin, contrafactum) also called 'melodic contrafact', a new composition built on a harmonic framework that has been drawn from another work, commonly found in bebop jazz. The two most common songs or forms that provided the harmonic and formal material for 'contrafacts' were George Gershwin's I Got Rhythm and the 'twelve bar blues' Contrafactum (s.), Contrafacta (pl.) (from the Latin contrafacere, literally 'to counterfeit') the practice of borrowing a song from one sphere (sacred or secular) and making it suitable for use in the other by the substitution of words is known as 'parody' or contrafactum. This is found, for example, in many of the songs of the troubadours, trouvères and Minnesinger. The term contrafactum originates in post-Classical Latin. The word is found as a rubric in the Reformation-era Pfullinger Liederhandschrift. Kurt Hennig, in his 1909 book on these songs, uses the term contrafactum to describe the recasting of a secular poem as a sacred one. Friedrich Gennrich, writing a decade later, expanded the word to mean "conscious use of any model," and from this point the meaning has broadened to a general category, of which 'parody', 'travesty', and the like are sub-categories. Friedrich von Hausen's Ich denke underwilen is regarded as a contrafactum of Guiot de Provins's Ma joie premeraine [entry corrected by Michael Zapf] What is a contrafactum? Contrafagote (Spanish m.) double bassoon, contrabassoon, contrafagotto (Italian m.), Kontrafagott (German n.), contrebasson (French m.), Contrafagotto (Italian m.) double bassoon, contrabassoon, Kontrafagott (German n.), contrebasson (French m.), contrafagote (Spanish m.) on the various unusual sizes of Fagott : the Quintfagott is a fifth higher as the bassoon is, so an instrument "in c" with as the lowest note an F. The Quartfagott is, an instrument in b-flat going down to G, a fourth above the bassoon. Confusing can be that also a Quintbassfagott and a Quartbassfagott did exist, a fifth and a fourth lower than the regular bassoon. And then we had the Tenoroon or Octavfagott or Fagottino, one octave above the bassoon, and the Contrafagott one octave below [information taken from the Contrabass-list 2 Jan 1998 Vol 1 No. 80] a reed stop in an organ, of 16 ft. or 32 ft. scale Contraffagotto (Italian m.) contrabassoon, double bassoon Contrafuerte (Spanish m.) buttress Contra-gamba an organ stop of 16 ft. scale, an open metal stop of reedy quality, one octave below the 8 ft. Gamba stop contrahecho (m.), contrahecha (f.) (Spanish) fake, conterfeit (money), hunchbacked, deformed Contraindicación (Spanish f.) contraindication contrainte (French) basse contrainte Contraltino (Italian m.) a high, light tenor voice Contraltista (Italian m.) countertenor voice Contralto (s.), Contralti (Italian pl.) (English, Italian m., Spanish m/.f., from the Italian contra alto, literally 'against the alto') the term contralto is applied to the highest voice of a male adult, or the lowest of a woman or boy. Similar voices may be called 'alto' or 'counter-tenor'. The contralto female voice usually has a range from one octave above to one octave below low E in the treble clef the contralto voice may be subdivided according to the tessitura and timbre and its suitability for various operatic roles: Germany dramatischer Alt and komischer Alt Voice Definitions and Ranges Contr'alto (Italian m./f.) contralto Contr'alto acoustically the viola is actually too small to produce a proper resonance in its lower range, and attempts were made to overcome this, including contr'altos, built by the French luthier Jean-Baptiste Vuillaume Contralto-trombone (Italian) alto trombone Contraluz (Spanish m.) view against the light Contra mundum (Latin) against the world, in complete isolation con tranquillezza (Italian) with tranquility, calmly con tranquillità (Italian) with tranquility, calmly Contra octave the octave from C(1), up to but not including C(2) Contrapartida (Spanish f.) compensation Contrapasso (Italian, 'counter-suffering') a thematic principle involving situational irony in which a punishment's nature corresponds exactly to the nature of a crime contrapesar (Spanish) to counterbalance contrapeso (Spanish m.) counterbalance Contrapicado (Spanish m.) low-angle shot (cinema) contraponer (Spanish) to oppose, to compare contrapontisticamente (Portuguese) contrapuntally Contrapontiste (French m./f.) a person adept at writing counterpoint Contraponto (Portuguese) counterpoint Contraportada (Spanish f.) the back page Contraposaune (German f.) double-trombone (German f.) a very powerful 16 ft. or 32 ft. reed-stop in an organ, which can be made of wood or metal Contraposición (Spanish f.) to clash, to conflict, to contrast Contrapposto (Italian) a pose in which the hips and shoulders are in different planes (most closely associated with Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (1475-1564)) Contrappuntisa (Italian m./f.) a contrapuntist, a person able at writing counterpoint Contrappunto (Italian m.) counterpoint Contrappunto ad vivendum (Italian m., Latin) written counterpoint Contrappunto alla mente (Italian m.) impromptu counterpoint Contrappunto colorato (Italian m.) florid counterpoint Contrappunto doppio (Italian m.) double counterpoint Contrappunto doppio alla duodecima (Italian m.) double counterpoint in the twelfth Contrappunto sopra il soggetto (Italian m.) counterpoint above the subject Contrappunto sotto il soggetto (Italian m.) counterpoint below the subject contraproducente (Spanish) counterproductive Contrapunctus (Latin) counterpoint term used in the Baroque period to denote a fugal movement as in The Art of the Fugue (Die Kunst der Fuge), BWV 1080 by Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) Contrapunctus ad vivendum (Latin) written counterpoint Contrapunctus coloratus (Latin) 'coloured' counterpoint, a reference to counterpoint with its own rhythm rather than mirroring the rhythm of the cantus firmus Contrapunctus diminutus (Latin) a style of composition in which the one of the parts has more than one note for each note in the cantus firmus Contrapunctus floridus (Latin) 'florid' counterpoint, a reference to counterpoint with its own rhythm rather than mirroring the rhythm of the cantus firmus Contrapunctus fractus (Latin) 'broken' counterpoint, a reference to counterpoint with its own rhythm rather than mirroring the rhythm of the cantus firmus Contrapunkt (German m.) counterpoint Contrapunt (Dutch) counterpoint Contrapuntal (English, Italian; Latin: contrapunctum; German: kontrapunktisch; French: en contrepoint). From punctum, "point" - as a note was formerly called in music - and contra, "against"; originally, punctum contra punctum, or nota contra notam - "point against point", or "note against note" [entry amended by Michael Zapf] Counterpoint Contrapuntal descent 'comma slippage', a commatic shift that results from the use of just intonation in certain melodic sequences, and which will cause a fall in pitch, (an effect called 'commatic depression' or 'frequency descent') should be distinguished from 'contrapuntal descent'. The latter will occur under certain circumstances even where equal-temperament is being used, if the rules of counterpoint require the taking of a conjuncta (substitution of a tone for a semitone or vice versa) so that by purely contrapuntal spiralling, the piece could end on an F one or more semitones lower than the F on which it started contrapuntear (Spanish) to compete in a poetry improvisation contest, to compete, to contend contrapuntique (French) contrapuntal contrapuntisch (Dutch) contrapuntal Contrapuntist a person adept at writing counterpoint Contrapuntista (Spanish m./f.) a person adept at writing counterpoint Contrapuntiste (French m./f.) a person adept at writing counterpoint contrapuntístico (Spanish) contrapuntal Contrapunto (Spanish m.) counterpoint (Spanish m., Latin America) a poetry improviation contest Contrapunto cuádruple (Spanish m.) quadruple counterpoint Contrapunto doble (Spanish m.) double counterpoint Contrapunto triple (Spanish m.) triple counterpoint contr'arco (Italian) bowing contrary to normal practice (implying incorrect bowing) contrariar (Spanish) to oppose, to annoy Contrariedad (Spanish f.) obstacle, annoyance (disgust) contrarier (French) to thwart, to vex, to upset contrario (Italian, Spanish) contrary, opposite (direction), unfavourable, opposed Contrarreforma (Spanish f.) Counter-Reformation contrarrestar (Spanish) to counteract Contrary motion or opposite motion, moto contrario (Italian), moto rovescio (Italian), moto rovesciamento (Italian), Gegenbewegung (German), mouvement contraire (French), movimiento contrario (Spanish), tegenbeweging (Dutch) where two voices move in the opposite direction, one ascending while the other is descending Contrasentido (Spanish m.) contradiction Contraseña (Spanish f.) secret mark, password Contrasoggetto (Italian m.) countersubject, secondary subject or counter-theme in a fugue con trasporto (Italian) ecstatically Contrast in composition, sequential differentiation to produce variety as a way of maintaining the listener's interest tempi slow or fast timbres strings or brass dynamics loud or soft time signatures duple or triple harmonic diatonic or chromatic thematic material major or minor, lyical or rhythmic contrastar (Spanish) to check, to verify, to contrast contrastare con (Italian) to contrast with Contraste (Spanish m.) contrast, hallmark (on gold, silver, etc. goods) Contrastive pair see 'minimal pair' Contra-sujeto (Spanish m.) counter-subject (as in a fugue) Contrat (French m.) contract contratar (Spanish) to sign a contract for, to engage (employee) Contra tempo (Italian m.) against the time, syncopation Contratenor (English, German m., from the Latin, literally 'against the tenor') a voice composed again the tenor line. During the fourteenth century, both the tenor and the contratenor were matched in style, both slower than the higher voice(s). In the mid-fifteenth century, the contratenor was divided into the contratenor altus and the contratenor bassus (German m., Dutch m., Spanish m.) countertenor Contratenor altus (Latin) early fifteenth-century Burgundian composers developed a sacred music style specifically for the Mass. In their polyphonic settings they added a part below the tenor line called the contratenor bassus and then a part above the tenor called contratenor altus. Within a short time masses were written in four parts which then became standard by the middle of the fifteenth century and remain so today Contratenor bassus (Latin) early fifteenth-century Burgundian composers developed a sacred music style specifically for the Mass. In their polyphonic settings they added a part below the tenor line called the contratenor bassus and then a part above the tenor called contratenor altus. Within a short time masses were written in four parts which then became standard by the middle of the fifteenth century and remain so today Contratiempo (Spanish m.) setback, accident (Spanish m.) in music, counter rhythm, off-beat in flamenco, syncopated or counter rhythms produced by stamps of the feet, often accompanied by palmas executed by the dancer or in conjunction with others Contratista (Spanish m./f.) contractor Contrato (Spanish m.) contract Contrato de aquiler (Spanish m.) tenancy agreement Contrato de arrendamiento (Spanish m.) tenancy agreement Contratöne (German m. pl.) notes belonging to the contra octave Contra trumpets low trumpet pipes found in certain fairground organs that bridge the gap between the highest trombone and the lowest trumpet pipes Contrattempo (Italian m.) against the beat, off the beat, backbeat, syncopation, after beat Contratto (Italian m.) contract (legal document) Contratto d'affitto (Italian m.) lease Contravención (Spanish f.) contravention contravenir a (Spanish) to contravene Contraventana (Spanish f.) shutter Contra-violino (Italian m.) invented by Valentino de Zorzi (1837-1916), a Florentine violin maker, a large instrument tuned an octave lower than the violin and played like a 'cello Contraviolone (Italian m.) a double bass contre (French) against Contrebasse (French f.) or contre-bass, double bass, contrabbasso (Italian), Kontrabass (German) Contrebasse à pistons (French m.) double-bass saxhorn, bass horn, bass tuba, bombardon, tuba bassa (Italian f.), Basstuba (German f.), tuba basse (French m.), tuba baja (Spanish f.) Contrebasse jouée sans archet (French f.) slap bass, contrabbasso a pizzicato (Italian), Schlagbass (German) Contrebassiste (French m./f.) double bass player, bass player Contrebasson (French m.) double bassoon, contrabassoon, contrafagotto (Italian m.), Kontrafagott (German n.), contrafagote (Spanish m.) Contrechant (French m.) counter melody Contre-chant (French m.) counterpoint Contre-coup (French m.) repercussion, an injury produced exactly opposite the position of a blow Contredanse (French f.) a country dance, a social dance in which the dancers are placed vis-à-vis, for example the quadrille Contredanse Française (French f.) see Française Contre-éclisse (French f.) Futterleiste (German f.) Reifchen (German n.), controfascia (Italian f.), lining, softwood strip(s) used in string instrument making to strengthen the join between the ribs and the back and belly Contrefilet (French) boned sirloin of beef contre le tempo (French) against the beat con tremore (Italian) with tremor, in a trembling manner Contre-partie (French f.) inlay work where the ground is cut away in places to receive the inlaid veneers (French f.) or contrepartie, in music, a second part written 'against' a pre-existing melody line, found in many medieval and renaissance works; for example, a technique commonly used by French composers in the 17th century to create duets Contre-plaqué (French m.) plywood Contrepoint (French m.) counterpoint Contrepointiste (French m./f.) someone adept at writing counterpoint Contre-sillet (French m.) on a piano, a metallic bar that is placed firmly across the ends of a piano string to resist the force of impact of the hammers as well as determining their active length. On certain pianos and particularly on grand pianos, it is replaced by the agrafes. In stringing a piano, each string passes under the contre-sillet and then over the sillet (French m.: nut) Contre-sujet (French m.) the counter-subject or second subject in a fugue Contretemps (French m.) an inopportune event, a tiresome or mortifying mischance (French m.) or contre-temps (French), contratempo (Portuguese), against the beat, off the beat, backbeat, syncopation, after beat (French m.) contratempo (Portuguese), in ballet, compound steps, named demi-contretemps and full contretemps, to be performed prior to the beat of the music Contreténor (French m.) countertenor Contribución (Spanish f.) contribution, tax contribuer à la richesse du son (de l'orchestre) (French) adding to the fullness of the (orchestral) texture contribuir (Spanish) to contribute Contribuyente (Spanish m./f.) contributor, taxpayer Contrincante (Spanish m.) rival, opponent con triple puntillo (Spanish) triple dotted con tristezza (Italian) sadly, with heaviness, with a heavy heart contrito (Spanish) contrite contro assegno (Italian) cash on delivery Controfascia (Italian f.) Futterleiste (German f.) Reifchen (German n.), contre-éclisse (French f.), lining, softwood strip(s) used in string instrument making to strengthen the join between the ribs and the back and belly Contrôle du souffle (French m.) breath control Controlled fluency a style of speaking in which fluency is achieved by consciously monitoring and controlling the way in which speech is produced Controlled vocabulary an indexing language; that is, a standardised - yet dynamic - set of terms and phrases authorised for use in an indexing system to describe a subject area or information domain. Ideally, the terms that are used to represent subjects, and the process whereby terms are assigned to particular documents, should be both controlled and executed by one individual. It can vary from a simple alphabetical list of terms to a complex annotated thesaurus Controller a MIDI synthesizer with a piano keyboard. It can be used to control other synthesizers, called tone generators, which do not have a piano keyboard Controller (m.), Controllerin (German f.) (English, German) a person who directs and restrains, someone who maintains and audits business accounts (also called an accountant) Controlling (English, German n.) (financial) controlling (the maintenance and auditing business accounts) Control text a specific text upon which a modern edition is based. For instance, there are at least three dominant manuscript traditions of Langland's Piers Plowman poem: the A-text, the B-text, and the C-text (and possibly a Z-text, as recent scholarship has tentatively suggested). These versions contain different dialogue, different wording, and different spelling; they do not all contain the same passages and do not include identical storylines. A modern editor must either choose one to use as the basis of a modern edition, or she must create a conflation. Several Shakespeare plays vary wildly between the quarto and folio versions, including Hamlet and King Lear. In other cases, such as Le Morte D'Arthur, a modern editor must choose between using a manuscript source for his control text (such as the Winchester Manuscript) or a printed source (such as Caxton's printed Renaissance edition) Literary Terms and Definitions from which this entry has been taken Controsoggetto (Italian m.) counter-subject Controtenor (Italian m.) countertenor Controversia (Spanish f.) controversy in Cuba, an improvising game for two singing poets. The singers compete in inventing more and more verses and expressions in Puerto Rico, at the heart of much Puerto Rican music is the idea of improvisation in both the music and the lyrics. A performance takes on an added dimension when the audience can anticipate the response of one performer to a difficult passage of music or clever lyrics created by another. This technique in Puerto Rico is called a controversia. A similar dialogue creates a heightened appreciation in the classical music of India, or in a jam session in jazz Contumely insolent or insulting language or treatment contundente (Spanish) blunt (weapon), convincing (argument) con turbolenza (Italian) bumpy (flight), passionately (turbulently) Contusio (German f., from Latin) contusion Contusion a bruise, an injury that doesn't break the skin but results in some discoloration con tutta forza (Italian) with as much strength as possible con tutta la forza (Italian) with as much strength as possible, mit voller Kraft (German), mit größter Kraft (German), de toutes ses forces (French) con tutta probabilità (Italian) in all likelihood, in all probability con tutte le forze (Italian) might and main con tutte le funzioni (Italian) fully functional con tutte le spese pagate (Italian) all-expenses-paid con tutti i comfort (Italian) mod cons con tutto il cuore (Italian) with all my heart, with all your heart con tutto il dovuto rispetto per (Italian) with all due respect to con tutto il rispetto (Italian) with all respect con tutto rispetto (Italian) with all respect con ugualità (Latin) equally, similarly, evenly, smoothly con umiltà (Italian) cap in hand con umore (Latin) with humour con una alzata di mano (Italian) by a show of hands con una buona reputazione (Italian) member in good standing con una corsa (Italian) with a rush con una differenza (Italian) with a difference con un afectuoso saludo (Spanish) with kind regards con una mano (Italian) one-handed con una punta di stizza (Italian) with a touch of vexation con un brutto carattere (Italian) bad-tempered con un calcio (Italian) with a kick con un carattere difficile (Italian) harsh (with a difficult character) con un dito (Italian) with one finger con un'eccezione (Italian) with an exception con unghie (Italian) with the finger-nails con un ghigno (Italian) with a sneer con un giro di parole (Italian) in a roundabout way con un intervallo (Italian) with an interval con un mes de antelación (Spanish) one month in advance con un mes de anticipación (Spanish) a month in advance Conuno a drum in the form of a cone, found in Western Colombia con un occhio a (Italian) with an eye to con un occhio per (Italian) with an eye for con un occhio solo (Italian) one-eyed (with one eye) con un occhio rivolto a (Italian) with a view to con un occhio su (Italian) with a view to con uno piccolo scarto (Italian) by a narrow margin con un'opinione sbagliata (Italian) misguided con uno scarto di (Italian) by a majority con un piede nella fossa (Italian) far gone con un poco più di moto (Italian) with a little more movement, somewhat faster con un po' d'espansione (Italian) with a certain display of emotion con un salario acorde (Spanish) with a salary to match con un senso di meraviglia (Italian) awful (inspired by awe) con un solo braccio (Italian) one-armed (with one arm) con un solo volto (Italian) one-sided (with just one side) con un'unica dimensione (Italian) one-dimensional (just one dimension) con un voce un po' nasale (Italian) with a nasal sounding voice con uova e pancetta (Italian) bacon-and-eggs con vaghezza (Italian) with charm, with longing, with grace con vantaggio (Italian) with advantage con variazzioni (Italian) with variations con veemenza (Italian) vehemently con velocità (Italian, literally 'with velocity') rapidly, swiftly, with speed convenable (French) conforming to the customs and proprieties of polite society les convenances (French: the customs and proprieties of polite society) con venature blu (Italian) blue-veined Convenient speed cómodo (Spanish), comodo (Italian), Gemächlich (German), commode (French) Convenienze (Italian, literally 'conveniences') the rules relating to the ranking of singers (primo, secondo, comprimario) in nineteenth-century Italian opera, and the number of scenes, arias etc. that they were entitled to expect Convenienze from which this extract has been taken Convent an enclosed and regulated monastic institution Conventicle a secret unauthorised meeting for religious worship The Conventicle Act of 1664 was an Act of the Parliament of England (16 Charles II c. 4) that forbade religious assemblies of more than five people outside the auspices of the Church of England Convention a common feature that has become traditional or expected within a specific genre (category) of literature or film Literary Terms and Definitions from which this entry has been taken Convent music in the final decades of the sixteenth century, Italian convents were becoming renowned for their prodigious music making. A very large percentage of upper and middle class girls, many of them musically trained, were placed in convents as a cheaper alternative to marriage. Thus several convents had large choirs of highly skilled singers, organists and instrumentalists. These nuns would have been invisible, but their music wafted over the concealing screens as if from Paradise. We are now realising that by judicious arranging, transposing and the use of organs and other foundation instruments to cover the lowest parts, these choirs also performed the full range of sixteenth-century polyphony. An extensive repertoire was even dedicated to famous nuns. By the early seventeenth-century composing nuns (for example, Lucrezia Vizzana and Margarita Cozzolani) began to emerge, writing in the most up to date styles and even publishing their own music Conventual in the manner of a monastery Conventuals members of the Franciscan order advocating change to the original rules on property con verga (Italian) with the brush, with the switch con verità (Italian) with truth, truthfully con vermenza (Italian) vehemently, energetically, passionately Conversación (Spanish f., literally 'conversation') In batá performance, the conversation and interaction that takes place between the iyá (the lead or mother drum) and the itótele (the middle drum) Conversaciones de alto nivel (Spanish f.pl.) high-level talks conversare (Italian) to converse conversare con ... (Italian) to converse with ... Conversazione (s.), Converazioni (pl.) (Italian) a social assembly for the purposes of conversation, an assembly organised by a learned body (partly to exhibit and partly to bring together those who might be interested in the exhibits) Conversi lay converts who had entered the monastic life as adults and were employed in manual labour; also known as lay brothers Conversio (Latin) inversion (in counterpoint) Converter bass system on the accordion, a switch that allows an instrument to be readily converted from a Stradella system to a free-bass system Converts a group of composers who began as 'post-tonalists' and experimentalists and then moved toward more tonal idioms in the 1960s and 1970s. One of the first composers to leave the "post-tonal" world was George Rochberg, who began using collage and other borrowing techniques in his compositions of the mid-1960s. He began quoting his contemporaries and slowly moved to allusion of past composers and eras with his Third String Quartet. Another composer to use collage and allusion was David Del Tredici, who used various traditional and popular tunes to support the texts of Lewis Carroll. William Bolcom, John Harbison, Chick Corea, Keith Jarrett, and Anthony Davis began mixing art music and popular music through quotation, allusion, and homage to create a tonal idiom unlike those found in the music of Rochberg and Del Tredici Musical Borrowings from which this extract has been taken con vibrazione (Italian) with vibration con vigore (Italian) with vigour, with force, with strength, with zip con violenza (Italian) with vehemence, with force, boisterously con visiera (Italian) peaked (a peaked cap) con vivacità (Italian) with liveliness, with vivacity, with fire, with sprightliness con vivezza (Italian) with liveliness, with vivacity, with fire, with sprightliness con voce (Italian) with voice con voce cupa (Italian) with a veiled, intense tone con voce di paura (Italian) in a fearful voice con voce di pianto (Italian) in a whisper con voce fioca (Italian) in a faint voice con voce naturale (Italian) in a natural voice, in a normal voice con voce rauca (Italian) with a hoarse or rough voice con voce selvaggia (Italian) in a frantic voice con voce soffocata (Italian) in a suppressed voice con voce stridula (Italian) piercingly (with a shrill voice) con voce strozzata (Italian) in a choked voice con volubilità (Italian) with volubility, with freedom and fluency of performance Convolution a twisting, coiling, or winding together in electronic music, convolution is the imposition of a spectral or rhythmic structure on a sound con vostra buona pace (Italian) by your leave con voz anhelante (Spanish) in a voice full of longing con zelo (Italian) with zeal, with eagerness, with ardour Conzertstück (German n., literally 'concert piece') a concerted musical work, for example, Conzertstück for Four Horns and orchestra by Robert Schumann (1810-1856), Conzertstück für Pianoforte mit orchester Op. 31a by Ferruccio Busoni (1866-1924) Cookie (s.), Cookies (pl.) (English, German m./n.) biscuit (any of various small flat sweet cakes), a short line of text that a web site writes to your computer's hard drive when you access that web site Cookie monster vocal see 'death grunt' Cookies setzen (German) to set cookies Cookinseln (German pl.) Cook Islands Cook Islands a self-governing parliamentary democracy in free association with New Zealand Cook out in cooking, the process of cooking the flour in a roux Cook Strait a narrow strait separating the North Island and South Island in New Zealand Cookstraße (German f.) Cook Strait Cool (English, German) as a colloquial expression, synonymous with 'laid-back', 'hip', 'excellent' Cool jazz a substyle of bebop that developed in the 1950s, characterized by a restrained, unemotional performance with lush harmonies, moderate volume levels and tempos, and a new lyricism Cool jazz Coolness (English, German f.) as a colloquial expression, the property of being 'laid-back', 'hip', 'excellent' Coolsein (German n.) coolness (colloquial) coolste (German) coolest (colloquial) Cookie-bite hearing loss People with cookie-bite losses hear low and high frequency sounds well, but have a loss in the mid-frequencies co 1imo abbreviated form of canto primo Copaiba (Spanish) or copaiva, a stimulant oleoresin obtained from several pinnate-leaved South American leguminous trees (genus Copaifera - copaifera langsdorfii). The thick, transparent exudate varies in color from light gold to dark brown, depending on the ratio of resin to essential oil. Copaiba is used in making varnishes and lacquers Copaiba from which this information has been taken Copal any of several brittle aromatic yellow to red resins of recent or fossil origin, obtained from various tropical trees and used in certain varnishes to provide gloss and hardness Copalharz (German n.) copal Cope item of processional vestments; semi-circular outer cloak Coperchio (Italian m.) roller, lid, fall Coperta con foro (Italian f.) poncho (blanket with a hole) coperti see coperto coperto (s.), coperti (pl.) (Italian, literally 'covered') muffling of drums with a cloth, for example, in music for a funeral (Italian) in the case of the snare drum, coperto is assumed to indicate that the composer or arranger wishes the the drum used without snares. However, in some cases, the composer may actually want the drum muffled too, with a cloth coperto con palme (Italian) palm-thatched Copia (Spanish f., Italian f.) copy Copialbuch (s.), Copialbücher (German n.) copybook, letterbook (sets of letters bound together in a single volume), c(h)artulary (a register, or record, as of a monastery or church) [entry amended by Michael Zapf] copiar (Spanish) to copy copiare (Italian) to copy Copie (French f.) copy, (scholarly) paper copier de la musique (French) to copy music copier sur (French) to copy from, to crib from copieux (m.), copieuse (f.) (French) copious Copilot (English, German m.) the second pilot in an aircraft Copine (French f.) pal (familar), girlfriend (young female friend) Coping saw a light handsaw with a slender blade stretched across a U-shaped frame, used for cutting designs in wood Copione (Italian m.) script Copist (German m.) copyist Copista (Italian m./f., Spanish m./f.) copyist Copiste (French m./f.) copyist Copita (Spanish f.) wine-glass in English, specifically a tulip-shaped sherry-glass Copla (s.), Coplas (pl.) (Spanish f., literally 'song') light sentimental Spanish songs set to popular poems (Spanish f.) stanza, verse Coplas de lo divino (Spanish f.pl.) Christmas songs in the Canary Islands Copolymer (English, German n.) a polymer derived from two (or more) monomeric species (i.e. two differently structured chemical units), as opposed to a homopolymer where only one monomer is used Copophone a musical instrument consisting of a series of glass tumblers connected with a sounding board. The sounds are produced by moving wet fingers around the edge of the glasses. It was invented by Chevalier Coelho who first demonstrated it at parties in London in 1875 Coppel (German) coupler (on the organ) Coppel-flöte (German, literally 'coupling flute') an organ stop of the clarabella, or stopped diapason species, intended to be used chiefly in combination with some other stop Copperplate or English round hand, the name of a style of calligraphic writing, using a sharp pointed nib instead of the flat nib used in most calligraphic writing. Its name comes from the sharp lines of the writing style resembling the etches of engraved copper. Copperplate script was especially prevalent in the eighteenth century Copperplate from which this extract has been taken Copperplate engraving (Latin cuprum from Latin aes cyprium, literally 'ore from the island of Cyprus') a method of printing using a copper plate into which a design has been cut by a sharp instrument such as a burin or graver; an engraving produced in this way. Invented in south west Germany during the 1430s, the process is the second oldest graphic art after woodcut. In German art it was developed in particular by Schongauer and Dürer, and in Italian art by Pollaiuolo and Mantegna Copra the dried meat of the coconut from which oil is extracted Copri-ancia (Italian m.) capsula (Italian f.), windcap (musical instrument), Windkapsel (German f.), bocal (French m.), capsule (French f.), cápsula (Spanish f.) coprifoco (Italian) a piece with bell-like effects coprifuoco (Italian) a piece with bell-like effects Coprinzipat (German n.) the situation that still exists today in Andorra, which has two Princes (the Bishop of Urgel and the President of France), but since they only hold the rank of Prince, not King, it is referred to as a co-principality coprire (Italian) to dampen, to muffle, to bank (to pack a fire tightly for slow burning) coprire con la cenere (Italian) to bank (to pack a fire tightly for slow burning) coprire con strato protettivo i fiori in terra (Italian) to mulch coprire parole oscene con dei (Italian) to bip, to beep out (in broadcasting, to cover an obscenity with a beep) Coproduction (French f.) coproduction, joint production Copropriété (French f.) co-ownership, joint ownership Coprozessor (German m.) coprocessor Co-Prozessor (German m.) arithmetic processing unit Coptic chant canto coptico (Italian, Spanish), koptische Gesang (German m.), koptischer Gesang (German m.), chant copte (French) [entry amended by Michael Zapf] Coptic music is the music sung and played in the Coptic Orthodox Church (Church of Egypt). It consists mainly of chanted hymns in rhythm with instruments such as cymbals (hand and large size) and the triangle Coptichymns.net Copula a style of organum, associated with Notre Dame, in which the upper voice is measured (that is, uses one of the rhythmic modes) and the lower voice is unmeasured (Latin) a coupler, as, for example, in an organ a verb, such as a form of 'be' or 'seem', that identifies the predicate of a sentence with the subject Copule (French) coupler, as, for example, in an organ Copy a manuscript notated by someone other than the composer a general term applied to printed music Copyleft a play on the word copyright and describes the practice of using copyright law to remove restrictions on distributing copies and modified versions of a work for others and requiring that the same freedoms be preserved in modified versions. Copyleft is a form of licensing and may be used to modify copyrights for works such as computer software, documents, music, and art. In general, copyright law allows an author to prohibit others from reproducing, adapting, or distributing copies of the author's work. In contrast, an author may, through a copyleft licensing scheme, give every person who receives a copy of a work permission to reproduce, adapt or distribute the work as long as any resulting copies or adaptations are also bound by the same copyleft licensing scheme. A widely used and originating copyleft license is the GNU General Public License. Similar licenses are available through Creative Commons - called Share-alike Copy left from which this extract has been taken Copyist or scribe, someone (other than the composer) who notates a "copy" Copyist Copyright (English, German n.) often indicated on music using the symbol © and indicating the exclusive rights granted by law to the creator of an original literary, artistic, or other intellectual work, including songs and sound recordings in Feist Publications. Inc. v. Rural Telephone SerLice Co., 499 U.S. 340, 349 (1991), Justice Sandra Day O'Connor wrote: "The primary objective of copyright is not to reward the labor of authors, but '[t]o promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts.' To this end, copyright assures authors the right to their original expression, but encourages others to build freely upon the ideas and information conveyed by a work. This result is neither unfair nor unfortunate. It is the means by which copyright advances the progress of science and art." see 'music rights' Copyright and Authors by John Ewing Copyright collective also known as a copyright collecting agency or collecting society, a body created by private agreements or by copyright law that collects royalty payments from various individuals and groups for copyright holders. They may have the authority to license works and collect royalties as part of a statutory scheme or by entering into an agreement with the copyright owner to represent the owners interests when dealing with licensees and potential licensees Copyright collective from which this extract has been taken Copyright-Zeichen (German n.) copyright sign (©) Copyshop (German m.) copy shop Copy shop a shop that specialises in all forms of document reproduction, including digital colour copies, poster size colour prints, business cards, brochures, etc. Copy-Shop (German m.) copy shop Coq au Vin (English, French n., German m./n.) a classic French stew of chicken pieces, bacon or lardons (salt pork), cooked with wine, mushrooms, and optionally garlic coquet (French) coquettish Coquette (French f.) a woman who habitually trifles with the affections of men (see also allumeuse) Coquillage (French) a carved or inlaid ornament in the form of a shell Coquille (French f.) scroll (French f.) misprint Cor (French m.) horn (generic), corno (Italian m., Spanish m.), Horn (German n.), Waldhorn (German n.), cuerno (Spanish m.) (French m.) corn (on the foot) Cor. abbreviated form of corno, cornet, coram (Latin: in the presence of) Cora see kora Coral (Spanish f.) a hymn tune, plainchant, choir coral (Spanish) choral Corale (Italian m.) hymn tune, plainchant, church music, anthem-book, chorale corale (Italian) choral coram (Latin) in the presence of coram populo (Latin) in public, in full view Cor anglais (s.), Cors anglais (pl.) (English, French m.) English horn, a transposing instrument that sounds a fifth lower than the wirrten note a free-reed 8 ft. stop in an organ Corant (English) corrento Coranto see corrento a Italian country dance Cor à pistons (French m.) valved horn Cor basset (French m.) Basset horn Corbel a carved projecting block, often supporting the springer of a vault Corbel arch (architecture) an arch constructed of masonry courses that are corbelled until they meet Corbel table a range of projecting blocks, often carved, running below the eaves of a building Corbel vault in architecture, a vault formed by the piling of stone blocks in horizontal courses, cantilevered inward until the two walls meet in an arch Corchea (Spanish f.) quaver, eighth note Corchete (Spanish m., literally 'hook') flag (part of a note symbol) (Spanish m.) or llave (Spanish f.), brace, accolade (French f.) (Spanish m.) square bracket, that is [ or ] Corchete derecho (Spanish m.) opening square bracket, right-hand square bracket [ Corchete izquierdo (Spanish m.) opening square bracket, left-hand square bracket [ Corcho (Spanish m.) cork Cor courbé (French m., literally 'curved horn') a name formerly given to the cor de bassette (French: basset horn) Cord (English, German m.) corduroy, measure of wood Corda (s.), Cordas (pl.) (Spanish f., Portugese f.) string, strings (collective term), corda (Italian f.s.), Saite (German f.s.), corde (French f.s.) Corda (s.), Corde (pl.) (Italian f.) string, strings (collective term), corda (Spanish f.s., Portuguese f.s.), Saite (German f.s.), corde (French f.s.) if a composer wishes a note played on a particular string, he or she might write 4. corde or IV corde (which will mean 'play on the 4th string') The convention for numbering strings is that the highest string is 1 (or I) and the lowest 4 (or IV) see una corda, due corde Corda d'acciaio (Italian f.) steel string, corda de aço (Portuguese f.), Stahlsaite (German f.), corde d'acier (French f.) Cor da cacc. abbreviated form of corno da caccia Corda de aço (Portuguese f.) steel string, corda d'acciao (Italian f.), Stahlsaite (German f.), corde d'acier (French f.) Corda del sol (Italian f.) G string, bass string, quarta corda (Italian f.), G-Saite (German f.), quatrième corde (French f.) Corda de náilon (Portuguese f.) nylon string, corda di nylon (Italian f.), Nylonsaite (German f.), corde de nylon (French f.) Corda di bordone (Italian f.) drone string, Bordunsaite (German f.) corde hors manche (French f.) Corda di budello (Italian f.) gut string, Darmsaite (German f.), corde de boyau (French f.) Corda di metallo (Italian f.) metal string, Metallsaite (German f.), corde métallique (French f.) Corda di nylon (Italian f.) nylon string, corda de náilon (Portuguese f.), Nylonsaite (German f.), corde de nylon (French f.) Corda di recita (Italian f.) reciting note, reciting tone [definition provided by Priscilla Worsley] corda di recita is a feature of many folk traditions including that of pisatùra or pisèra, the threashing songs of Sicily Corda di risonanza (Italian f.) aliquot string, Aliquotsaite (German f.), corde de résonance (French f.) Corda di seta (Italian f.) silk string, Seidensaite (German f.), corde de soie (French f.) Corda d'ottone (Italian f.) brass string, Messingsaite (German f.), corde de laiton (French f.) Cordage (French m.) stringing Cordage aliquot (French m.) aliquot stringing Cordal (Spanish m.) tailpiece Cordialità con i vicini (Italian f.) neighbourliness Corda melodica (Italian f.) treble string, Melodiesaite (German f.), corde mélodique (French f.) Cordanzug (German m.) corduroy suit Cordas (Portuguese f. pl.) strings Cordas de aço (Portuguese f. pl.) steel strings Cordas de náilon (Portuguese f. pl.) nylon strings Cordas duplas (Portuguese f. pl.) double-strung Corda simpatica (Italian f.) sympathetic string, Resonanzsaite (German f.), corde sympathetique (French f.) Corda solta (Portuguese f.) open string, corda vuota (Italian f.), leere Saite (German f.), corde à jour (French f.), corde à vide (French f.), losse snaar (Dutch) Cordatura (Italian) the scale, or series of scales, to which the open strings of an instrument are tuned Corda vuota (Italian f.) open string (on the violin, etc.), leere Saite (German f.), corde à jour (French f.), corde à vide (French f.), corda solta (Portuguese f.), losse Snaar (Dutch) Corde (French f.) string, corda (Italian f.s., Spanish f.s., Portuguese f.s.), Saite (German f.s.), snaar (Dutch) Corde à boyau (French f.) (cat)gut string, corda di budello (Italian f.), Darmsaite (German f.) Corde, à la see à la corde Corde à jour (French f.) or corde à vide (French f.), open string, leere Saite (German f.), corda vuota (Italian f.), corda solta (Portuguese f.), losse snaar (Dutch) Corde à piano (French f.) piano-wire Corde à vide (French f.) or corde à jour (French f.), open string, leere Saite (German f.), corda vuota (Italian f.), corda solta (Portuguese f.), losse snaar (Dutch) Cor de basset (French m.) basset horn, basset-horn Corde d'acier (French f.) steel string, corda d'acciao (Italian f.), Stahlsaite (German f.) Corde de boyau (French f.) gut string Cor de chasse (French m.) hunting horn, trompeta de caza (Spanish f.), corno da caccia (Italian m.), Jagdhorn (German n.), Signalhorn (German n.), bugle (French m.) Corde de boyau (French f.) gut string, corda di budello (Italian), Darmsaite (German f.) Corde défectueuse (French f.) false string Corde de la (French f.) A-string, A Saite (German f.) Corde de laiton (French f.) brass string, corda d'ottone (Italian f.), Messingsaite (German f.) Corde de mi (French f.) E-string, E Saite (German f.) Corde de ré (French f.) D string, D Saite (German f.) Corde de résonance (French f.) aliquot string, corda di risonanza (Italian f.), Aliquotsaite (German f.) Corde de sol (French f.) G-string, G Saite (German f.) Corde du tympan (French f.) chorda tympani (Latin), a branch of the facial nerve (the seventh cranial nerve) that serves the taste buds in the front of the tongue. The chorda tympani appears to exert a particularly strong inhibitory influence on other taste nerves, as well as on pain fibres in the tongue. cordeé (French) a number of objects linked together by a cord or rope (for example, climbers) Corde fausse (French f.) false or dissonant string Corde filée (French f.) covered or overwound string (on a piano this would be a string with a steel core and an overwinding of brass) Corde hors manche (French f.) drone string, corda di bordone (Italian f.), Bordunsaite (French f.) Corde incrociate (Italian f.) cross-strung, overstrung scale Corde mélodique (French f.) treble string, corda melodica (Italian f.), Melodiesaite (German f.) Corde métallique (French f.) metal string, corda di metallo (Italian f.), Metallsaite (German f.) Cor de nuit (French m.) watchman's horn, an organ stop Cordeophon the trade name used on a particular type of automatic zither Cor de postillion (French m.) posthorn, post-boy's horn, corno di postiglione (Italian m.), Posthorn (German n.) Corderie (French f.) a rope-factory, the ropemaking industry Cordero asado (Spanish m.) roast lamb Cordes, les (French f. pl.) or instruments à cordes, string instruments Cor des Alpes (French m.) Alpenhorn (English, German n.), trompa de los Alpes (Spanish f.), Alphorn (English, German n.), corno delle Alpi (Italian m.) Cordes avallées (French f. pl.) scordatura tunings for plucked stringed instruments. For example, on the lute, suggested as alternatives to the vieil Ton, or renassance-G tuning Cordes à vide (French f. pl.) open strings Cor des Cavhes (French m.) cor des alpes Cordes croisées (French f. pl.) cross-strung, overstrung Cordes de Naples (French) strings imported from Naples for violin, harp, etc. Cor de signal (French m.) a bugle Cordes frottées (French m. pl.) bowed (string) instruments Cordes vocales (French f. pl.) vocal cords Corde sympathique (French f.) sympathetic string, corda simpatico (Italian f.), Resonanzsaite (French f.) Cor de vache (French m.) cowhorn, cowherd's horn, corno di toro (Italian m.), Stierhorn (German n.), cuerno de vaca (Spanish m.) Corde vocali (Italian f. pl.) vocal cords Cor d'harmonie (French m.) French horn Cordhose (German f.) cord trousers, corduroy trousers, (a pair of) cords (colloquial) cordialement (French) regards (as at the end of a letter) Cordier (French m.) Saitenhalter (German m.), cordiera (Italian f.), cordal (Spanish m.), tailpiece, a piece of metal or wood at the lower end of a stringed instrument to which the strings are attached (French m.) ropemaker Cordiera (Italian f.) Saitenhalter (German m.), cordier (French m.), cordal (Spanish m.), tailpiece, a piece of metal or wood at the lower end of a stringed instrument to which the strings are attached Cordillera Gebirgszug (German m.), an extensive chain of mountains or mountain ranges, especially the principal mountain system of a continent (for example, the Andes of South America) Córdoba (English, German m.) also Cordoba or Córdoba Oro, the basic unit of money in Nicaragua, equal to 100 centavos [amended by Michael Zapf] Nicaraguan córdoba Córdoba (Spanish) Córdoba (German n.), Cordue (French), traditionally named 'Cordova' in English, a province of southern Spain, in the north-central part of the autonomous community of Andalusia. It is bordered by the provinces of Málaga, Sevilla, Badajoz, Ciudad Real, Jaén, and Granada [amended by Michael Zapf] with a population of possibly 500,000 people, 1,600 mosques (including the great Mosque of Córdoba, considered by some architectural historians to be the most spectacular Islamic building in the world), 900 public baths, 80,455 shops, and a library with 400,000 volumes (the Swiss abbey of St. Gall at the same time had but 600 books) was so great a cultural and intellectual centre that the Saxon nun Roswitha of Gandersheim (c.935-c.1000 AD) described the city (at that time) as "the ornament of the world." Córdobans invented the process of manufacturing crystal and pioneered the making of paper (huge paper mills) using a technique learned from the Chinese. They brought the Indian game of chess to western Europe, and they made significant advances in chemistry, medicine and surgery, mathematics, and philosophy Great Mosque of Cordoba Cordofono (s.), Cordofoni (pl.) (Italian m.) chordophone Cordofono con tastiera a leve (Italian m.) chordophone with keyboard Cordofono senza tastiera a leve (Italian m.) chordophone without keyboard Cor d'olifant (French m.) see 'oliphant' Cordon (French m.) in cooking, a thin line or thread of sauce; generally, a sash Cordon-bleu (English s., French s.), Cordons-bleus (French pl.) (French m.) first-class chef (English) adjective applied to first-class cooking or to the product of cordon-bleu cooking (German n.) first class dish, the product of cordon-bleu cooking; master-chef diploma the adjectival equivalents in German are delikat, exquisit or vorzüglich (amended by Michael Zapf) Cordon de sonnette (French m.) bell-pull Cordon médullaire (French m.) spinal cord Cordonner (French) to twist (hair, etc.) Cordonnerie (French f.) shoe-repairer's shop, cobbler's shop, shoe-repairing, shoemending, cobbling Cordonnet (French m.) braid, cord, buttonhole twist Cordon ombilical (French m.) umbilical cord Cordon rouge (English, French m.) a second-class distinction (for example, a second-class chef) Cordon sanitaire (English, German m., French m.) a line of guards placed around a district in order to contain a disease (in people or animals), quarantine line Cor d'orchestre (French m.) a coiled brass natural horn that comes with a set of corps de réchange to enable it to play in a range of keys Cordrock (German m.) cord skirt, corduroy skirt Cordue (French) Córdoba Corduroy a narrow ribbed fabric of rayon velvet cut pile, popular in the 19th century for hunting attire, breeches and coats -core a suffix usually implying a music genre derived from the term hardcore and which denotes a style more extreme than the mainstream Corea (Spanish) a dance accompanied by song Coregrafia synonymous with coreografia, choreography, the art of creating a ballet, in particular the details of the movements of the dancers coregráfico (m.), coregráfica (f.) (Spanish) choreographic Cor en fa (French m.) horn in F Coreografia (Portuguese f.) coregrafia Coreografía (Spanish f.) coregrafia Coreógrafo (m.), Coreógrafa (f.) (Spanish, Portuguese) choreographer Corelli clash a series of 2-3 suspensions, named after the composer Arcangelo Corelli (1653-1713), in whose music such strings of suspensions are found. Corelli was not the only composer who used these passages; in fact, they are common in Italian Baroque music around 1700 and shortly thereafter, including works by Corelli and Antonio Lucio Vivaldi (1678-1741), and Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750), who was influenced by the Italian instrumental composers Coreografia (Italian f., Spanish f.) choreography, art of ballet of of public spectacles Coreografo (m.), Coreografa (f.) (Italian, Spanish) choreographer coreografico (m.), coreografica (f.) (Spanish, Italian) choreographic Coreógrafo (Spanish m./f.) choreographer Coreologo (Italian m./f.) choreologist Coreólogo (Spanish m./f.) choreologist Corf a basket of net, chicken wire or similar materials, used to contain live fish or crustaceans (such as crayfish) underwater, at docks or in fishing boats Cor français (French m.) French horn Corgi (English, German m.) either of two Welsh breeds of long-bodied short-legged dogs with erect ears and a fox-like head Coriandoli (Italian m. pl.) confetti (singular) corica (Italian) choral coricare (Italian) to put to bed coricarsi (Italian) to go to bed corico (Italian) choral Corifeo (Italian) corypheus, leader of a dramatic chorus, leader of the dances in a ballet Corimagistro (Italian) the head of a choir Coriphaeus synonymous with corifeo Cori spezzati (Italian m. pl., literally 'separated choirs', in German Apsidenchöre) also called 'Venetian polychoral style', a performance style, associated particularly with late Renaissance Venice, that employed a number of small choirs of voices and/or instruments placed in different parts of a large church or cathedral (Italian) a commonly encountered term for the separated choirs themselves Venetian polychoral style Corista (Italian f.) tuning fork (Italian m./f., Spanish m./f.) chorister, choral singer, chorus girl (in a theatrical show) Corista Veneto (Italian f.) the pitch used by the Venetian organ maker Pietro Nachini. Although a pitch a semitone lower was used in Venetian opera in the early part of the century, it was corista Veneto that was to remain the principal pitch in Venice throughout the century, and which was adopted as the standard instrumental pitch, firstly in Vienna, and then all over Europe by the end of the 18th century Coristas infantiles (Spanish) choristers, child-singers Corium (English, German n.) dermis (the deep vascular inner layer of the skin ), leather armour Cormorne (Italian, from cor morne (French m.)) stilles Horn (German n.), a soft-toned horn a name given to a reed stop in English organs, of 8 ft. scale, and with a soft tone Corna (Italian m. pl.) plural of corno Cornacchia (Italian f.) crow (bird) Cornamusa (Italian f.) piva (Italian f.), bagpipe, Dudelsack (German m.), Sackpfeife (German m.), cornamuse (French f.) cornamusare (Italian) to play on a bagpipe Cornamuse (German f.) although the cornamuse was clearly described by Michael Praetorius, it remains a mystery because none has survived to the present time and because there is some confusion with instrument names from this period. Different names which were used for similar instruments and similar names used for different instruments. The name cornamuse from the Latin cornamusa commonly meant bagpipe as in the French cornemuse. The use of the name dolzaina, from the Latin dulcis (sweet), is thought to be the same or a similar instrument to the cornamuse, and yet the name is often intermingled with the dulzan or dulzian of the curtal families. These two names were sometimes used in the same sentence. Praetorius say that they are very soft, straight crumhorns, cylindrical bored instruments with a windcap, having no keys. They came in several sizes, each having a range of a ninth similar to that of other reed-cap instruments of the period [amended by Michael Zapf] size lowest note soprano c' alto g', f' tenor c bass F great Bass C Makers of Renaissance Double Reed Instruments cornare (Latin, Italian) to sound a horn or cornet Cornas de cabra (Spanish, literally 'goat horn') ancient Galician instrument used by shepherds Cornatore (Italian) one who plays on or blows a horn Cor naturel (French m.) natural horn Cornea (English, German f., from Latin) the transparent outer covering of the eye, the lens of the eye Corne-inglês (Portuguese, literally 'English horn') cor anglais, English horn Cornel Cherry (German Kornelkirsche, Dutch Gele Kornoelje, European Species: Cornus mas) a very hard wood, similar to box, that was used for carving, turnings and tool handles Woods in Use in the Middle Ages & Renaissance from which this information has been taken Cornemuse (German) see cornamusa (French f.) specifically, a mouth-blown bagpipe with chanter and small drone in one stock, and a separate large drone, from the Bourbonnais region of France (French f.) more generally, any type of mouth-blown bagpipe, piva (Italian f.), Dudelsack (German m.), Sackpfeife (German m.) Bagpipe (Cornemuse), France, probably late 19th century Cornemuse aragonaise (French f.) gaita aragonesa, gaita de boto Cornemuse asturienne (French f.) gaita asturiana Cornemuse bretonne (French f.) gaita bretona (Spanish), biniou (kozh) (Breton) Cornemuse écossaise (French f.) gaita escocesa (Spanish), the Great Scottish bagpipe Cornemuse galicienne (French f.) gaita gallega Cornemuse irlandaise (French f.) Uilleann pipe Cornemuse nantaise (French f.) see veuze Corner, Corners Ecke (German f. s.), Ecken (German pl.), coin (French s.), punta (Italian f. s.), punte (Italian f. pl.), on a stringed instrument (for example, a violin), the place where blocks (called corner blocks) are glued (above and below the bouts) on better quality instruments for strength corner (French) cornare Cornet (French m.) post horn Cornet (English, French) cornetín (Spanish), cornetta (Italian), Kornett (German) (English, French m.) or cornet-à-pistons, a transposing, treble wind instrument made of brass, of comparatively recent origin. It was formerly called a 'cornopean'. The cornet was invented by adding valves to the post horn in 1814. The valves allowed for melodic playing throughout the register of the cornet. Trumpets were slower to adopt the new valve technology, so for the next 100 years or more, composers often wrote separate parts for trumpet and cornet. The trumpet would play fanfare-like passages, while the cornet played more melodic passages. The modern trumpet has valves that allow it to play the same notes and fingerings as the cornet. Like the trumpet, it is played with a cupped mouthpiece, and possesses a quality of tone which comes between those of the trumpet and the bugle, the size of its tube being intermediate to those used for these instruments. Three slides, or valves, are employed which lengthen the tube to produce intermediate tones. The cornet is pitched in B-flat, and has a range from f sharp to c''' or above depending on the skill of the player. The cornet was called for primarily in the orchestras of French and Italian grand opera in the nineteenth century (Bizet's Carmen) and is still usual in orchestras in Latin countries. Nowadays cornet parts are played by trumpets or cornets Cornet Cornet The Cornet Compendium Cornet, London, England, ca 1840 Cornet, London, England, ca 1850 Cornet in B-flat, Paris, France, ca about 1900 Cornet in E-flat (over-shoulder model), Boston, Mass., United States, ca 1855 Cornet   there are many organ stops known as cornet, including combination of stops at 8 ft., 4 ft., 2 2/3 ft., 2 ft. and 1 3/5 ft.   Corneta (Spanish f.) cornetto, a player of the cornetto (Spanish f.) bugle, bugler, clairon (French), corniste (French) or cornetto, a name applied to a reed stop in an organ of 16 ft. scale Cornet à bouquin (French m.) cornetto, bugle horn, cornet Corneta china (Spanish f.) Chinese bugle, another name for the trompeta china (literally Chinese trumpet) used in Cuban comparsas for carnival and derived from the traditional Chinese suona. It was the first brass instrument to be added to the Sexteto ensembles, creating the Septeto and was brought to China by Chinese immigrants Corneta de pistones (Spanish f.) valve cornet, cornet à pistons (French) (usually fitted with three valves, so enabling the production of a complete chromatic scale) Cornet à deux pistons (French m.) a French-style cornopean, a form of keyed-trumpet with two valves Cornet, Brussels, Belgium, ca 1830 Corneta inglesa (Spanish f.) English horn (US), cor anglais (French m., English), corno inglese (Italian m.), Englischhorn (German n.) Cornet à pistons (French m.) valve cornet, corneta de pistones (Spanish) (usually fitted with three valves, so enabling the production of a complete chromatic scale) Cornet dreifach (German) a cornet, with three ranks, in German organs Cornetín (Spanish m.) cornet (English, French m.), Kornett (German n.) (Spanish m.) cornet player Cornetín de llaves (Spanish m.) keyed cornet, bugle Cornetín de pistones (Spanish m.) value cornet Cornetiste (French m./f.) horn player Cornett cornetto Cornetta (Italian f.) small horn (Italian f.) Kornett (German n.), cornet (English, French m.), cornetín (Spanish m.) (Italian f.) (telephone) receiver Cornetta a pistoni (Italian f.) valve cornet, Piston (German m.), Ventilkornett (German n.), cornet à pistons (French m.), cornetín de pistones (Spanish) Cornettenthon see Cornett-Ton Cornettino (Italian) small cornet, an octave trumpet Cornettiste (French m./f.) a horn player, a cornetto player Cornetto crescent-shaped roll (Italian m.) corneta (Italian m.) the cornetto is known to have existed in the tenth century but it was in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries that it was at its most influential. Made of wood or ivory, a member of the brass family, with finger holes like a recorder, but blown like a trumpet, it was used to play high, often ornate parts in polychoral music. When used in consort, it was generally combined with tromboni. The cornetto fell into obscurity during the early part of the eighteenth century name type range & description cornettino or soprano cornett in d' cornetto curvo fourth higher than the treble cornetto cornettino or soprano cornett in c' cornetto curvo a slightly larger version of the cornettino in d' treble cornett in a cornetto diritto the straight treble was relatively rare treble cornett in a cornetto curvo produced a clear, sometimes piercing sound. Its range was g-a'' but parts might go as high as d''' - note: although the lowest true note is a, g can be obtained by slackening the embouchure treble cornett in a cornetto muto straight, turned from a solid piece of hardwood, similar in appearance to the straight cornetto but very different internally. The bore is more conical and the mouthpiece is not removable. It does not have a sharp end to the bore in the cup which is why the sound is much softer alto cornett in g cornetto muto made by Christopher Monk alto cornett in f cornetto curvo a third below and a similar shape to the treble cornetto, although slightly larger tenor cornett, lysarden or cornetto basso in d cornetto curvo named for its lizard-like S shape, it had a range a fifth lower than the treble and was usually equipped with a key for the lowest finger hole tenor cornett in c cornetto curvo a larger tenor cornett with three keys Cornetto Cornetto (after seventeenth-century type) Cornetto acustico (Italian m.) ear-trumpet Cornetto mute (Italian m.) a soft-toned member of the cornetto family Cornetto muto (Italian m.) a soft-toned member of the cornetto family Cornet-Ton see Cornett-Ton Cornetto sordo (Italian m.) mute cornett Cornetto storto (Italian m., literally 'crooked horn') cornetto Cornetto, tenor a rare larger member of the cornetto family also called the 'lizard' or lysarden due to its lizard-like S shape, with a range a fifth lower than the treble Cornetto torto (Italian m., literally 'crooked horn') cornetto Cornett-Thon (German m.) called Cammer-Thon by Praetorius and Chorton, in eighteenth-century Northern Germany (then approximately a'=465Hz) the 17th-century Cornettenthon and the 18th-century Cornet-Ton were at the same level the pitch (a'=c.480-470 Hz.) normally employed for chamber-music in seventeenth-century Germany Corni (Italian m.) horns Cornicen (s.), Cornicines (pl.) (Latin) a junior officer in the Roman Army whose job was to signal salutes to officers and sound orders to the legions. The cornicines played the cornu (making him an aeneator). Cornicines always marched at the head of the centuries, with the tesserary and the signifer. The cornicines were also used as assistants to a centurion. The cornicen was a duplicary, that is, he was a soldier who received twice the basic pay of the standard legionary cornicare (Latin) cornare Cornice (Italian f.) frame Corniche (French) cornice a coastal road running along a ledge cut into the side of a cliff or steep hillside Cornisch (German n.) Cornish cornisch (German) Cornish Cornista (Italian m./f.) horn player Corniste (French m./f.) horn player Cornphíopaí (Gaelic) hornpipes Corno (Italian m., Spanish m.) horn (generic term), French horn, Horn (German n., generic term), Waldhorn (German n., generic term), cor (French m., generic term), cuerno (Spanish m.) Corno alto (Italian m.) a high horn Corno a macchina (Italian m.) valve horn Corno a mano (Italian m.) the natural French horn Corno a pistoni (Italian m.) valve horn Corno basso (Italian m.) a low horn Corno cromatico (Italian m.) chromatic valve horn, corno ventile Corno da caccia (Italian m.) hunting horn, trompeta de caza (Spanish f.), Jagdhorn (German n.), Signalhorn (German n.), cor de chasse (French m.), bugle (French m.) Corno da nebbia (Italian m.) foghorn Corno da tirarsi (Italian m.) what distinguishes this instrument from other corni is the qualification da tirarsi which means 'slide' - a straight piece of tubing (unlike the crooks which were curved extensions that were added to the horn to change pitch and modify the quality of sound). The slide (or extension) was added to (placed between the mouthpiece and the rest of the horn, or sometimes the mouthpiece was directly attached to a different length of straight tube) to change the pitch so that tones/notes, other than the 'natural' horn tones/notes, could be played. Without the 'slide' the number of notes that could be played cleanly and accurately was much smaller. As the word 'slide' indicates, it was possible to 'slide' the extension into a position which would facilitate the production of notes not otherwise attainable. There is some similarity here to manner in which the slide trombone functions, the difference being that the slide trombone can achieve different sounding lengths very easily. With the corno da tirarsi (and similarly with the tromba da tirarsi), a mouthpiece had to be removed to add the extension, or else a whole new section (longer or shorter) with mouthpiece attached had to replace the one being used Corno da tirarsi from which this information has been taken Corno de caza (Spanish m.) French horn Corno delle Alpi (Italian m.) Alphorn (English, German n.), trompa de los Alpes (Spanish f.), Alpenhorn (English, German n.), cor des Alpes (French m.) Corno di bassetto (Italian m., Spanish m.) Bassetthorn (German n.), cor de basset (French m.), a basset horn, a large member of the clarinet family, whose notes sound a fifth lower than written an organ reed stop, of 8 ft. scale, producing a delicate clarinet-like sound the nom de plume of George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950) writing as a music critic Corno di caccia (Italian m.) the hunting or French horn Corno di postiglione (Italian m.) posthorn, post-boy's horn, Posthorn (German n.), cor de postillion (French m.) Corno di toro (Italian m.) cowhorn, Stierhorn (German n.), cor de vache (French m.), cuerno de vaca (Spanish m.) Corno dolce a soft organ pipe, occurring both in manuals and pedals Corno-flute an organ reed stop, of 8 ft. scale, producing a soft warm quality of tone Corno francés (Spanish m.) French horn Corno inglés (Spanish m., literally 'English horn') cor anglais, English horn Corno inglese (Italian m., literally 'English horn') cor anglais, English horn Cornon (French) a cornet stop on the organ (French) in 1844 Vaclav Frantisek Czerveny (1819-1896) from Hradec Králové (Königgratz) brought a tuba-like instrument with a horn mouthpiece onto the market. The cornon, as it was called, became very popular in Austrian, German and Swiss military bands in which it often replaced the horn. There is evidence to suggest that this instrument was known to Wagner Corno natural (Spanish m.) natural horn Cornopean a name sometimes given to the cornet à pistons firm sonorous trumpet-like organ stop of 8 ft. scale, usually found upon the swell-manual a keyed-trumpet with either two or three valves operated by pistons or levers Annotated Checklist of Trumpets, Flugelhorn, and Cornopeans with Stölzel Valves in The Joe R. and Joella F. Utley Collection of Brass Instruments Cornophones a family of brass instruments manufactured by Besson Corno piccolo (Italian m.) a small horn in Bb, specified by Luigi Cherubini in his opera Alessandro nell'Indie Corno primo (Italian m.) the first horn Corno secondo (Italian m.) the second horn Corno segnale (Italian m.) bugle Corno segnale con chiavi (Italian m.) keyed bugle Corno ventile (Italian m.) valve horn Cornu an instrument consisting of a long brass tube twisted into a 'G' shape, used in Roman political ceremonies Cornucopia (Latin) a horn of plenty (a symbol of plenty) Cornuto (Italian m.) cuckold (familiar), bastard (as an insult) cornuto (Italian) horned Cornwall-Insel (German f.) Cornwall Island Cornwall Island a small island in the high arctic region of the Canadian territory of Nunavut Cornwallis-Insel (German f.) Cornwallis Island Cornwallis Island Cornwallis Island (Nunavut), Canada Cornwallis Island (Torres Strait Islands), Australia Cornwallis Island (South Shetland Islands), South Shetland Islands Corny a term in common usage meaning sentimental, obvious or old-fashioned Coro (Italian m.) course (of strings), córo (Spanish m.), Saitenchor (German m.), jeu (French m.), choeur (French m.) (Italian m., Spanish m., Portuguese m.) choir, chorus, choeur (French) Córo (Spanish m.) course (of strings), coro (Italian m.), Saitenchor (German m.), jeu (French m.), choeur (French m.) (Spanish m.) choir, chorus note: the 'chorus' of a song is estribillo (Spanish m.) Coro A Bocca Chiusa (Italian m.) the Humming Chorus from the opera Madame Butterfly by Giacomo Puccini (1858-1924) Coro della chiesa coro di chiesa Coro della radio (Italian m.) radio choir, radio chorus Coro di chiesa (Italian m.) church choir Coro di fanciulli (Italian m.) boy's choir Coro d'opera (Italian m.) opera chorus Coro favorito (Italian m.) the select chorus, as opposed to the whole chorus Coro femminile (Italian m.) women's choir, women's chorus Coro-guía alternative name for córo-pregón Coro-inspiración alternative name for córo-pregón Coro maschile (Italian m.) men's chours, men's chorus, male chorus Coro misto (Italian m.) mixed chorus, mixed choir Coro mixto (Spanish m.) mixed chorus, mixed choir Cor omnitonique (French m.) a horn invented by Adolphe Sax on which by means of valves all the tones and semitones of a scale can be produced Corona (Italian f.) crown, wreath (of flowers), rosary (Latin) the luminous halo surrounding a celestial body, that is visible during a total eclipse (Italian f.) a musical symbol placed over a note or rest to be extended beyond its normal duration Coronach an Irish or Scottish Highland funeral hymn Coronal plane also known as the frontal plane, any vertical plane that divides the body into ventral (belly, anterior) and dorsal (back, posterior) sections coronare (Italian) to crown coronare Ebene (German f.) coronal plane Coroner (English, German m.) or public examiner, a public official who investigates by inquest any death not due to natural causes Coronis a decorative tail-piece, often no more than a flourished paragraphus mark containing curly lines below and above the paragraphus, usually at the end of a section of text or of a book Coro parlato (Italian m.) choral speaking, when a choir, rather than a solist, delivers a vocal line as sprechgesang, midway between song and speech Coro pieno (Italian m.) full chorus, full choir a marking indicating that after a passage sung only by individual members of the choir, or other soloists, the whole choir should now sing Córo-pregón (Spanish m., córo means 'chorus') the call-and-response between the lead vocal, the pregón or guía, which is generally improvised, and the chorus, the córo, which is generally arranged or a fixed part. It is a principal structural element of son, salsa, merengue, son montuno, rumba, cha-cha-chá, timba, and many more Latin American genres Córo-pregón Coro spezzato (Italian m.) a 'broken-up chorus', where the singers are distributed in small groups around a church Corpetto (Italian m.) bodice Coryphée (French m./f., from coryphaeus (Latin: leader)) a ballet dancer who ranks above a member of the corps de ballet and below a soloist and who performs in small ensembles Corpo (Italian m.) body, corps (body of people), the body of an instrument Corpo insegnante (Italian m.) teaching staff (collectively) Corporal Acts of Mercy a series of charitable acts which aided the giver to salvation; feeding the hungry, providing drink for the thirsty, clothing the naked, visiting the sick, visiting prisoners, taking in the traveller and burying the dead corporale (Italian) corporal Corporate culture the set of values, beliefs, and relationships between individuals and functions that guide the decisions of the company in order to achieve its objectives. It results in behaviour that has been learned within a group or transferred between individuals over time Corporatura (Italian f.) build Corporazione (Italian f.) corporation corporeo (Italian) bodily Corps (French m.) the body of an instrument (French m.) a company of performers (French m.) tube, staple Corps à corps (French) hand to hand Corps de Ballet (German n.) corps de ballet Corps de ballet (French m.) the dancers in a ballet-company who do not appear as soloists Corps d'élite (French m.) a body of picked men, a society of the elect Corps de réchange (French m.) a crook (used on a brass instrument to alter the pitch) (French m.) the extra or alternative sections of early flutes, which allowed them to perform at a number of different pitches Corps de résonance (French m.) resonant body Corps de voix (French m.) quality or volume of the voice Corpse in the theatre, when an actor, breaking out of character, laughs on stage Theater terms from which this entry has been taken Corpse candle a thick candle formerly used at a lich wake, or the customary watching with a corpse on the night before its interment Corps électoral (French m.) electorate Corps enseignant (French m.) teaching profession Corps supérieur (French m.) top joint Corpulence (English, French f.) stoutness corpulent (m.), corpulente (f.) (French) stout corpulento (Italian) stout Corpus a complete collection of writings of a certain type or by a certain individual author or related group of authors, or about a certain subject (Latin, for 'body') the term used by musicologists when they refer to the entire collection of music in a particular style, or from a particular geographical region, from one historical period, or using any other reasonable classification Korpus (German m.), cassa (armonica) (Italian f.), coffre (French m.), the body of a musical instrument Corpus callosum a structure in the brain connecting the right and left hemisphere, allowing interhemispheric communication Corpus Christi (Latin, literally 'the body of Christ') the feast of The Blessed Sacrament, celebrated on the Thursday after Trinity Sunday a play formerly performed on the feast of The Blessed Sacrament (first celebrated officially in 1311) Corpus Christi play a religious play performed outdoors in the medieval period that enacts an event from the Bible, such as the story of Adam and Eve, Noah's flood, the crucifixion, and so on Literary Terms and Definitions from which this entry has been taken Corpus Delicti (German n. from Latin) corpus delicti Corpus delicti (s.), Corpora delicti (pl.) (English, from Latin) the body of evidence that constitute the offence, the objective proof that a crime has been committed (sometimes mistakenly thought to refer to the body of a homicide victim) Corpus vile (s.), Corpus vilia (pl.) (Latin) a worthless object, something used in an experiment or project that is thought most likely to be unsuccessful Corral an enclosure for horses or cattle Corrección de pruebas (Spanish f.) proof-reading correctement (French) properly, correctly, decently Correcteur (m.), Correctrice (f.) (French) proof-reader, examiner Correcteur d'orthographe (French m.) spelling checker Correcting in cooking, to adjust the seasoning, consistency or colour Correction (English, French f.) correcting or being corrected, thing substituted for what is wrong. punishment (archaic in English) Correctitude consciously correct behaviour Corrective corrective measure or thing serving to correct or counteract something harmful Correctorium (Latin) a tuning cone, used in tuning an organ corredare (Italian) to equip Corredera (Spanish f.) slide (on a musical instrument) Corredino (Italian m.) layette Corredo (Italian m.) trousseau correggere (Italian) to correct, to lace (a drink) corregido (Spanish) corrected correl. abbrevation of 'correlative' (corresponding to each other and used together, as with 'neither' and 'nor' or 'either' and 'or') Correlative corresponding to each other and used together, as with 'neither' and 'nor' or 'either' and 'or' correndo (Italian) running Corrente (Italan f.) current, draught (of air) also corrento, an Italian dance of rapid tempo in simple triple time corrente (Italian) running, current corrente d'aria (Italian) draught (a movement of air) Corrento also coranto or corant, an Italian dance of rapid tempo in simple triple time Corrépétiteur (French m.) the person who teaches singers their parts, and acquaints ballet dancers with the accompanying music Correpetitor (German m.) the person who teaches singers their parts, and acquaints ballet dancers with the accompanying music correre (Italian) to run, to hurry, to race (sport), to circulate (a note) correre dietro a (Italian) to run after correre un pericolo (Italian) to be in danger Correspondance (French f.) correspondence Correspondant (m.), Correspondante (f.) (French) correspondent correspondre (French) to correspond, to communicate corretto (Italian) correct corretto con (Italian) laced with (coffee) Correttore di tonalità (Italian m.) tone control Correzione (Italian f.) correction Correzione di bozze (Italian f.) proof-reading Corrida in dance, a run Corrida (de torros) (Spanish f.) a bull-fight, bull-fighting Corridinho a form of Portuguese dance, namely in the Algarve. It is danced with the pairs always embraced, forming a circle, girls inside and the boys outside the circle. By rotating the circle the pairs evolve side by side. At a certain time, when the music as a stronger beat, their feet hit the floor more intesely, stopping the rotation, to resume afterwards. Further away in the dance, the pairs embraced waltz by spinning in the same place. Next the circle starts rotating again always for the right side. Corridinho from which this information has been taken Corridista (Spanish m./f.) a performer of corridos who might also sell copies of new or important corridos as broadsides, inexpensive printed pamphlets Corrido (s.), Corridos (pl.) derived from the Spanish romance, a Mexican ballad tradition that tells the story of current or past events or heroic figures, sometimes called 'singing newspapers' in Brazil, one or two verse songs sung by a soloist and answered by a chorus, the shortest among the three most common types of songs in the capoeira roda of both traditions, capoeira Angola and capoeira regional Corridos What is a corrido? Corridoio (Italian m.) corridor Corridore (Italian m.) racer, runner (on foot) Corriente continua (Spanish f.) direct current Corriera (Italian f.) coach Corriere (Italian m.) courier, mail (post) Corrigendo (m.), Corrigenda (f.) (Italian) juvenile offender Corrigendum (m.), Corrigenda (f.) (Latin) something to be corrected, a list of corrections to be made in a printed book corregir pruebas (Spanish) to proofread corrió escaleras arriba (Spanish) he ran upstairs Corripetitore (Italian m.) the person who teaches singers their parts, and acquaints ballet dancers with the accompanying music Corrispondente (Italian m./f.) correspondant corrispondente (Italian) corresponding Corrispondenza (Italian f.) correspondence corrispondere (Italian) to correspond corrispondere a (Italian) to communicate (for example, by letter), to return corrispondere con ... (Italian) to correspond with ... Corroboree (Australian) an Australian aboriginal dance, either festive or warlike corroborare (Italian) to strengthen, to corroborate (figurative) corrodere (Italian) to corrode corrompere (Italian) to corrupt, to bribe (with money) Corrosione (Italian f.) corrosion corrosivo (Italian) corrosive Corrotto (Italian m.) vicious or depraved person corrotto (Italian) corrupt, depraved, foul, contaminated corrucciarsi (Italian) to be vexed corrucciato (Italian) upset Corrugaphone see 'Lasso d'amore' corrugare (Italian) to wrinkle corrugare la fronte (Italian) to knit one's brows corrupto optimi pessima (Latin) noteable talents misapplied lead to extreme wickedness corruscare (Italian) or coruscare, to flash, to sparkle, to scintillate corrusco (Italian) or corusco, shining, sparkling Corruzione (Italian f.) corruption, bribery (with money) Corsa (Italian f.) running, dash (move quickly), race (sport), journey Corsage (French m.) blouse, bodice (English) the bodice of a dress although, in the 19th century, corsage was a common term for a woman's bodice or jacket, or a bridal corset which is less tightly fitted than a true corset (English) originally, a bouquet of flowers, flower bud, or a bow, worn on the corsage between the breasts, hence its use as the name for a cluster of flowers worn on the breast, waist or wrist Corset or ginally called 'stays' (although this term is not obsolete), an undergarment, close fitting to impose silhouette with defined waist and or full bosom; traditionally in two pieces, boned and laced up back and front Corsetière (French f.) a fitter of women's corsets Corsia (Italian f.) gangway, ward (in a hospital) Cor simple (French m.) natural horn Corsivo (Italian m.) italics (plural) Corso (Italian m.) course, main street, circulation (communication) cospargere con (Italian) to spread with costringere con la forza (Italian) to dragoon cortamente (Italian) short cortarle las alas a ... (Spanish) to clip ...'s wings Corte (Italian f.) courtyard, court (legal, royal) Corteccia (Italian f.) bark (of a tree), rind (cheese), crust (of bread) Cortége (French m., literally 'procession') archaic spelling of cortège Cortège (French m., literally 'procession') the title given to a piece of music suitable for accompanying a procession or that might be illustrative of one Cortes (Spanish f. pl.) the two chambers of the legislative assembly of Spain or Portugal Cortex (s.), Cortices (pl.) (Latin) bark, husk, the outer grey matter of the brain Corticosteroid (s.), Corticosteroide (German pl.), Corticoseriods (English pl.) (English, German n.) a steroid hormone, produced by the adrenal cortex or synthesised, administered as drugs to reduce swelling and decrease the body's immune response Cortigiana di lume (Italian f. pl.) courtesans designated as being of a lower-class, although still considered better than an average prostitute Cortigiana onesta (Italian f. pl.) so-called 'honest' courtesans, usually well-educated and worldly (sometimes even more so than the average upper-class woman), and often held simultaneous careers as performers or artists, who were chosen typically on the basis of their "breeding" - social and conversational skills, intelligence, common sense, and companionship - as well as their physical attributes Cortile (s.), Cortili (pl.) (Italian) a courtyard (usually one surrounded by buildings) corto, corta, corti, corte (Italian) short Cortholt see Kortholt Corvée (German f., French f.) forced labour, drudgery, any laborious task originally, as part of feudal law, an obligation to perform certain services, as the repair of roads, for the lord or sovereign Cor viennois (French m.) Viennese horn Corxera (Catalan f.) quaver, eighth note Coryphaeus (Greek) or corifeo, the leader of the dramatic chorus Coryphée (French m.) the leader of, or chief of the groups of male dancers in a ballet Coryza (German f., from Latin, from the Greek) an inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the nose, usually associated with nasal discharge cosacco (m.), cosacca (f.) (Italian) in the Cossack style Cosaque (French) or Danse Cosaque, Cossack dance in simple duple time [corrected by John Comber] Cosecans (German m.) cosecant (cosec) Cosecant a function whose value is the ratio of the hypotenuse to the opposite side of a right-angled triangle Cosine a function whose value is the ratio of the adjacent side to the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle Cosinus (German m.) cosine Cosinus hyperbolicus (German m.) hyperbolic cosine (cosh) Cosmic irony or situational irony, particularly situational irony connected to a fatalistic or pessimistic view of life Cosmic noise radio-frequency radiation originating outside Earth's atmosphere Cosmos (Greek) the ordered universe (the disordered universe is chaos) co.so. (Italian) an abbreviation of come sopra meaning 'as above' Costa Rica (English, German n.) officially the Republic of Costa Rica, a major coffee producing country in Central America Costa-Ricaner (s.), Costa-Ricanerin (f.), Costa-Ricaner (pl.) (German) Costa Rican costa-ricanisch (German) Costa Rican custodire con cura (Italian) to appreciate (take care) costretto (Italian) constrained, forced, obliged costumé (French) dressed up Costumier (Italian m.) a maker or purveyor of costumes, especially those for the theatre Cotangens (German m.) cotangent Cotangens hyperbolicus (German m.) hyperbolic cotangent Cotangent a function whose value is the ratio of the adjacent to the opposite side of a right-angled triangle Cote (French f.) a rib or chop Coteau (s.), Coteaux (pl.) (French) a sloping hill-side Côte d'Azur (English, German f, French f.) French Riviera Cotehardie a term used extensively for both feminine gowns and masculine tunics from 1300 until 1430. It is generally applied to fitting garments, buttoned part- or full-length, and having long or half sleeves Cotelette (French f.) cutlet (meat) coter (French) to quote Coterie (French) a select or exclusive group of people, whose selection may be based on intellect or social position Cothoza Mfana (Zulu) or Isicathamiya, the names refer to a style of dance, softly stepped in a kind of tiptoe, as if not to be heard. This had its roots in the necessity of the performers - originally migrant hostel dwellers - to rehearse their act without disturbing the white camp guards during the night. The music was developed, practised and perfected by men who had left their homes and families to work in the diamond and gold mines of the big cities Ladysmith Black Mambazo from which this short extract has been taken Cothurni (Greek) the elevator-shoes worn by important actors on stage Cotill. abbreviated form of Cotillon Cotillion or debutante ball, a formal gathering with a focus on social etiquette and ballroom dance, geared to encourage the young to acquire social skills of high society (French, literally 'petticoat') an eighteenth- and nineteenth-century formal dance, similar to a contradance or quadrille, often the final dance of the evening and consisting of a variety of complex steps that would be performed by a lead couple which the other couples imitated, the music would have included a waltz, polka, mazurka or galop Cotillon (French) a favour or souvenir given away at a ball or dance, the name of a popular dance Cotisation (French f.) contribution, subscription Cotta (Latin) a short surplice worn like a cassock Cottage Cheese (German m.) cottage cheese Cottage cheese a soft cheese made from skimmed milk Cottage organ see 'reed organ' Cottage orné (French m.) in 18th-century England, this type of villa or country 'summer house' built in a faux-rustic style appeared at the time of the early development of country estates Cottage piano a small style of upright piano Cottage Pie (German m.) cottage pie Cottage pie a dish of minced meat topped with mashed potatoes Cottian Alps Alpes Cottiennes (French), Alpi Cozie (Italian), a mountain range in the south-western part of the Alps Cottische Alpen (German pl.) Cottian Alps Cotton Club a famous night club in New York City that operated during Prohibition. While the club featured many of the greatest African American entertainers of the era, such as Duke Ellington, Count Basie, Bessie Smith, Cab Calloway, The Nicholas Brothers, Ella Fitzgerald, Louis Armstrong, Nat King Cole, Billie Holiday, and Ethel Waters, it generally denied admission to blacks. During its heyday, it served as a chic meeting spot in the heart of Harlem, featuring regular "Celebrity Nights" on Sundays, at which celebrities such as Jimmy Durante, George Gershwin, Al Jolson, Mae West, Irving Berlin, Eddie Cantor, Moss Hart, New York mayor Jimmy Walker and other luminaries would appear Couesnophone from which this information has been taken Cotton-Eyed Joe a popular Country & Western dance Cotton Library, The one of the most important collections of Old and Middle English texts Cottonöl (German n.) cottonseed oil, oil of cotton, cotton oil Cotton paper made from 100% cotton fibres, cotton paper is superior in both strength and durability to wood pulp-based paper, which may contain high concentrations of acids. It may also be known as cotton rag or ragged paper Cou (French m.) neck Couac (French) the 'quack' or 'squeak' of the clarinet, oboe and bassoon, caused by a bad reed or reeds, poor embouchure, or defective keywork Couch (English, German f.) an upholstered seat for more than one person, sofa, settee, davenport Couched harp a name formerly applied to the spinet Couchée (French f.) originally a reception held at the time of the King's going to bed, now any evening reception coucher par écrit (French) to set down (in writing) Couchette (French f.) a sleeping-berth, usually on a train Couchgarnitur (German f.) suite, living room suite, sectional, lounge suite, three-piece suite Couchkartoffel (German f.) couch potato (colloquial) Couchkissen (German n.) couch cushion Couchpotato (s.), Couchpotatoes (pl.) (German f.) couch potato (colloquial) Couch potato an idler who spends much time on a couch (usually watching television) Couch-Potato (s.), Couch-Potatoes (pl.) (German f.) couch potato (colloquial) Couchtisch (German m.) coffee table, cocktail table Coucou (French m., literally 'cuckoo') cuckoo pipe Coude (French m.) elbow Coude à coude (French, literally 'elbow to elbow') side by side Cou de pied (s.), Cous de pied (pl.) (French m.) instep (French m., literally 'neck of the foot') in dance, a position of the working foot on or around the ankle of the supporting leg Couesnophone also known as the goofus or queenophone, a free-reed musical instrument resembling a saxophone. Its reeds vibrate when the desired keys are activated and the player blows through a tube. French manufacturer Couesnon was awarded the patent no. 569294 in 1924 for an instrument that was described as a saxophone jouet (French: toy saxophone). However, the couesnophone is a polyphonic instrument, while the saxophone is monophonic Couesnophone from which this information has been taken couiner (French) to squeak Coulade see tirade a French baroque ornament, referred to as 'slide' in English, in which two or more slurred and adjacent ornamental notes connect two principal notes coulamment (French) flowingly, smoothly coulant (French) accommodating, easy to get on with Coulé (French m.) slur, legato (French m.) a 'slide' (French m.) an ornament consisting of two or three ascending or, more commonly, descending notes, forming a double or triple appoggiatura coulé (m.), coulée (f.) (French) slurred "Is said figuratively of speech or style that is facile, aisé, that has nothing constrained about it, that is natural." - Furetière (1727) "In music is said when the voice or instruments move from one note to another by making a sort of link [liaison, which is also the word for "slur"] between the notes." - Dictionnaire de l'Académie Françoise (1762) "When, instead of marking each note, one plays two or more notes with the same articulation, while prolonging the wind supply or the bowing. Too many coulés in a piece make its goût [character/taste] effeminate." - Trévoux (1771) Ranums' Panat Times from which the comments by Dictionnaire de l'Académie Françoise, Trévoux and Furetière have been taken couler (French) flow "This word is used in its strict sense for water and liquids. It means to flow doucement and according to its natural inclination, to spread out doucement. ... This word is applied to speech or prose or verse and means to have nothing harsh or forced about it, to be aisé and natural." - Richelet (1681) "In dancing terminology it means to move the leg doucement, légèrement and level with the ground. Dancing consists of knowing how to couler, couper, and make a pirouette." - Furetière (1690) Ranums' Panat Times from which the comments by Richelet and Furetière have been taken coulé sur une tierce (French) a variant of the 'slide' found in French baroque keyboard music, in which three conjunct notes are played over a held note, the first in unison with it and the last, which is longer than the other two, lying a third above or a third below it Couleur (French f.) shade, tint, hue jeder Couleur (German: of every shade, of all stripes, from all walks of life ), jeglicher Couleur (German: of all shades) [corrected by Michael Zapf] Couleur de rose (French) pink, rose-coloured, optimistic (as in the English expression, 'rose-tinted spectacles') Couleur de temps (French) as the wind blows (a figurative reference to circumstances at any given moment) Coulis (French m.) a sauce, generally of strained, pureed fruit or vegetable Coulisse (French f.) slide (hence trompette à coulisse meaning 'slide trombone'), pompa mobile a coulisse (Italian f.), pompa a tiro (Italian f.), Zug (German m.), vara (Spanish f.) slide casing (French f.) a piece of scenery at the side of a stage designed to mask the wings, the wings of the stage (also any feature is a painitng serving a similar purpose) coulisser (French) to slide Coulisses (French f.) wings (of a theatre), backstage Couloir a deep gorge or gully formation found on the side of a mountain Council a formal meeting of bishops and representatives of churches convened for the purpose of regulating doctrine or discipline Council of Trent a council of the Roman Catholic Church that convened in Trent, Italy from 1543 to 1565 and dealt with matters pertaining to the Counter-Reformation, including the reform of liturgical music Council of Trent Count an accent or beat of a bar Countdown (English, German m./n.) counting backward from an arbitrary number to indicate the time remaining before some event (such as launching a space vehicle) Count-down (German m./n.) countdown Counter (in music) a prefix used to describe something designed to contrast with a principal part or melody Counter (s.), Counter (German pl.), Counters (English pl.) (English, German m.) table consisting of a horizontal surface over which business is transacted, game equipment used for keeping a count or reserving a space in various card or board games, a person who counts things, a piece of furniture that stands at the side of a dining room (usually having shelves and drawers), a calculator that keeps a record of the number of times something happens Counter-answer contre-réponse (French), contrarisposta (Italian), Kontrabeantwortung (German), contra-respuesta (Spanish) (English) a feature of some fugues, a element that is related to the counter-subject, as the answer is related to the subject Counterblow hammer a forging hammer in which the ram and anvil are driven toward each other by compressed air or steam Counterculture in sociology, counterculture is a term used to describe a cultural group whose values and norms are at odds with those of the social mainstream, a cultural equivalent of a political opposition. In casual practice, the term came to prominence in the general press as it was used to refer to the youth rebellion that swept North America and Western Europe in the 1960s and early 1970s. Earlier countercultural milieus in nineteenth-century Europe included the traditions of Bohemianism and of the Dandy Counterculture from which this short extract has been taken Counter-exposition in many fugues, on the completion of the exposition, a re-entry of the subject and answer in the original keys, but in a different order, takes place in some or all of the voices, and this is termed 'counter-exposition' Countermelody a melody designed to fit against a more important line, called the principal melody a division of pipes in a band organ which usually play countermelodies, sustained chords, low melodies and other non-principal parts Counterpoint contrapunto (Spanish), contrappunto (Italian), contrepoint (French), Kontrapunkt (German m.) the technique of setting a melody or melodies in conjunction with another. Counterpoint melodies are composed according to set rules counterpoint, as defined in Gradus ad Parnassum (1725) by Johann Joseph Fux (1660-1741), consists of five species: 1. note against note a semibreve (whole note) against a semibreve (whole note) 2. two notes against one note two minims (half notes) against a semibreve (whole note) 3. four notes against one note four crochets (quarter notes) against a semibreve (whole note) 4. syncopated counterpoint a second minim (half note) of one bar tied to the first minim (half note) of the following bar set against a semibreve (whole note) entering on the first part of each bar 5. florid counterpoint a mixture of the three preceding species Counterpoint Counterpoint Counterpoint "Everything goes by degrees in nature, and nothing by leaps, and this rule regarding changes is part of my law of continuity. But the beauty of nature, which requires distinct perceptions, demands the appearance of leaps, and so to speak musical cadences in phenomena, and takes pleasure in mixing the species" Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716) Nouveaux essais sur l'entendement humain (1765) [corrected by Michael Zapf] Counterpoint duet a duet where one voice sings a song and then another sings a different melody (usually to the same basic chord pattern), after which they sing both melodies together in counterpoint Countersubject contra-sujeto (Spanish), contrasoggetto (Italian), Kontrasubjekt (German), Gegenstimme (German), Gegensatz (German), contre-sujet (French) the theme which serves as a counterpoint against the principal subject in a double fugue, also spoken of as a second subject, and the whole as 'a fugue upon two subjects' the theme which accompanies the answer in a fugue, provided that it is heard against the theme at each appearance Countertenor (English, German m.) contratenor (Spanish), controtenore (Italian), contre-tenor (French), Kontratenor (German) male alto, with a tessitura similar to that of a mezzo-soprano, often but not always a falsetto voice Countertenor Counter-tenor clef or countertenor clef, alternative names for the alto clef Countertheme countersubject Count in a count at the start of a piece of music to show when to start and how fast to play Counting a technique of determining stylistic qualities of a piece of writing by counting the numbers of words in paragraphs or sentences, and determining the average number of modifiers, average word lengths, and so on Counting off setting the tempo and meter by counting out aloud Country (English, German f.) in German, short for Countrymusic (German f.), country music (genre) Country and Western music see 'country music' Country blues also 'folk blues', 'rural blues', or 'downhome blues', refers to all the acoustic, guitar-driven forms of the blues Country blues where it is described in detail Country boogie a simple rhythm guitar or accompaniment boogie pattern Country boogie where it is described in detail Country dance a village dance form originating in early seventeenth-century England, taken to France where it became the contre-dance and German where it became the Kontretanz dances compiled by John Playford in 1650 English country dances (Traditional/Ceilidh and Playford) and American Contra/Traditional Squares Country Dance Book, The Cecil Sharp published The Country Dance Book in 1909. This described 18 dances he had collected during his travels in search of folk-songs and Morris and Sword dances. In 1911 he published The Country Dance Book, Part II. This was his interpretation of dances published by John Playford in the seventeenth century. With George Butterworth, he produced parts III and IV in 1912 and 1916 (with a second edition of part IV in 1918); these contained further dances from Playford's collection. In 1918 he and Maud Karpeles wrote part V, describing the Running Set, and finally in 1922 he wrote part VI with further Playford dances. Cecil Sharp died in 1926 and Maud Karpeles supervised publishing revised editions of The Country Dance Book, parts I-IV, making substantial changes to Part I (and adding two dances). In 1975 EP Publishing produced a reprint from the revised editions of parts I and II, the earlier ones of parts III and IV, plus parts V and VI; they also included an undated set of corrections Novello & Co had issued at some stage. In 1985 Harry Styles reissued the EP editions, with those corrections applied The Country Dance Book from which this extract has been taken Country gospel see 'White gospel' Country music (English, Countrymusik (German f.)) also called 'country and western music' or 'country-western', a rural American genre, rooted in British ballads and folk songs originally played on the fiddle in Britain and which were adapted to the banjo and guitar, which have respectively African and Spanish origins. Country music is now popular around the world, variously known in the past as folk music, old-time music, hillbilly, C&W (Country and Western) and honky tonk, but which has included other genres: honky tonk country from the 1930s strongly influenced by the blues and jug bands rockabilly from the 1950s, adding elements of rock and roll Western swing from the 1950s, adding influences from swing and bluegrass Nashville sound a highly polished heavily produced form of country music that became called 'countrypolitan' Bakersfield sound a reaction to the Nashville sound, harder-edged and gritty outlaw country emerging during the 1970s, a heavily rock-influenced style modern bluegrass music traditional, though progressive Country Music Countrymusic (German f.) country music Country Music (German f.) country music Country-Music (German f.) country music Countrypolitan a more pop-based form of the Nashville sound, which was aimed straight at mainstream markets, and sold well throughout the later 1960s and 1970s Country punk see 'folk punk', 'alternative country' Country-rap the fusion of country music with hip hop music. Perhaps to avoid the unfortunate abbreviation 'c-rap', the style is known by several other names, such as "hick hop," "hill hop," "hip hopry," and "country hip hop" Country-rap from which this extract has been taken Country rock a style of popular music in which the sound and typical subject matter of country music are combined with the rhythm and instrumentation of rock music. It was foreshadowed in the 1950s and 1960s by singers such as the Everly Brothers, Roy Orbison, and Robbie Gentry. In the late 1960s a number of folk-rock performers, notably Bob Dylan and Joan Baez, began to turn away from the protest songs of the urban folk-music revival and incorporate references to the traditional concerns of country music (i.e., the simple life, the charm of the South, nostalgia for the rural past, etc.) into their lyrics. Such themes, and the country-style melodies to which they were set, were developed in different ways by the Eagles, the Byrds, Crosby, Stills, and Nash, and Linda Ronstadt Country rock I Hear America Sing from which this extract has been taken Countrysänger (m.), Countrysängerin (f.) (German) country (music) vocalist Country-western see 'country music' Country-western dance also called 'Country and Western dance', encompasses many dance forms or styles, which are typically danced to country-western music, and which are stylistically associated with American country and/or western traditions Country-western dance from which this short extract has been taken Country Western Musik (German f.) country and western music Country-western two-step the two-step originated in the United states in the 1800s by people who arrived from Europe. It was an offspring of the minuet. In the old Western days when women were not allowed to dance with men, men danced together and that is the reason for the hand on the shoulder holding a can of beer and the other hand to the side County originally the area ruled by a Count or Countess, today, in the UK, a region created by territorial division for the purpose of local government or, in the US, the largest administrative district within a state County (s.), Countys (pl.) (German n.) county (s.), counties (pl.) Coup (s.), Coups (pl.) (German m., French m.) cut, stroke, beat (English, German m., French m.) an unexpected success (figurative), a sudden and decisive change of government illegally or by force (short for coup d'etat (French m.)) coup d'archet (French m.) the management of the bow, the art of bowing, bow stroke, bowing, colpo d'arco (Italian m.), arcata (Italian f.), Bogenführung (German f.), Bogenstrich (German m.), Strichart (German f.) Coup de cloche (French m.) strike of a bell Coup de cymbales amorti (French m.) soft long cymbal blow Coup de foudre (French m.) love at first sight, an instant and overwhelming passion Coup de glotte (French m., 'stroke of the glottis') or 'glottal attack, a singing method, now considered rather exaggerated, that utilises the two membranes above the natural vocal chords Coup de grâce (French m.) the final stoke (that designed to put someboy out of their misery) Coup de langue (French m.) tonguing Coup de langue simple (French m.) single tonguing Coup de Main (German m.) coup de main (French m.) Coup de main (English, from French m.) sudden action, particularly an attack, undertaken to surprise an enemy Coup de maître (French m.) a master-stroke Coup de marteau (French m.) hammer-blow Coup de piston (French m.) a helping hand, 'string-pulling' Coup de sonnette (French m.) ring (a bell) Coup d'essai (French m.) an experimental work, a first attempt Coup de tambour (French m.) drumbeat Coup d'État (German m.) coup d'état (French m.) Coup d'état (French m.) a violent political action leading to the overthrow of a government Coup de théàtre (German m., French m.) dramatic event, a sudden sensational action Coup d'oeil (French m.) glance, a glimpse, the effect of a scene at first glance Coupe (French) a pudding served in a goblet-shaped glass, an individual serving bowl Coupé (French m., literally 'to cut off') in dancing, like the chassé but the displaced foot is raised into the air German n., (French m.) a compartment at the end of a railway carriage, with seats on one side only (German n., French m.) a motor-car with only two doors and tilt-up front seats coupé (m.), coupée (f.) (French) to cut short, tronco (French) "A style coupé is terse and laconic speech. [When the subject being treated requires fire and mouvement, oratorical periods that are coupé [broken up] are appropriate, because they have a je ne sais quoi that is very vif and male, which is perhaps one of the greatest ornaments of speech.]" - Furetière (1690). Phrases within square brackets were added in 1702 Ranums' Panat Times from which the comment by Furetière has been taken Coupédach (German n.) hardtop Coupé de grâce (French) in Italian tronco per grazia, "this notifies both instrumentalists and vocalists that they should not drag or lengthen certain sounds, but cut them off, that is, continue them only as long as needed to make them heard, so that there is a silence between each one, etc. This manner of cutting off sounds often creates a very fine effect, especially when expressing pain, when expressing sighs, sobs, etc. When expressing astonishment, in magical and frightening ceremonies, etc." - Brossard (1703) Ranums' Panat Times from which the comment by Brossard has been taken Coupé de ville (French) an open coupé with a hood that can be raised so as to cover either the back seats or the front seats as well Coupé jeté en tournant (French m.) in dance, a compound step consisting of a coupé dessous making a three-quarter turn and a grand jeté en avant to complete the turn. The step is usually done in a series either en manège or en diagonale Coupé jeté en tournant from which this information has been taken couper en travers (French) to cut across couper le sujet (French) to abbreviate the subject or theme Coupes de cymbales (French m. pl.) cymbal crashes Coup frôlé (French m.) striped beat, striped stroke Coupled a term applied when two or more registers on an organ, harpsichord or the like sound when the keys on only one manual are being operated on some automatic music players, and to overcome the limitation on the number of independent notes that can be controlled via the music roll, the bass notes on a player piano, for example, might be mechanically coupled so that when the higher is activated via the roll, it and the key for the note one octave lower are both brought into action giving more tonal strength to its lowest notes Couple dances a group of dances, for example, mazurka, valcer, polka, schotisch, siebenschritt, raspa, stajeris, furlana, palaisglais, often with strong Central European influences, in which couples move through the dance area in an anti-clockwise direction, while an individual couple rotates in a clockwise direction. These dances sometimes have a dance-leader or caller. If he does not lead off as the first dancer, he stands in the centre of the dance area without a partner and calls out the commands that the couples follow in their dancing Couple de sonneurs Breton dance music Coupler or copula, a coupler on an organ allows one division to be connected to another. This allows the stops of two divisions to be controlled by one manual or the pedals. For example, the Swell to Great coupler allows the Great manual to use stops from the Swell. There are also couplers which act within a division to play the stops at a different octave (called octave couplers). For example, SW 4' is a coupler which will play the stops in the swell up an octave and at regular pitch at the same time. Larger organs may use 'unison off' couplers, which prevent the stops pulled in a particular division from sounding at their normal pitch. These can be used in combination with octave couplers to create innovative aural effects, and can also be used to rearrange the order of the manuals to make specific pieces easier to play couplers also feature on larger harpsichords enabling two or more sets of strings to be activated simultaneously by a single keyboard on some orchestrions and band organs multiplexing devices (called couplers or switches) associate the tracker bar holes with an alternative group of instruments thereby increasing the instrument's capabilities Couplet duplet (that is, a pair of notes, or a note and a rest, having the time usually given to three) a two-note slur an episode in an early French rondeau in rondo-form, the subsiduary or subordinate section, that is played between the repeated principal theme or refrain in poetry, two lines, the second line immediately following the first, of the same metrical length that end in a rhyme to form a complete unit (French m.) verse (Dutch) verse, stave, stanza (Dutch) couplet (French m.) topical or light song, for example, in vaudeville or in a comic opera (German n.) a music hall song (comic or satirical) (often with a refrain) (Dutch) topical or light song Couplet-zanger (Dutch) music-hall singer Coupling flute a name given to a stop in an organ which may be coupled to, or use in conjunction with, any other register Coup mat (French m.) muffled stroke, muffled beat (of a drum) Coupon (s.), Coupons (pl.) (English, German m.) or voucher, a negotiable certificate that can be detached and redeemed as needed Coups d'archet (French m. pl.) in violin playing, strokes of the bow, ways and methods of bowing Coup simple (French m.) a single beat, a single stroke Coupure (French f.) omitted section, a 'cut' Courage (English, German f.) or 'heart' or 'bravery', a quality of spirit that enables a person to face danger or pain without showing fear couragiert (German) courageously, courageous Courante (English, German f., from the French) a French dance that mixes simple triple and compound duple time, in its courtly form, slow but deriving from the Italian corrente which was a faster, hopping and running, courtship dance. In a suite, the courante often followed the allemande Courbe inférieure (French f.) sagoma inferiore (Italian f.), volta inferiore (Italian f.), lower bout, Unterbügel (German m.) Courbe supérieure (French f.) sagoma superiore (Italian f.), volta superiore (Italian f.), upper bout, Oberbügel (German m.) Courbette (French) or pin-straightener, a tool used to bend or align the cylinder pins on a barrel so that they catch the tip of the tooth that they are to play Courcellina see flûte à Pavillon Cour de cassation (French) appeal court Coureur (French m.) a man whose affections are easily transferred from one woman to another, a man who chases women Coureur des bois (French m.) a wandering hunter an individual who engaged in the fur trade without permission from the French authorities. The coureurs des bois operated during the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries in eastern North America. The term literally means "runner of the woods". Later, a limited number of permits were issued to coureurs des bois who became known as voyageurs Coureur des bois from which the second extract has been taken Courroie (French f.) strap Courrone (French) a pause Cours (French m.) class, course Cours collectif (French m.) group lesson Cours du soir (French m.) evening class Course a pair or more of strings tuned to the same note or the same note an octave apart Cours magistral (French m.) (university) lecture Courtal synonymous with curtal Courtaud synonymous with curtal Courtaut synonymous with curtal Court bouillon (French) a well flavoured cooking liquor for fish Court dance 'historical dance' or 'early dance' is a collective term covering a wide variety of dance types from the past. Many popular or folk dances were taken up as 'court dances', which, in the case of the wilder dances, meant a slowing of the tempo and a more conservative choreography, for example, the sarabande Courtesan in mid-sixteenth-century usage, a courtesan was a high-class prostitute or mistress, especially one associated with rich, powerful, or upper-class men who provided luxuries and status in exchange for her services. In Renaissance Europe, courtesans played an important role in upper-class society, sometimes taking the place of wives at social functions Courtesan from which this extract has been taken Courtesy accidental see 'accidental' Courtesy clef a clef placed before the last barline (which may be a single or double barline) on a staff if the clef begins immediately on the following staff Courtesy key signature a key signature placed after the last barline (which may be a single or double barline) on a staff if the new key signature begins on the following staff Courtesy time signature a time signature placed after the last barline (which may be a single or double barline) on a staff if the new time signature begins on the following staff Courtesy Turn in contradance, a basic figure which is generally done when the ladies are crossing the set to the gentlemen. The gentlemen allows the lady to turn around while moving, continuing to move forward. The gentlemen moves backward during the figure Courtesy Turn from which this extract has been taken Courting flute a simple North-American duct flute Anonymous, North American Indian (Winnebago) / Vertical Whistle Flute (Courting Flute) Courtisan (French m.) courtier Court Jew a term, typically applied to the Early Modern period, for historical Jewish bankers who handled the finances of, or lent money to, European royalty and nobility Court Jew from which this extract has been taken Courtly love (Medieval French, fin amour, amour courtois) the songs of the troubadours were built on the product of chivalric ideals: the notion of courtly love. Through Machaut and later master composers, the inspiration of the amour courtois gave birth to the chanson. Sharon Scholl, in Music and the Culture of Man (New York: Holt, 1970), provides valuable insight: "Love, often in the guise of subjective mysticism, was an underlying element in the religious thought of the Middle Ages. Philosophers such as Bonaventura and Duns Scotus stressed the power of love over intellect and glorified the intuitive apprehension of God. Dante was conducted through Hades by Virgil in the guise of human reason; only Beatrice in the role of Divine Love could guide him into heavenly realms. However, the love elements of the lyric poets idealised the emotional relationship between an individual man and woman. The Grail quest was translated into a quest for a lady's favour. Heroism in a religious or political cause became self-cultivation in the code of chivalry. The lyric movement emphasised the conflicts growing within medieval society. Countering the monastic ideology of woman as an evil influence was the image of divine womanhood conceived by the French Provençal poets. The relationship of the knight and his adored lady became for many the only true measure of honour, justice and morality." the concept also permeated German and Italian literature. The German equivalent of fin amour is Minne (hence Minnesänger), and the Italian poets of the dolce stil nuovo cultivated similar subject matter Courtly love The tradition of courtly love from which some of the extract above has been taken Courtoisie (German f., French f.) comity Court of Love in medieval convention, a court of love is an assemblage of women presided over by a queen or noblewoman. At this mock-court, various young knights or courtiers are summoned to court and put on "trial" by the ladies for their crimes against love. These crimes might be neglecting their sweethearts, failing to wear their ladies' tokens at jousts, and so on Literary Terms and Definitions from which this entry has been taken Court poetry, Galician-Portuguese Galician-Portuguese court poetry, though inspired by its older counterpart in France, developed in different ways. It is true that the cantiga d'amor, in which a man sings to his beloved, tends to closely imitate Provençal and French models, sometimes with ho-hum results, but the more spontaneous cantiga d'amigo derives from a primitive song tradition on the Peninsula. Here the trovador assumes the role of a woman, usually of humble origin, pining after her lover, who is off at sea or otherwise absent. The themes tend to be repetitive, but the skilful use of parallelism can produce verses that grip by their rhythms and that were no doubt the more haunting when sung. The satirical cantiga d'escarnho, on the other hand, tends to be more virulent, and obscene, than that which the troubadours across the Pyrenees composed Troubadour poetry Court shoe a medium heeled, often pointed shoe, popular in black Court size postcards ranging between 2 1/4 x 3 1/4" and 3 1/2 x 4 1/2" that began being manufactured in Great Britain in 1894 couru (French, literally 'running') in dance, a term used, for example, in pas de bourrée couru to describe running pas de bourrée steps Couscous (from the Arabic) an African dish made by steaming spherical granules of semolina wheat, coated with finely ground wheat flour, over a bowl of boiling broth Cousin (m.), Cousine (German f.), Cousinen (German pl.), Cousins (pl.) (English, German) cousin, coz (colloquial: cousin) Cousin ersten Grades (m.), Cousine ersten Grades (f.) (German) first cousin Cousin zweiten Grades (m.), Cousine zweiten Grades (f.) (German) second cousin Coussin (French m.) shoulder rest, shoulder pad, spalliera (Italian f.), Schulterstütze (German f.) Coussinet (French m.) cushion Coûte que coûte (French) no matter what the cost or penalty (figurative) Couture (German f., French f.) dress-making, fashion in women's clothing Couturier (German m., French m.) fashion designer Couturière (French m.) dressmaker Couvent (French m.) convent, monastery Couvercle (French m.) lid Couvert (French m.) a place setting at a table (German n.) envelope couvert (m.), couverte (f.) (French) covered, muffled Couverture (French) a form of cooking chocolate, a covering couvrir (French) to cover Coventry Carol a Christmas carol dating from the 16th Century, originally performed in Coventry as part of a mystery play called The Pageant of the Shearmen and Tailors. The play depicts the Christmas story from the Gospel of Matthew. This carol presents the Massacre of the Innocents in which Herod orders all male infants in Bethlehem killed. The lyrics of this haunting carol represent a mother's lament for her doomed child. It is the only carol that has survived from this play Coventry Carol from which this extract has been taken Cover also called 'cover version', a recording of a song already a hit by another artist, often its composer in the theatre, to improvise dialogue (i.e. ad lib) or movement about the stage (i.e. blocking), while remaining in character, following a mistake or accident on stage (German m./f.) understudy (singer, dancer, etc.), a performer who replaces another (usually a principal performerr) who is indisposed. [suggested by Michael Zapf] (German n.) sleeve (of a gramophone record) Covered fifths see 'hidden fifths' Covered octaves see 'hidden octaves' Covered string a type of string which has a layer of soft wire (usually silver or copper, sometimes aluminium) wrapped over a harder core usually of metal wire, silk or gut Covered tone the tone-quality produced when a singer's voice is pitched in the soft palate, the timbre is veiled and gentle, but the transitional notes have a greater intensity and beauty Covergirl (German n.) cover girl Cover girl an attractive young woman whose picture is featured on a magazine cover covern (German) to cover (song) Cover stock see 'card stock' Coverversion (German f.) cover version Cover version (English, Coverversion (German f.)) in popular music a cover version is a new rendition (performance or recording) of a previously recorded song. Popular musicians may play covers as a tribute to the original performer or group, to win audiences who like to hear a familiar song, or to increase their chance of success by using a proven hit or to gain credibility by its comparison with the original song. Covering material is an important method in learning various styles of music. Bands may also perform covers for the simple pleasure of playing a familiar song. A cover band plays cover versions exclusively Cover version from which this extract has been taken Coverversion (German n.) cover version Co-Vorsitzender (German m.) co-chair Cowbell cloche de vache (French), Almglocken (German), Kuhglocken (German), Heerdenglocken (German), campanaccio (Italian), cencerro (Spanish) a thin walled iron bell mounted on a frame, with its clapper removed, used as an orchestral percussion instrument, often to mimic the dry sound of bells worn by animals; in Latin-America, the cowbell is descended from the guataca, and includes the timbale-mounted bells (mambo, cha-cha, charanga), campana, agogo and comparsa bells. The patterns performed on these bells, when used either alone or simultaneously, make up most of the metallic percussive rhythms of Afro-Cuban popular music in performance, the bell is gripped at the closed end between the thumb and the smaller fingers, with the index and middle fingers pointing down towards the mouth of the bell. By placing these fingers on the mouth or removing them, a closed or open sound is obtained. In Latin-American music, the hand cowbell is usually quite large, and often simply plays single strokes on the beat Cowboy (m.), Cowgirl (f.), Cowboys (m.pl.), Cowgirls (f.pl.) (English, German) a hired hand who tends cattle and performs other duties on horseback Cowboyhut (German m.) cowboy hat Cowboyjargon (German m.) cowboy jargon Cowboystiefel (German pl.) cowboy boots Cowboy-Überhosen (German pl.) chaps Cowl a soft draping of fabric, cut so that the fabric can hang in soft folds, often found on necklines, backs and even trousers a loose gown with hanging sleeves and a hood, worn by Benedictine and other monks hood-shaped covering of a chimney or ventilating shaft Cow-lick projecting lock of hair Cowling removable cover of a vehicle or aircraft engine Co-worker person who works with another Cow-pat flat round piece of cow-dung Cow-pat school or 'cow-pat music', a derogatory term, coined by the English composer Elizabeth Lutyens (1906-1983), used to describe the early twentieth-century school of English composers who were inspired by English folk songs, of which several of them were important collectors, including Ralph Vaughan Williams (1872-1958), Gustav Holst (1874-1934), John Ireland (1879-1962) and Arnold Bax (1883-1953) Cowpunk see 'alternative country' Co-write to write with another person (to joint authors, etc.) Coxcomb an ostentatiously conceited man, a superficial pretender to knowledge or accomplishments Coxswain person who steers, especially a rowing-boat Coy affectedly modest or shy especially in a playful or provocative way Cozen to cheat, to defraud, to beguile, to act deceitfully Cozy cover to keep a teapot, etc. hot comfortable and warm, snug