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CM abbreviation of 'Northern Mariana Islands' (US Trust Territory of the Pacific) cm abbreviation of 'centimetre(s)', comédie en musique (French) C major the key of 'C major', do maggiore (Italian), C-Dur (German n.), ut majeur (French), do mayor (Spanish m.) [entry corrected by Michael Zapf] the scale of 'C major' C minor the key of 'C minor', do minore (Italian), c-moll (German n.), ut mineur (French), do menor (Spanish m.) CMC acronym for the Computer Music Center at Columbia University cmda abbreviation of comédie mêlée d'ariettes (French) CMN in music, an acronym for 'Common (Western) Music Notation' c-Moll (German n.) the key of 'C minor' CMYK colours cyan, magenta, yellow and black, (CMYK), form the basis of process printing. The "K", meaning 'key', is used to signify black to avoid confusion with blue. The combination of these primary subtractive colours in varying proportions is what creates the illusion of a full colour printed image. When all three subtractive primaries are combined as pure light, black is formed. But the interaction of chemical colour pigments with light when combined produces a dark muddy brown instead of a black. Because of the inability to produce an optical black, black ink needs to be added to the three primaries in order to overcome this problem CMYK-Farbmodell (German n.) cyan, magenta, yellow, black (CMYK) (four colour printing process) CNC acronym for 'Computer numerical control' (a computer "controller" that reads G-code and M-code commands and drives a machine tool, a powered mechanical device, etc.) CNC-Drehmaschine (German f.) CNC lathe CNN opera a somewhat deprecatory description of contemporary operas taking as themes news events; or of classical opera transposed to a contemporary setting. The name alludes to Cable News Network, CNN CNN opera from which this extract has been taken C-nøgle (Danish) a clef sign which marks the position of the note C on the staff, for example, the alto clef CNR abbreviation of Centre national de recherche (French: national research institute) CNRS abbreviation of Centre national de la recherche scientifique (French: national scientific research institute) Cnt. abbreviation of 'cornet' Cntr abbreviation of 'cantor' [entry supplied by Ed Batutis] C.O. abbreviation of 'choir organ' co. abbreviated form of come CO2-Löschanlage (German f.) carbon dioxide fire extinguishing system, CO2 fire extinguishing system Coacción (Spanish f.) coercion, compulsion coaccionar (Spanish) to coerce, to compel Coach (English, German m.) someone in charge of training an athlete or a team, a person who gives private instruction (as in singing, acting, etc.) motor bus carrying many passengers, a railway carriage for passengers, a carriage pulled by four horses with one driver Coachen (German n.) coaching Coach-horn post-horn Coaching (English German n.) the job of a professional coach coagular (Spanish) to coagulate, to clot (blood), to curdle (milk) coagularse (Spanish) to coagulate, to clot (blood), to curdle (milk) Coalición (Spanish f.) coalition Coalition (French f.) coalition Coalottino synonymous with concertino Coartada (Spanish f.) alibi coartar (Spanish) to hinder, to restrict (freedom, etc.) Coarticulation the overlap among sounds in conversational speech. An example is the /s/ in "sue", which is produced with rounded lips because it is influenced by the upcoming /u/ coasser (French) to croak Coatdress a dress that is tailored like a coat and buttons up the front Coated paper paper that has a coating applied to it giving the sheet a brighter, glossier appearance, and improved printability by preventing ink absorption. Paper was originally coated by hand, but by the mid-19th century the process was completely mechanised. Coatings are made from substances like china clay or calcium carbonate, and can account for 50% of a paper’s weight Coautor (m.), Coautora (f.) (Spanish) coauthor Co-Autor (German m.) coauthor Coaxing (endearing) or coaxingly (endearingly), simpático (Spanish), accarezzevole (Italian), überredend (German), caressant (French) Cob an American term for a pinned wooden barrel, as used in some automatic music players Cobalt (English, German n.) a hard ferromagnetic silver-white bivalent or trivalent metallic element Cobarde (Spanish m.) coward cobarde (Spanish) cowardly Cobardía (Spanish f.) cowardice Cobaye (French m.) guinea pig Cobayo (m.), Cobaya (f.) (Spanish) guinea pig Cobertera (Spanish f.) lid Cobertizo (Spanish m.) lean-to, shelter Cobertor (Spanish m.) blanket, bed-spread Cobertura (Spanish f.) covering Cobertura de seguros (Spanish f.) insurance cover Cobija (Spanish f., Latin America) blanket, bedclothes cobijar (Spanish) to shelter, to give protection (figurative), to give refuge (figurative) cobijarse (Spanish) to take shelter, to take refuge (figurative) Cobijo (Spanish m.) shelter Cobla traditional Catalan street brass bands of Spain, who accompany the folk dance called the sardana Cobra (English, Spanish f.) venomous Asiatic and African elapid snakes that can expand the skin of the neck into a hood Cobrador (m.), Cobradora (f.) (Spanish) conductor, conductress (f.) cobrar (Spanish) to collect, to earn, to charge, to cash (cheque), to recover (recuperate), to be paid cobrarse (Spanish) to recover Cobre (Spanish m.) copper, 'brass' (instruments) Cobres (Spanish m.pl.) the brass (collective term: as in 'brass instruments'), cuivres (French) Cobro (Spanish m.) collection, cashing (a cheque), payment Cobsa a short-necked pear-shaped lute from Romania Coburg-Insel (German f.) Coburg Island Coburg Island one of the members of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago in the Queen Elizabeth Islands, in the Canadian territory of Nunavut Cobza a short Moldavian short lute, with eight strings (four double courses), related to the cobsa and derived from the kopuz. The same instrument is called koboz in Hungary Cocabauer (German m.) coca farmer Cocablätter (German pl.) coca leaves Cocada (Spanish f. - Latin America) sweet coconut Cocain (German n.) cocaine Cocaína (Spanish f.) cocaine Cocaine a narcotic (alkaloid) extracted from coca leaves Cocaïne (French f.) cocaine Cocarde (French f.) rosette Cocarde tricolore (French f.) a roundel of ribbon to be worn mostly on hats. In 1789 the tricolore was adopted as a means to declare ones revolutionary sympathies, and later as a national symbol of the new France. By July 1792 a law was passed making it mandatory for all men to wear the tricolore cocarde. The following year the Societé des Républicaines-Révolutionnaires, a fervently Republican club of middle and lower class women, took to the streets threatening to whip any woman who failed to don the cockade, even though the wearing of them had not been mandated for women Cocarde tricolore cocardier (m.), cocardière (f.) (French) chauvinistic cocasse (French) comical Cocchiata (Italian) a serenade in a coach Coccinelle (French f.) ladybird, (VW) beetle (car) Cocción (Spanish f.) cooking, baking (technical), firing (pottery, etc.) cocer (Spanish) to cook, to boil, to bake Coche (Spanish m.) car, motor car, automobile, coach (of a train), carriage (of a train) Coche cama (Spanish m.) sleeping car (in a train) coche-cama (Spanish) sleeper (un compartimento coche-cama: a sleeping compartment) Coche de dos puertas (Spanish m.) two-door car Coche fúnebre (Spanish m.) hearse Cochenille (German f.) cochineal Cocher (French m.) coachman cocher (French) to tick, to tick off, to check Cochera (Spanish m.) garage; (de autobuses) depot Coche restaurante (Spanish m.) dining-car Coches de alquiler (Spanish m.pl.) rental cars (US), hire cars Coches de choque (Spanish m.pl.) dodgems Cochinada (Spanish f.) dirty thing Cochineal a scale insect (Dactylopius coccus) from Mexico and Central America that lives on prickly pear cactus, the female of which are full of red carminic acid. They are collected, dried and crushed to create red dyes that were highly prized by the early European textile industry and still used today. The crimson or carmine dye, also called carmine lake or crimson lake, is also called cochineal (in gilding) it is used to create a transparent pigment making it attractive to gilders as a pigmentation material for finishes on leafed surfaces. It produces a brilliant scarlet Cochinilla (Spanish f.) cochineal Cochino (Spanish m.) pig cochino (Spanish) dirty, filthy Cochlea (s.), Cochleae (pl.) (English, German f.) the snail-shaped bone-encased fluid-filled organ of hearing. Anatomically, the cochlea is regarded as the inner ear. The cochlea receives vibrations conveyed from the timpanic membrane via the small bones of the middle ear. The last of these bones is connected to the oval window of the cochlea. Sound-induced vibrations are communicated to fluid in a tube-shaped chamber that is coiled to make 2 and one-half rotations. Motions of this fluid cause interior membranes (the tectorial and basilar membranes) to be displaced. Hair cells imbedded in these membranes are activated and the resulting neural impulses are communicated to the auditory nerve which exits from the cochlea. The cochlea is roughly the size of the tip of one's little finger Cochlear implant conventional hearing aids simply amplify sound rather than making it clearer. Current cochlear implants allow people to listen easily to speech, but not music. An external box contains a microphone to pick up the sound, converts it from radiowaves into electrical signals (using batteries to power the implant) which are transmitted via an electrode inside the ear to the auditory nerve in the cochlea. A new implant is being developed by a team at the UK's National Physical Laboratory that resembles a comb, with a number of bar-shaped elements (or tines) that vibrate in response to sound. Each tine tuned to resonate like a tuning fork at a different, narrow range of frequencies and is coated with a piezoelectric material - which creates an electrically generated pulse - so it does not require an external power supply. By adjusting the length and diameter of the elements, the researchers have tuned each to resonate at a different, narrow range of frequencies. When a sound, such as a musical note, causes one of the elements to vibrate, the flexing of the piezoelectric material produces a small voltage. This is transmitted directly to the auditory nerve Cochlearimplantat (German n.) cochlear implant Cochlearisbahn (German f.) auditory system Cochlée (French f.) or limaçon, cochlea Cochon (French m.) pig (animal) Cochon (French m./f.) pig (name given to a person) cochon (m.), cochonne (f.) (French) filthy Cochonnerie (French f.) filth, rubbish (poor quality product) Cocido (Spanish m.) stew cocido (Spanish) cooked Cociente (Spanish m.) quotient Cociente intelectual (Spanish m.) intelligence quotient, IQ Cocina (Spanish f.) kitchen, cookery (the art of cooking), cuisine, cooker (equipment) Cocina amueblada (Spanish f.) fitted kitchen Cocina de gas (Spanish f.) gas cooker Cocina eléctrica (Spanish f.) electric cooker cocinar (Spanish) to cook Cocinero (Spanish m.) cook Cockaigne pays de cocagne (French m.), Schlaraffenland (German n.), an imaginary land of great luxury and ease in the early years of the nineteenth century the name Cockaigne began to be applied to London Cockerspaniel (German m.) (English) cocker spaniel Cocker spaniel a small breed with wavy silky hair, originally developed in England Cockle finish a finish on machine made paper that is made to resemble the uneven puckered finish of hand made paper. This effect is created by air drying the paper under little or no tension and is used most often for bond writing paper Cockney (English, German m.) a native of the east end of London Cockney (German n.) Londonese Cockney-Akzent (German m.) cockney accent Cockpit (English, German n.) compartment where the pilot sits while flying the aircraft (English) a pit for cockfights, Hahnenkampfplatz (German m.) [correction by Michael Zapf] the name of the theatre used from 1617 by Queen Anne’s Men, named for their patron Anne of Denmark, James I's wife, of which Christopher Beeston was a member and for which Thomas Heywood wrote Cocktail (Englis, German m., French m.) cocktail (drink), cocktail party Cocktailbar (German f.) cocktail lounge Cocktail dress cocktail dress or cocktail gown is a short knee length dress shape of the 1920s, lightweight wool, satin, silk and velvet fabrics cut to reveal the shoulders and arms worn at cocktail parties and other semi-formal and formal occasions Cocktailempfang (German m.) cocktail reception Cocktailglas (German n.) cocktail glass Cocktail gown cocktail dress Cocktailhappen (German m.) canapé Cocktailkarte (German f.) cocktail menu Cocktailkirsche (German f.) cocktail cherry Cocktailkleid (German n.) cocktail dress Cocktail music see 'lounge music' Cocktailparty (German f.) cocktail party Cocktailspieße (German pl.) cocktail sticks Coco (Spanish m.) coconut, coconut palm, head, bogeyman South American wooden block Côco a rhythm that is a blend of Northeastern Brazil and the Caribbean, played by a percussion ensemble on a variety of drums, surdo, congas, bells and cuicas Côco CoCo abbreviation of 'Concert Companion', a device invented by an American, Roland Valliere. It consists of a small screen held in the palm of the hand during concerts on which live messages sent from a control box flash explaining what is going on. One commentator describing the system reports that 'in the early stages of a performance of Stravinsky's Firebird, the CoCo reads: "Stravinsky's virtuosic orchestration reaches a climax in this passage, where the illusion WHOOSHES! is created by passing lines quickly from instrument to instrument.' The screen can also offer live close-ups of the conductor and soloists Cocobalé stick fighting dance, a variation of the sicá style of bomba from Puerto Rica see bomba Cocodrilo (Spanish m.) crocodile Cocon (French m.) cocoon Coconut shells the shell of the coconut, split in two, and drummed on the floor or a board will produce a good simulation of the sound of horses galloping, for which purpose they are used as a sound-effect Cocooning (English, German n.) the term given to the trend that sees individuals socialising less and retreating into their home more Cocorico (French m.) cock-a-doodle-doo Cocoriddo South American 'border songs' that chose as their subjects those involved in the narcotics business Cocosinseln (German pl.) Cocos (Keeling) Islands Cocos (Keeling) Islands the Territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands, also called Cocos Islands and Keeling Islands, is a territory of Australia. There are two atolls and twenty-seven coral islands in the group. The islands are located in the Indian Ocean, about halfway between Australia and Sri Lanka Cocotier (French m.) coconut palm Cocotte (French f.) porcelain or earthenware shallow dish, used for cooking (French f.) a prostitute Cocotte minute (French f.) pressure-cooker Cóctel (s.), Cóctels (pl.), Cócteles (pl.) (Spanish m.) cocktail, cocktail party Cocu (French m.) cuckold Cod (slang) joke, hoax, parody, take-off Cod. abbreviation of Codex (Latin) Coda (English, German f., Italian f., from the Latin cauda, literally 'tail') a closing passage generally added to the end of a composition. A coda’s function is generally to provide a strong conclusion to the work, giving the piece a grander sense of finality. It can, however, introduce new musical material, as we sometimes see in Beethoven’s works, or in the 2nd movement of Brahms’s Ein deutsches Requiem (German Requiem) see 'sonata form' (Italian f.) beam in dance, the finale of a classical ballet in which all the principal dancers appear separately or with their partners in dance, the third and final dance of the classic pas de deux, pas de trois or pas de quatre Coda Coda Coda sign   used with instructions such as al Coda or 'to Coda', this sign marks the beginning of the Coda (corrected by Kim Krenzer) Coda uncinata (s.), Code uncinate (pl.) (Italian) the flag attached to the tail of a note to show its length, for example, one flag for a quaver (eighth note), two flags for a semiquaver (sixteenth note), etc. Codazo (Spanish m.) nudge (with one's elbow), tipoff (Mexico) Code (English, German m., French m.) a set of rules or principles or laws (especially written ones) codear (Spanish) to elbow, to nudge Code-Buch (German n.) code book Code de la route (French m.) Highway Code Code erzeugen (German) to generate code Codein (German n.) codeine Codeine a derivative of opium, used as an antitussive (to relieve coughing) and an analgesic (to relieve pain) Code Napoléon (French m., German m.) Napoleonic code (originally called the Code civil des Français), the French civil code, established under Napoléon I coder (French) to (generate) code Codes (French m. pl.) dipped headlights Code-switching a term used in linguistics. In bilingual or multilingual speech, rapidly changing from the vocabulary, grammar, and patterns of one language to another, often in mid-sentence Codetta (Italian, literally 'little tail') diminutive form of coda, a passage within a composition in sonata form which, while resembling a coda, occurs at the end of the exposition rather than at the end of the piece linking passage between two thematic entries in a fugue a short coda Codex (s.), Codices (pl.) (Latin) a set of simple wooden boards sewn together used by the Romans from the 1st century AD. The early Coptic Christians of Egypt discovered that by folding sheets of vellum or parchment in half and sewing them through the fold, they could produce a book that could be written on both sides. Wooden boards held it together, and, to protect it when it was being carried, the whole book was slipped into a goatskin leather bag. Later the term codex was applied to any handwritten book, in particular one produced from Late Antiquity through to the Middle Ages. The scholarly study of manuscripts from the point of view of the bookmaking craft is called codicology. The study of ancient documents in general is called paleography Codex from which this information has been taken Code-Wort (German n.) code word Codewörter (German pl.) codewords Codger or old codger, a man of mature years who is mildly eccentric Codicia (Spanish f.) greed codiciado (Spanish) coveted, sought after codiciar (Spanish) to covet codicioso (Spanish) greedy codicioso de (Spanish) greedy for Codicology the study of a codex, an older handwritten book. It is closely related to palaeography, the study of handwriting in older manuscripts, and to philology, the study of language and culture in older texts. Codicology concerns itself chiefly with the book as a physical object and as an artifact that should be understood within its cultural context - it has therefore been referred to as 'the archaeology of the book' Codicology from which this information has been taken Codieren (German n.) cryptography (writing codes) codieren (German) to encode, to code Codierschlüssel (German m.) cipher codiert (German) coded, encoded codierte (German) encoded codiertes Signal (German n.) coded signal Codierung (German f.) coding, encoding codifier (French) to codify Código (Spanish m.) code Código de la circulación (Spanish m.) Highway Code Códigos HTML (Spanish m.pl.) HTML codes Tabla de ASCII estándar, nombres de entidades HTML, ISO 10646, ISO 8879, ISO 8859-1 alfabeto romano numero 1 Soporte para browsers: todos los browsers ASCII   HTML HTML   Dec Hex Símbolo Numero Nombre Descripción 32 20 &#48;   espacio 33 21 ! &#33;   signo de cierre de exclamación / admiración 34 22 " &#34; &quot; comillas dobles 35 23 # &#35;   signo de número 36 24 $ &#36;   signo de dólar 37 25 % &#37;   signo de porcentaje 38 26 & &#38; &amp; signo "&" / ampersand 39 27 ' &#39;   comilla / apóstrofe 40 28 ( &#40;   paréntesis izquierdo 41 29 ) &#41;   paréntesis derecho 42 2A * &#42;   asterisco 43 2B + &#43;   signo de más / adición 44 2C , &#44;   coma 45 2D - &#45;   signo de menos / sustracción / guíon / raya 46 2E . &#46;   punto 47 2F / &#47;   barra oblicua - barra de división ASCII   HTML HTML   Dec Hex Símbolo Numero Nombre Descripción 48 30 0 &#48;   cero 49 31 1 &#49;   uno 50 32 2 &#50;   dos 51 33 3 &#51;   tres 52 34 4 &#52;   cuatro 53 35 5 &#53;   cinco 54 36 6 &#54;   seis 55 37 7 &#55;   siete 56 38 8 &#56;   ocho 57 39 9 &#57;   nueve 58 3A : &#58;   dos puntos 59 3B ; &#59;   punto y coma 60 3C < &#60; &lt; signo de menor que 61 3D = &#61;   signo de igual 62 3E > &#62; &gt; signo de mayor que 63 3F ? &#63;   signo de interrogación - cierre ASCII   HTML HTML   Dec Hex Símbolo Numero Nombre Descripción 64 40 @ &#64;   símbolo arroba 65 41 A &#65;     66 42 B &#66;     67 43 C &#67;     68 44 D &#68;     69 45 E &#69;     70 46 F &#70;     71 47 G &#71;     72 48 H &#72;     73 49 I &#73;     74 4A J &#74;     75 4B K &#75;     76 4C L &#76;     77 4D M &#77;     78 4E N &#78;     79 4F O &#79;     ASCII   HTML HTML   Dec Hex Símbolo Numero Nombre Descripción 80 50 P &#80;     81 51 Q &#81;     82 52 R &#82;     83 53 S &#83;     84 54 T &#84;     85 55 U &#85;     86 56 V &#86;     87 57 W &#87;     88 58 X &#88;     89 59 Y &#89;     90 5A Z &#90;     91 5B [ &#91;   corchete izquierdo 92 5C \ &#92;   barra inversa 93 5D ] &#93;   corchete derecho 94 5E ^ &#94;   signo de intercalación - acento circunflejo 95 5F _ &#95;   signo de subrayado ASCII   HTML HTML   Dec Hex Símbolo Numero Nombre Descripción 96 60 ` &#96;   acento grave 97 61 a &#97;     98 62 b &#98;     99 63 c &#99;     100 64 d &#100;     101 65 e &#101;     102 66 f &#102;     103 67 g &#103;     104 68 h &#104;     105 69 i &#105;     106 6A i &#106;     107 6B k &#107;     108 6C l &#108;     109 6D m &#109;     110 6E n &#110;     111 6F o &#111;     ASCII   HTML HTML   Dec Hex Símbolo Numero Nombre Descripción 112 70 p &#112;     113 71 q &#113;     114 72 r &#114;     115 73 s &#115;     116 74 t &#116;     117 75 u &#117;     118 76 v &#118;     119 77 w &#119;     120 78 x &#120;     121 79 y &#121;     122 7A z &#122;     123 7B { &#123;   llave de apertura - izquierda 124 7C | &#124;   barra vertical 125 7D } &#125;   llave de cierre - derecho 126 7E ~ &#126;   signo de equivalencia / tilde 127 7F   &#127;   (no definido en estándar HTML 4) ASCII   HTML HTML   Dec Hex Símbolo Numero Nombre Descripción 128 80   &#128;   (no definido en estándar HTML 4) 129 81   &#129;   (no definido en estándar HTML 4) 130 82   &#130;   (no definido en estándar HTML 4) 131 83   &#131;   (no definido en estándar HTML 4) 132 84   &#132;   (no definido en estándar HTML 4) 133 85   &#133;   (no definido en estándar HTML 4) 134 86   &#134;   (no definido en estándar HTML 4) 135 87   &#135;   (no definido en estándar HTML 4) 136 88   &#136;   (no definido en estándar HTML 4) 137 89   &#137;   (no definido en estándar HTML 4) 138 8A   &#138;   (no definido en estándar HTML 4) 139 8B   &#139;   (no definido en estándar HTML 4) 140 8C   &#140;   (no definido en estándar HTML 4) 141 8D   &#141;   (no definido en estándar HTML 4) 142 8E   &#142;   (no definido en estándar HTML 4) 143 8F   &#143;   (no definido en estándar HTML 4) ASCII   HTML HTML   Dec Hex Símbolo Numero Nombre Descripción 144 90   &#144;   (no definido en estándar HTML 4) 145 91   &#145;   (no definido en estándar HTML 4) 146 92   &#146;   (no definido en estándar HTML 4) 147 93   &#147;   (no definido en estándar HTML 4) 148 94   &#148;   (no definido en estándar HTML 4) 149 95   &#149;   (no definido en estándar HTML 4) 150 96   &#150;   (no definido en estándar HTML 4) 151 97   &#151;   (no definido en estándar HTML 4) 152 98   &#152;   (no definido en estándar HTML 4) 153 99   &#153;   (no definido en estándar HTML 4) 154 9A   &#154;   (no definido en estándar HTML 4) 155 9B   &#155;   (no definido en estándar HTML 4) 156 9C   &#156;   (no definido en estándar HTML 4) 157 9D   &#157;   (no definido en estándar HTML 4) 158 9E   &#158;   (no definido en estándar HTML 4) 159 9F   &#159;   (no definido en estándar HTML 4) ASCII   HTML HTML   Dec Hex Símbolo Numero Nombre Descripción 160 A0   &#160; &nbsp; espacio sin separación 161 A1 ¡ &#161; &iexcl; signo de apertura de exclamación / admiración 162 A2 ¢ &#162; &cent; signo de centavo 163 A3 £ &#163; &pound; signo de Libra Esterlina 164 A4 ¤ &#164; &curren; signo de divisa general 165 A5 ¥ &#165; &yen; signo de yen 166 A6 ¦ &#166; &brvbar; barra vertical partida 167 A7 § &#167; &sect; signo de sección 168 A8 ¨ &#168; &uml; diéresis - umlaut 169 A9 © &#169; &copy; signo de derechos de autor - copyright 170 AA ª &#170; &ordf; género feminino - indicador ordinal feminino 171 AB « &#171; &laquo; comillas anguladas de apertura 172 AC ¬ &#172; &not; signo de no - símbolo lógico 173 AD ­ &#173; &shy; guión débil 174 AE ® &#174; &reg; signo de marca registrada 175 AF ¯ &#175; &macr; macrón - raya alta ASCII   HTML HTML   Dec Hex Símbolo Numero Nombre Descripción 176 B0 ° &#176; &deg; signo de grado 177 B1 ± &#177; &plusmn; signo de más o menos 178 B2 ² &#178; &sup2; superíndice dos - cuadrado 179 B3 ³ &#179; &sup3; superíndice tres - cúbico 180 B4 ´ &#180; &acute; acento agudo - agudo espaciado 181 B5 µ &#181; &micro; signo de micro 182 B6 ¶ &#182; &para; signo de fin de párrafo 183 B7 · &#183; &middot; punto medio - coma Georgiana 184 B8 ¸ &#184; &cedil; cedilla 185 B9 ¹ &#185; &sup1; superíndice uno 186 BA º &#186; &ordm; género masculino - indicador ordinal masculino 187 BB » &#187; &raquo; comillas anguladas de cierre 188 BC ¼ &#188; &frac14; fracción un cuarto 189 BD ½ &#189; &frac12; fracción medio - mitad 190 BE ¾ &#190; &frac34; fracción tres cuartos 191 BF ¿ &#191; &iquest; signo de interrogación - apertura ASCII   HTML HTML   Dec Hex Símbolo Numero Nombre Descripción 192 C0 À &#192; &Agrave; A mayúscula con acento grave 193 C1 Á &#193; &Aacute; A mayúscula con acento agudo 194 C2  &#194; &Acirc; A mayúscula con acento circunflejo 195 C3 à &#195; &Atilde; A mayúscula con tilde 196 C4 Ä &#196; &Auml; A mayúscula con diéresis 197 C5 Å &#197; &Aring; A mayúscula con anillo 198 C6 Æ &#198; &AElig; diptongo AE mayúscula (ligadura) 199 C7 Ç &#199; &Ccedil; C cedilla mayúscula 200 C8 È &#200; &Egrave; E mayúscula con acento grave 201 C9 É &#201; &Eacute; E mayúscula con acento agudo 202 CA Ê &#202; &Ecirc; E mayúscula con acento circunflejo 203 CB Ë &#203; &Euml; E mayúscula con diéresis 204 CC Ì &#204; &Igrave; I mayúscula con acento grave 205 CD Í &#205; &Iacute; I mayúscula con acento agudo 206 CE Î &#206; &Icirc; I mayúscula con acento circunflejo 207 CF Ï &#207; &Iuml; I mayúscula con diéresis ASCII   HTML HTML   Dec Hex Símbolo Numero Nombre Descripción 208 D0 Ð &#208; &ETH; ETH islandesa mayúscula 209 D1 Ñ &#209; &Ntilde; N mayúscula con tilde - eñe mayúscula 210 D2 Ò &#210; &Ograve; O mayúscula con acento grave 211 D3 Ó &#211; &Oacute; O mayúscula con acento agudo 212 D4 Ô &#212; &Ocirc; O mayúscula con acento circunflejo 213 D5 Õ &#213; &Otilde; O mayúscula con tilde 214 D6 Ö &#214; &Ouml; O mayúscula con diéresis 215 D7 × &#215; &times; signo de multiplicación 216 D8 Ø &#216; &Oslash; O mayúscula with slash 217 D9 Ù &#217; &Ugrave; U mayúscula con acento grave 218 DA Ú &#218; &Uacute; U mayúscula con acento agudo 219 DB Û &#219; &Ucirc; U mayúscula con acento circunflejo 220 DC Ü &#220; &Uuml; U mayúscula con diéresis 221 DD Ý &#221; &Yacute; Y mayúscula con acento agudo 222 DE Þ &#222; &THORN; THORN islandesa mayúscula 223 DF ß &#223; &szlig; s minúscula (alemán) - Beta minúscula ASCII   HTML HTML   Dec Hex Símbolo Numero Nombre Descripción 224 E0 à &#224; &agrave; a minúscula con acento grave 225 E1 á &#225; &aacute; a minúscula con acento agudo 226 E2 â &#226; &acirc; a minúscula con acento circunflejo 227 E3 ã &#227; &atilde; a minúscula con tilde 228 E4 ä &#228; &auml; a minúscula con diéresis 229 E5 å &#229; &aring; a minúscula con anillo 230 E6 æ &#230; &aelig; diptongo ae minúscula (ligadura) 231 E7 ç &#231; &ccedil; c cedilla minúscula 232 E8 è &#232; &egrave; e minúscula con acento grave 233 E9 é &#233; &eacute; e minúscula con acento agudo 234 EA ê &#234; &ecirc; e minúscula con acento circunflejo 235 EB ë &#235; &euml; e minúscula con diéresis 236 EC ì &#236; &igrave; i minúscula con acento grave 237 ED í &#237; &iacute; i minúscula con acento agudo 238 EE î &#238; &icirc; i minúscula con acento circunflejo 239 EF ï &#239; &iuml; i minúscula con diéresis ASCII   HTML HTML   Dec Hex Símbolo Numero Nombre Descripción 240 F0 ð &#240; &eth; eth islandesa minúscula 241 F1 ñ &#241; &ntilde; eñe minúscula - n minúscula con tilde 242 F2 ò &#242; &ograve; o minúscula con acento grave 243 F3 ó &#243; &oacute; o minúscula con acento agudo 244 F4 ô &#244; &ocirc; o minúscula con acento circunflejo 245 F5 õ &#245; &otilde; o minúscula con tilde 246 F6 ö &#246; &ouml; o minúscula con diéresis 247 F7 ÷ &#247; &divide; signo de división 248 F8 ø &#248; &oslash; o barrada minúscula 249 F9 ù &#249; &ugrave; u minúscula con acento grave 250 FA ú &#250; &uacute; u minúscula con acento agudo 251 FB û &#251; &ucirc; u minúscula con acento circunflejo 252 FC ü &#252; &uuml; u minúscula con diéresis 253 FD ý &#253; &yacute; y minúscula con acento agudo 254 FE þ &#254; &thorn; thorn islandesa minúscula 255 FF ÿ &#255; &yuml; y minúscula con diéresis HTML 4.01, ISO 10646, ISO 8879, alfabeto romano extendido A y B, Soporte para browsers: Internet Explorer > 4, Netscape > 4 ASCII   HTML HTML   Dec Hex Símbolo Numero Nombre Descripción 268 10C Č &#268;   C mayúscula con caron 269 10D č &#269;   c minúscula con caron - acento hacek 338 152 Œ &#338;   OE mayúscula (ligadura) 339 153 œ &#339;   oe minúscula (ligadura) 352 160 Š &#352;   S mayúscula con caron 353 161 š &#353;   s minúscula con caron - acento hacek 376 178 Ÿ &#376;   Y mayúscula con diéresis 402 192 ƒ &#402;   f minúscula itálica - signo de función ASCII   HTML HTML   Dec Hex Símbolo Numero Nombre Descripción 8211 2013 – &#8211;   raya corta 8212 2014 — &#8212;   raya larga 8216 2018 ‘ &#8216;   comilla izquierda - citación 8217 2019 ’ &#8217;   comilla derecha - citación 8218 201A ‚ &#8218;   comilla de citación - baja 8220 201C “ &#8220;   comillas de citación - arriba izquierda 8221 201D ” &#8221;   comillas de citación - arriba derecha 8222 201E „ &#8222;   comillas de citación - abajo 8224 2020 † &#8224;   cruz 8225 2021 ‡ &#8225;   doble cruz 8226 2022 • &#8226; &bull; viñeta - bullet 8230 2026 … &#8230; &hellip; puntos suspensivos 8240 2030 ‰ &#8240;   signo de pro mil 8364 20AC € &#8364; &euro; signo de euro 8482 2122 ™ &#8482;   signo de marca registrada - trade mark Codling a young or small cod, perhaps salted a greenish elongated English apple used for cooking to cook (as eggs) in liquid slowly and gently just below the boiling point, to treat with extreme or excessive care or kindness, to pamper Codo (Spanish m.) elbow, bend Codology (Irish colloquial term) joke, leg-pull, untrue talk, nonsense Codon a bell Codorniz (Spanish m.) quail Codpiece or braguette, originally an inverted triangular section of cloth sewn into the hose around a man's groin, the codpiece by the sixteenth century was padded and boned and became so large that it was often used to carry small weapons, jewels, or food Coeducación (Spanish f.) coeducation Coeffichier (French, archaic) an ornament designed to be fixed to a person's hat Coelstin d'amour or 'piano ex forte', a pinaoforte with a compass of 4 2/3 octaves, with two sets of hammers of different hardness, but without dampers, supposedly invented by Harman Bernard Vietor (or Viator), a London-based organist and piano maker who came to London, from Germany, sometime between the late 1750s or 1760, and flourished between 1761 and sometime after 1770 Coéquipier (m.), Coéquipière (f.) (French m./f.) team-mate Coerción (Spanish f.) coercion Coetáneo (Spanish m.) contemporary coetáneo (Spanish) contemporary Coetaneous of equal age, duration, or period, coeval Coeur (French m.) heart, hearts (cards) Coeur a ses raisons que la raison connaît point, le (French) the heart has reasons that the reason knows nothing of (that is, intuitive convictions) Coeur d'artichaut (French) artichoke heart Coeur de palmier (French) heart of palm Coeval of the same age, existing at the same time, contemporary Coexistence (French f.) coexistence Coexistencia (Spanish f.) coexistence coexister (French) to coexist coexistir (Spanish) to coexist Coffee Cantata J. S. Bach's Cantata BWV 211 composed for perfomance by Bach's Collegium at Zimmerman's Coffee House, Leipzig, between 1732 & 1734, to a libretto written by Christian Friedrich Henrici Coffeeshop (German m.) coffee shop, cannabis cafe (jargon) Coffee-Shop (German m.) coffee shop, cannabis cafe (jargon) Coffin an oblong box in which a corpse is buried the horny part of a horse's hoof (in medieval cookery) a mould of pastry for a pie Coffre (French m.) chest, safe (for valuables), boot (car) (French m.) Korpus (German m.), cassa (armonica) (Italian f.), corpus, body (of a musical instrument), the belly or body of a lute, guitar, etc. Coffre-fort (s.), Coffres-forts (pl.) (French m.) safe coffrer (French) to lock up Coffret (French m.) casket, box Cofradía (Spanish f.) brotherhood Cofre (Spanish m.) chest Co-Fürst (German m.) co-prince (one of the co-rulers of Andorra) Cog or cog-built vessel, a type of ship that first appeared in the 10th century, and was widely used from around the 12th century on. Cogs were generally built of oak, which was an abundant timber in the Baltic region coger (Spanish) to take, to catch (train, bus, etc.), to take hold of, to pick up, to pick (fruit, etc.), to fit coger a uno desprevenido (Spanish) to catch someone unawares coger el tren (Spanish) to catch the train coger la delantera (Spanish) to get ahead cogerse (Spanish) to trap, to catch coger un atajo (Spanish) to take a shortcut cogió la puerta (Spanish) off he went (familiar) cogli altri (Italian, literally 'with the others') an instruction given to a solo player after their solo has ended telling them to now follow the part of the other players [entry provided by Brandon Hendrix] cogli, coi (Italian pl.) with the (plural object) coglie fiori nel giardino (Italian) picking the flowers in the garden cogli instrumenti (Italian pl.) with the instruments Cognac (English, German m., French m.) a brandy from the Cognac region of France Cognac-coloured a range of colours from amber to brown cognacfarben (German) cognac-coloured Cognate cognates are words that match each other to some degree in sound and meaning, come from a common root in an older language, but did not actually serve as a root for each other. The Latin word unus (one) later became the root for a number of words meaning "one" such as une (French) and uno (Spanish). Une and uno are cognates (that is, cousins or siblings on the family tree of languages), but unus is the root or ancestor for these relatives Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken Cognato (Italian m./f.) brother/sister in law cogner (French) to knock Cognitive biases a pattern of deviation in judgment that occurs in particular situations. Implicit in the concept of a "pattern of deviation" is a standard of comparison; this may be the judgment of people outside those particular situations, or may be a set of independently verifiable facts. The existence of some cognitive biases has been verified empirically in the field of psychology Cognitive biases from which this extract has been taken Cognitive science the study of thinking, knowing, and intellectual reaction; of the process of comprehending, judging, remembering, and reasoning; and of the acquisition, organisation, and uses of knowledge Cognomen (s.), Cognomina (pl.) (Latin) originally the third name of an Ancient Roman in the Roman naming convention, a nickname, a hereditary name (originally, the family name of a Roman citizen, i.e. a surname) Cognoscente (s.), Cognoscenti (pl.) (Italian, literally 'those who know') connoisseurs of art, literature or music - those with refined tastes (the singular form is little used) the word cognoscenti implies a deeper knowledge than connoisseur, although it is sometimes used in English with a hint of irony Cogollo (Spanish m.) heart (lettuce, etc.), cream (figurative: the best), centre (figurative) Cogote (Spanish m.) back of the neck Cohabitation (French f.) living together cohabiter (French) to live together cohechar (Spanish) to bribe Cohecho (Spanish m.) bribery cohérent (m.), cohérente (f.) (French) coherent coherente (Spanish) coherent Cohesion in social policy, the bonding that bring members of a society, community or other group together the grammatical and lexical relationship within a text or sentence Cohésion (French f.) cohesion Cohesión (Spanish f.) cohesion Cohete (Spanish m.) rocket, pistol Cohibición (Spanish f.) inhibition cohibir (Spanish) to restrict, to inhibit (person) cohibirse (Spanish) to feel inhibited, to restrain oneself Cohorte (French f.) troop Cohue (French f.) an unruly crowd, a noisy mob coi (Italian pl.) with the coi (m.), coite (f.) (French) silent coi bassi (Italian pl.) with the basses Coif a cap that fits the head loosely a thick skullcap, as of leather, formerly worn under a hood of mail mail hood covering the head Coiffe (French f.) head-dress coiffer (French) to do the hair of, to put on (hat), to cap (a bottle, etc.) coiffé de (French) wearing Coiffeur (m.), Coiffeuse (f.) (German m., French m.) hair stylist, hairdresser Coiffeur de dames (French m.) a woman's hairdresser Coiffeure (German f. - Switzerland) hairdressing Coiffeuse (French f.) dressing-table Coiffure (German f., French f.) hairstyle, hat, hairdressing (occupation) (originally also in the sense of head-dress) (German f.- Switzerland) hairdressing salon Coiffure bouffante (French f.) a hairdressing style in which the hair is made to stand away from the head Coign of vantage an advantageous position for observation or action Coiled trumpet see 'trumpet, coiled' Coimbra fado the fado de Coimbra is a genre of fado originating in the city of Coimbra, Portugal. It was adopted as the music of the university students, becoming known as Fado de Estudante (student fado), but is usually considered the typical music of the city itself. It is performed with the traditional Coimbra guitar (guitarra de Coimbra), a modified version of Lisbon's fado guitar allegedly created by Artur Paredes, and usually accompanied by classic acoustic guitar and male voices Coimbra Fado from which this extract has been taken Coimbra guitar see guitarra de Coimbra Coin (French m.) corner, spot, wedge, die (for stamping metal, wood, etc.) (French m.) punta (Italian f.), punte (Italian pl.), Ecke (German f. s.), Ecken (German f. pl.), corner(s) - on a stringed instrument (for example, a violin), the place where blocks (called corner blocks) are glued (above and below the bouts) on better quality instruments for strength coincer (French) to jam, to wedge, to catch (entrap) Coïncidence (French f.) coincidence Coincidencia (Spanish f.) coincidence coincidente (Spanish) coincidental coincidir (Spanish) to coincide dar la coincidencia (Spanish) to happen coïncider (French) to coincide Coing (French m.) quince Coin piano nickelodeon coi sordini (Italian) with the mutes coi violini (Italian pl.) with the violins Col (French m.) collar, neck (of a bottle) (English, French m., German m.) (mountain) pass col(s). abbreviation of 'column(s)' col', coll', colla, collo (Italian) with the (singular object) colà (Italian) there Colaboracion (Spanish f.) contribution Colaborador (Spanish m.) collaborator Colaboradores (Spanish m. pl.) editorial board colaborar (Spanish) to collaborate Colabrodo (Italian m.) colander Colachon (French m.) colascione Coladeira also coladera or koladera, from the 1930s, a swifter form of morna, more light-hearted and humorous, with sensual rhythms. It is the successor to the funana and alsthough formerly dance music from Sao Vicente Island, it became the favourite dance (in which couples are so close that they appear "glued" together) of the Cape Verdeans Coladeira col arco (Italian) or coll'arco, with the bow colare (Italian) to strain, to filter, to sieve, to cast (metal), to riddle, to pour out drop by drop, to flow, to run, to drain, to drop, to drip, to trickle, to leak, to melt, to gutter (candle), to sink Colascione (Italian m., English, German m.) also calascione or colachon (French m.), the colascione closely resembles a three-course long-necked lute with a body of relatively small dimensions and single or double (usually metallic) strings. However, the name colascione was given to those instruments similar in form (long-necked lutes or another characterised by proportions in which length dominates) and those which were used for similar occasions (lute which accompanied a singer, played with a technique that did not use chords.) Colaticcio (Italian m.) drippings, dregs Colatoio (Italian m.) strainer, colander Colazione (Italian f.) breakfast, lunch, luncheon, first or second meal of the day prima colazione (Italian: breakfast) col basso (Italian) with the bass col c. abbreviated form of col canto col canto (Italian, literally 'with the song') to follow the melody or the singer (in matters of tempo, etc.), colla parte, avec la voix Colcheia (Portuguese) quaver, an eighth note, a note one eighth the time value of a whole note or semibreve Coldcream (German f./n.) an emulsion for softening and cleansing the skin Cold Cream (English, German f.) an emulsion for softening and cleansing the skin col destra (Italian) with the right hand Cold reading a reading aloud from a script or other text without any rehearsal, usually in the context of an audition or workshop Theater terms from which this entry has been taken Coldwave since the middle of the 1990s, the term “coldwave” has been used in the US to describe a primarily American style of industrial music, mainly industrial metal and industrial rock Coldwave (USA) from which this entry has been taken Colección (Spanish f.) collection, series Colección antológica de pintura de los años sesenta (Spanish f.) retrospective of sixties paintings Colección privada (s.), Colecciones privadas (pl.) (Spanish f.) private collection Coleccionista (Spanish m./f.) collector Colega (Spanish m./f.) colleague Colegiata (Spanish f.) collegiate-church Colei (Italian f.) she, that woman Colenda a Romanian Christmas song Colère (French f.) anger, fit of anger coléreusement (French) angry, angrily, sternly, wrathful, adiratamente (Italian), zornig (German), aufgebracht (German) coléreux (m.), coléreuse (f.) (French) quick-tempered, irascible, easily angered, peppery (personality) colérique (French) quick-tempered, irascible, easily angered, peppery (personality) col ginocchio (Italian) with the knee Colibri (French m., Italian m.) humming-bird Colica (Italian f.) colic, gripes Colico (Italian m.) colic, griping Colifichet (French m.) trinket, bauble, knick-knack, any small object of no great value Colin (French m.) hake (fish) Cölinblau (German n.) cerulean blue (light greenish-blue pigment consisting essentially of oxides of cobalt and tin) Colinda a Romanian Christmas song Colino (Italian m.) strainer Colino da tè (Italian m.) tea-strainer Colique (French f.) diarrhoea, colic Colis (French m.) parcel Colite (Italian f.) colitis Colitis ulcerosa (German f.) colitis ulcerativa, ulcerative colitis coll. abbreviation of 'collected by' coll' see col' Colla (Italian f.) glue, paste colla see col' collaborare (Italian) to collaborate collaborare a (Italian) to contribute to, to write for (a newspaper, etc.) Collaborateur (m.), Collaboratrice (f.) (French) collaborator Collaboration (French f.) collaboration Collaboration à (French f.) collaboration on, contribution to Collaboratore (m.), Collaboratrice (f.) (Italian) collaborator, contributor Collaborazione (Italian) collaboration collaborer (French) to collaborate collaborer à (French) to collaborate on, to contribute to (a publication) colla destra (Italian) with the right hand Colla di pesce (Italian f.) fish glue, isinglass Collage (s.), Collagen (German pl.) (English, German f., from the French colle, 'glue') a technique, drawn from the visual arts, where musical fragments from other compositions are juxtaposed or overlapped within a new work collage can be seen as a central force in the various arts of the twentieth century, including music. Collage in music should be considered as more than just a collection of other people's music used in another composer's piece. By expanding the idea of collage to include cultural explosions and reconstitutions, unilateral use of European and American ideas by each other, access to art and ideas of the non-Western world, and the mixture of culture and music theory, a strong transition between Modernism and Postmodernism can be followed. The modernist music of Stravinsky and Debussy at the fin-de-siècle introduced orientalist musical theories and sounds into their own music. This use of orientalism led the way for Primitivism and its various guises throughout the rest of the twentieth century. Collage took a front seat in the music and culture of the twentieth century after World War II. The techniques used in early film played an important role for the emergence of collage in post-war music by giving composers the chance to suggest many past musical styles in quick succession without using long transitions. Composers also continued the tradition of using cultural, literary, and architectural collages in their compositions instead of only creating collage by cutting and pasting from earlier composers Collage Music Borrowings from which this comment has been taken Collana (Italian f.) necklace, collection, series (of literary works) Collant (Italian m. pl., French m. pl.) tights, leotard (of a dancer) collant (m.), collante (f.) (French) skin-tight, sticky colla parte (Italian, literally 'with the part') to follow the speed of the solo singer or principal instrumentalist colla più gran forza e prestezza (Italian) as loud, and as quick as possible colla punta d'arco (Italian) alla punta d'arco (Italian), at the point or tip of the bow, an der Bogenspitze (German f.), an der Spitze (German), avec la pointe de l'archet (French), de la pointe (French), à la pointe (French), con la punta del arco (Spanish) colla punta dell'arco (Italian) in string playing, (play) with the point of the bow coll'arco (Italian) mit dem Bogen (German), avec l'archet (French), (play) with the bow, a direction used at the end of a pizzicato passage Collare (Italian m.) collar (dog, insignia), bands (clerical) Collaretto (Italian m.) small collar, lace collar, shirt collar, neckband colla sinistra (Italian) with the left hand Collasso (Italian m.) collapse (medical) Collation (English, French f.) light meal collatorale (Italian) collateral, side collaudare (Italian) to test, to approve, to pass colla voce (Italian, literally 'with the voice') to follow the speed of the singer collazionare (Italian) to collate, to compare (M.S.S., etc.) Collazione (Italian f.) collation, patronage, gift of a benefice, transfer of a legacy Colle (French f.) glue, paste (fish, meat, etc.), poser (a problem), (school) detention (slang) (Italian m.) hill (of moderate height) colle see col' collect. abbreviation of 'collective', 'collectively' Collectable a manufactured item that possesses the attractive characteristics necessary to cause someone to save it without any regard to its practical use. The term collectable entered general use in the 1930s to distinguish vintage objects from antiques which implies an age of at least a hundred years Collectanea (Latin) collection (particularly, notes and quotations collected from various sources) Collecte (French f.) collection Collected set a published set containing all (or a selected subset) of a composer's works, usually edited by scholars and often representing a solid body of research in its own right collecter (French) to collect Collecteur (French m.) main sewer collectif (m.), collective (f.) (French) collective, group (ticket, journey) Collection (English, French f.) in modern atonal music, a term used for a group of notes, not necessarily what is defined as a 'set' (where the collection must be 'ordered') although a 'set' is a collection collectionner (French) to collect Collectionneur (m.), Collectionneuse (f.) (French) collector Collective improvisation in jazz, a situation where several instrumentalists improvise at once collectivement (French) collectively Collective noun, Collective Pronoun a noun such as team or pair that technically refers to a collective group of individuals or individual items. What makes them tricky in grammar? They can be singular or plural (e.g., one team, two teams, or one pair, two pairs.) Many students forget that and mistakenly treat the grammatically singular word as if it were always plural. Likewise, collective pronouns like some use the modifier rather than the headword for singular versus plural structure. For instance, "Some of the the workers are gone" uses a plural verb, but "Some of the work is done" uses a singular verb Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken Collective nouns terms for groups of animals, birds and insects (for example, 'herd' of cows, 'flock' of birds, 'swarm' of insects, etc.) Collective Nouns Collective unconscious in twentieth-century Jungian psychology, this term refers to a shared group of archetypes (atavistic and universal images, cultural symbols, and recurring situations dealing with the fundamental facts of human life) passed along to each generation to the next in folklore and stories or generated anew by the way must face similar problems to those our ancestors faced. Within a culture, the collective unconscious forms a treasury of powerful shared images and symbols found in our dreams, art stories, myths, and religious icons Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken Collectivité (French f.) community Colleen (from the Irish) a young (Irish) girl Colleen bawn (from the Irish, 'darling girl') sweetheart Collega (s.), Colleghi (pl.) (Italian m.) colleague(s) Collegamento (Italian m.) connection, junction, union collegare (Italian) to connect, to join, to link, to unite collegato a (Italian) also insito in (Italian), connesso con (Italian), incidental to College (English, German n.) a secondary school - for example, Eton College (English, German n.) a postsecondary institution that provides an undergraduate education and, in some cases, master's level degrees. College, in a separate sense, is also a division of a university - for example, College of Business Collège (French m.) (secondary) school, college Collegiate church a church served by a body of canons or prebendaries; not housing the throne of a bishop and therefore not a cathedral; served by secular canons rather than monks Collegiat-Kirche see Stiftskirche Collégien (m.), Collégienne (f.) (French) schoolboy (m.), schoolgirl (f.) College rock in the US, a term used to describe 1980s alternative rock before the term "alternative" came into common usage. So named because it was primarily played on college radio stations, these bands combined the experimentation of post punk and new wave with a more melodic pop style and an underground sensibility. It is not necessarily a genre term, but there do exist some common aesthetics among college rock bands Collegiate rock from which this extract has been taken College youths a name given to a society of bell-ringers that included gentlemen of learning and respectability amongst its members Collegezeit (German f.) time at college, college days Collégiale (French f.) a collegiate church Collegiata (Italian f.) a collegiate church Collegiate church Stiftskirche (German f., most commonly used), Collegiat-kirche (German f., rarer), Kollegiatkirche (German f., rarer), collegiata (Italian f.), collégiale (French f.), colegiata (Spanish f.), a church having, like a cathedral, a chapter of regular clergy (priests living by a monastic rule), who together perform the offices (canonical hours) Collegiate Shag a form of swing dancing, similar to the Balboa (another swing dance), but with different footwork Collegiate Shag Collegiat-kirche (German f.) a collegiate church [entry provided by Michael Zapf] Collegium musicum an association or guild of amateur musicians originally used in Germanic countries during the 16th-, 17th- and 18th-centuries and later used in North America in the 18th- and 19th-centuries to denote a similar association of musicians col legno (Italian, literally 'with the stick') mit der Bogenstange (German), avec le bois (French), to strike the strings with the wood of the bow, rather than the hair. Col legno tends to work better on the lower positions. In higher positions the technique produces very little sound and you have to use a lot more violence (with the bow) there are three forms of col legno: col legno to get a sound, you need to use a tiny bit of the hair of the bow. Using just the wood, there so little sound that when composers write col legno to be played fortissimo with a crescendo it can’t be done col legno battuto the string is struck with the back of the bow. When col legno appears in the music, many players will be reluctant to do it. Bows are expensive and many believe that col legno damages the bow particularly if any great dynamic level is expected col legno dell'arco synonymous with col legno col legno tratto the player drags the wood of the bow across instead of striking the string Col legno Collègue (French m./f.) colleague coller (French) to stick, to glue (apply adhesive, affix), to stick up, to stick, to keep in (at school) (slang), to stump (someone is unable to answer a question), to be sticky coller à (French) to fit, to correspond to, to stick to Collet (French m.) snare (trap) Collet de violon (French m.) the neck of the violin collet monté (French) prim and proper Collezione (Italian f.) collection Collie (English, German m.) or, in English, Border Collie, a silky-coated sheepdog with a long ruff and long narrow head developed in Scotland Collier (German n., French m.) necklace (with jewels) (French m.) (dog) collar Colline (French f.) hill Collision (French f.) collision (for example, between cars), clash (fight, struggle) colln abbreviation of 'collection' collo (Italian) with the Collocation the frequency or tendency some words have to combine with each other. For instance, the phrases "tall person" and "high mountain" seem to fit together readily without sounding strange. A non-native speaker might talk about a "high person" or "tall mountain," and this construction might sound slightly odd to a native English speaker. The difference is in collocation Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken Collodion a colourless syrupy solution of pyroxylin in ether and alcohol, used as a coating for wounds or photographic films Collodium (German n.) collodion Colloque (French m.) symposium Colloquialism a word or phrase used everyday in plain and relaxed speech, but rarely found in formal writing Colloquium (s.), Colloquia (pl.) an informal academic conference or group discussion coll'ott., col 8va abbreviated form of coll' ottava coll'ottava (Italian, literally 'with the octave') to be played in octaves, by adding notes an octave higher or an octave lower coll'ottava basso (Italian, literally 'with the octave below') to be played in octaves, by adding notes an octave lower Colloquium (s.), Colloquia (pl.) (Latin) a discussion, a discourse, an address Collotype also called 'glass printing', a continuous tone printing process invented by Josef Albert in Germany in 1868. It starts with a glass plate coated with a photosensitive dichromate colloid gelatin. When exposed to light through a reverse negative, the lit areas harden into an insoluble finish in proportion to the tones of the image. The dichromate in areas with little or no exposure to light is washed out from the gelatin in cold water. It is then printed in a similar manor to a lithograph coll'unghie (Italian) with the finger-nails Collyer, William Bengo (1782-1854) Congregational minister and religious writer, author of hymns, services and popular lectures Collyre (French m.) eye drops colmater (French) seal, fill in (hole) col martello (Italian) with the hammer col mazzapicchio del tamburo (Italian) with the snare drum stick Colofane (French f.) bow resin, bow rosin, colofonia (Italian f., Spanish f.), Kolophonium (German n.) Colofonia (Italian f., Spanish f.) bow resin, bow rosin, Kolophonium (German n.), colophane (French f.) Cologne Cathedral Kölner Dom (German m.) or Dom zu Köln (German m.), commenced in the Medieval period, this enormous building was not completed until the late nineteenth century. The cathedral has twelve church bells, of which four are medieval. The first was the 3.8-ton Dreikönigenglocke ("Bell of the Three Kings"), cast in 1418, installed in 1437, and recast in 1880. Two of the other bells, the Pretiosa (10.5 tons; at that time the largest bell in the Occident) and the Speciosa (5.6 tons) were installed in 1448 and remain in place today [entry extended by Michael Zapf] Cologne Cathedral from which some of this material has been taken Colombe (French f.) dove Colombianas flamenco style influenced by South American rhythms Colombie (French f.) Colombia Colon (French m.) settler, a colonist (particularly, a settler in a French colonial territory) Colonnade a structure consisting of a row of evenly spaced columns Colonel (French m.) colonel (military rank) Coloniakübel (German m. - Austria) dustbin, refuse bin Colonial (m.), Coloniale (f.) (French) colonial colonial (m.), coloniale (f.) (French) colonial Colonialism the term refers broadly and generally to the habit of powerful civilizations to "colonize" less powerful ones Colonial period American historians use this term to refer to the years in the American colonies before the American Revolution against the British Monarchy - usually dating it from 1607 (when Jamestown was founded) to 1787 (when Congress ratified the Federal Constitution) Colonie (French f.) colony Colonie de vacances (French f.) children's holiday camp coloniser (French) to colonise Colonna sonara (Italian f.) soundtrack Colonne (French f.) column Colonne vertébrale (French f.) spine Colonne sonore (French f.) soundtrack Colophane (French f.) bow resin, bow rosin Colophon (Greek, literally 'summit', 'finishing touch') originating as early as the thirteenth century BC on ancient clay tablets, an inscription or a device added, originally by the scribe, to the end of a manuscript or printed book when it was completed (it supplies information similar to that found on the title-page of a modern book, i.e. facts about the scribe, the location of its production, the date it was completed, sometimes a donor might be mentioned) (French) bow resin, bow rosin Colophonium (Latin, German) bow resin, bow rosin Colophony bow resin, bow rosin (a pine resin named after ancient Colophon, a town in Lydia that is part of modern Turkey) Color (Latin) timbre, quality Colorant (French m.) colouring Coloration (French f.) colour, colouring found in Ars Nova notation. Philippe de Vitry (1291-1361) suggested using ink colour to indicate a shift from duple to triple time or the reverse. During the 15th- and 16th-centuries, coloration was used as shorthand for dotted figures. The two types of coloration produced two slightly different results. In one case, when used in music to be played in duple meter (2/4, 4/4, etc.), coloration indicated triplets; in music written to be played in triple-meter (3/4, 6/8, etc.), coloration produced the effect of 2 against 3, what we know as 'hemiola' (for example, three crotchets (quarter notes) in a 6/8 bar). Half-coloration is a term applied to a two note ligature in which only one of the notes is 'in coloration'. The 'uncolored' note is of normal length while the 'colored' is shortened by a third of its time value the term is also used to describe a pattern of pitches (longer than a motive) in an isorhythmic voice, possibly repeated but with varying rhythms timbre colorato (m.), colorata (f.) (Italian, an Italian term that is actually derived from the German Koloratur) or coloratura, extemporary or written vocalisation decorated with runs and cadenzas. generally employed to display the skill of the singer the term may also be applied to similarly decorated instrumental writing Coloratura Coloratura (Italian f.) see colorato Coloratura soprano a term that may be used for: a soprano acuto sfogato a very high and acrobatic soprano with a range extending to the high F, such as the 'Queen of the Night' in Die Zauberflöte (Mozart) a soprano leggero a very flexible light soprano, often used in soubrette roles, such as 'Zerlina' in Don Giovanni (Mozart) a high lyric soprano for example, 'Sofie' in Der Rosenkavalier (Richard Strauss); 'Blondchen' in The Abduction from the Seraglio (Mozart) female roles in Chinese opera particularly those involving vocals with numerous trills and inflections a non-classical singer always denoting a singer of acrobatic range, easily accessing whistle register Colorature (French f.) see colorato Color carne (Spanish m.) flesh tone (skin colour) Colordiapositivfilm (German m.) film for colour transparencies Colores acordes (Spanish m.pl.) colours that go well together, colours that blend well together Colornegativfilm (German m.) film for colour prints colorer (French) to colour, to stain (wood) Colorido tonal (Portuguese) tone-colour colorier (French) to colour, to colour in Coloris (French m.) colour in music, the changes in vocal or instrumental 'tone colour' as a work progresses, whether those changes are achieved through changes in instrumentation (for example, in an orchestral work) or registration (for example, in a work for harpsichord or organ) Color music see 'colour music' Color proofing see 'colour proofing' Color reeds in the organ, reed stops designed to be used as solo stops colossal (English, French) very large, huge, very substantial, tremendously colossale (Italian) very large, huge, very substantial, tremendously Colosse (French m.) giant Colossus (Latin from the Greek) a gigantic statue, anything that impresses by its mere size Colostrum (Latin) beestings, the first milk secreted by a mammal after parturition Colotomic a musical form defined by rhythmic cycles, which may involve major cycles that are subdivided into smaller cycles a feature of gamelan Colourant that ingredient, whether dye or pigment, that imparts colour to another substance Colouration see 'coloration' Colour field painting abstract painting in which colour is emphasised and form and surface are correspondingly de-emphasised Colour filter a transparent sheet of dyed glass, plastic, or gelatin used in photography to selectively absorb certain colours of the visual spectrum while permitting others to pass through Colour music Farbmusik (German f.), Farbenmusik (German f.), the correspondence between the seven notes of the musical octave and the seven colours in light has engaged the attention of philosophers, musical theorists, artists, physicists and mathematicians since the time of the ancient Greeks [additional information by Michael Zapf] Colour and Music Colour Music by Niels Hutchinson Colour photo engraving an expensive, complicated and ultimately commercially unsuccessful, intaglio printing process by which a print simulating natural colour can be created from black & white photographs. This method was made possible by Frederick Ives’ invention of panchromatic emulsions in 1881 [entry corrected by Michael Zapf] Colour proofing in printing this term describes a wide range of techniques which have been developed to reproduce full colour images from film or digital data available, prior to the actual print run; thus allowing the client, colour separation house and printer to view the "proofed" result, prior to the actual print run Colour reeds in the organ, reed stops designed to be used as solo stops Colour separation the process of dividing an image into individual colour segments. Each colour segment is copied onto a printing plate, separately inked in different colours, and when printed in perfect registration produces a full coloured image col piatto (Italian) with the flat Colpo (Italian m.) a stroke, a blow Colpo attutito (Italian m.) muffled stroke, muffled beat (of a drum) Colpo d'arco (Italian m.) bow stroke, arcata (Italian f.), Bogenführung (German f.), Bogenstrich (German m.), Strichart (German f.), coup d'archet (French m.) Colpo del battaglio (Italian m.) strike of the bell Colpo di lingua (Italian m.) tonguing Colpo di martello (French m.) hammer-blow Colpo di tamburo (Italian m.) drumbeat Colportage the distribution of religious publications, books, tracts, etc., by carriers called colporteurs colporter (French) to hawk Colporteur (m.), Colporteuse (f.) (French) hawker a travelling bookseller, one who sells books and pamphlets from door to door Colpo secco sul piatto (Italian) short blow on the cymbals, short stroke on the cymbals Colpo semplice (Italian m.) a single stroke, a single blow Colpo soffice e lungo sul piatto (Italian m.) soft long cymbal blow Colpo strisciato (Italian m.) striped beat, striped stroke col pugno (Italian, literally 'with the fist') bang the piano with the fist col punta d'arco (Italian) with the tip of the bow Col roulé (French m.) polo-neck, turtle-neck (US) cols. abbreviation of 'columns' col sinistra (Italian) with the left hand Colt (English, German m.) a young male horse under the age of four col tallone della mano (Italian) with the wrist Coltrane changes the Coltrane changes (or Coltrane Matrix) are a substitute harmonic progression popularized by jazz musician John Coltrane on his 1960 album Giant Steps, specifically in his compositions "Giant Steps" and "Countdown", the latter which is a reharmonized version of Miles Davis's "Tune Up." Coltrane changes from which this extract has been taken (St.) Columban boat song see 'boat song' Columbarium (s.), Columbaria (pl.) a building or a wall with niches or recesses for cinerary urns, originally a reference to Roman sepulchres, but now a reference to similar arrangements in a modern crematorium Columbia one of the three Cuban rumba rhythms, columbia is played in 6/8, sung with a combination of Spanish and African phrases, traditionally danced only by men in a dance often depicting a challenge one to another, and performed with tumbadoras, guataca or cowbell and claves, sometimes together with shekerés and bombo Columbien (German n.) Colombia Column used to indicate a pillar of any shape, although strictly confined to cylindrical Classical pillars; in Romanesque and Gothic architecture more correctly known as a pier a recurring piece or article in a newspaper, magazine or other publication in typography, a column is one or more vertical blocks of text positioned on a page, separated by margins and/or rules Columnist the writer of a recurring piece or article in a newspaper, magazine or other publication Coluna de ar (Portuguese) air-column Colza (French m.) rape(-seed) Colza oil or 'rape-seed oil', an edible light yellow to brown oil from rapeseed used also as a lubricant or illuminant Colzaöl (German n.) colza oil com abbreviation of componimento (Italian) Com. abbreviation of 'Comedy' Coma (English, German n., French m.) prolonged deep unconsciousness (Spanish f.) comma (interval), comma (punctuation mark: ,) Coma de Didymos (Spanish f.) comma of Didymus, also known as the syntonic comma, an interval defined by the frequency ratio 81:80 Coma de Holder (Spanish f.) Holdrian comma or Holder's comma (sometimes called the Arabian comma), a musical interval equivalent to 1/53 of an octave (i.e. 2^(1/53)) Coma de Mercator (Spanish f.) Mercador's comma, an interval defined by the frequency ratio of 53 pure fifths and 31 octaves, equivalant to 3.6 cents Coma de Pitágoras (Spanish f.) Pythagorean comma, an interval defined by the frequency ratio 531441:524288 Coma Georgiana (Spanish f.) Georgian comma or middle dot (punctuation mark: ·) used in editions of classical and early medieval literature to mark off clauses Coma pitagórica (Spanish f.) Pythagorean comma, an interval defined by the frequency ratio 531441:524288 Coma sintónica (Spanish f.) syntonic comma, also known as the comma of Didymus, an interval defined by the frequency ratio 81:80 Comando del suono (Italian m.) sound control Comb a series of tuned metal teeth arranged in a musical scale and providing the basic sound in a music box Combat (French m.) fight, match (sport) Combats (French m. pl.) fighting Combats des Reines (French m. pl., literally 'Battle of the Queens') a traditional cow fight held annually in the western Alpine canton of Valais, in Aproz, Switzerland combatif (m.), combative (f.) (French) eager to fight, fighting (spirit) Combattant (m.), Combattante (f.) (French) fighter, combatant (military) combattre (French) to fight combien de (French) how much (quantity/weight), how many (quantity/in numbers) , how long (time) Combinación (Spanish f.) combination, permutation (mathematics), slip (garment), connection (transport) Combinación de aviones (Spanish f.) flight connections Combinación de colores (Spanish f.) colour combination Combinación de negocio (Spanish f.) merger (of companies) Combinaison (French f.) combination, scheme, slip (female clothing), boiler suit, overalls, wetsuit (diving) Combinaison d'aviateur (French f.) flying-suit Combination action the type of mechanism operated with the hands or feet, which controls the work of the pistons in an organ Combinational tone combination note Combination note or 'resultant tone', a third note heard when two notes are played simultaneously: differential the differential resultant first noticed by Giuseppe Tartini (1692-1770) in 1714 the frequency of the comination note will be the difference of the frequencies of the two separate notes which are sounded summational the theory of combination tones (including both summational and differential forms) developed in 1856 by Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894), from his work on the non-linear response of the ear the frequency of the comination note will be the sum of the frequencies of the two separate notes which are sounded Combination pedal a metal foot-lever above the organ pedals: forte pedal draws all the stops of its particular keyboard mezzo pedal draws the chief 8 ft. and 4 ft. stops of its particular keyboard piano pedal pushes in all but a few of the softest stops on that particular keyboard Combination tone combination note Combinative chansons a term coined by Maria Rika Maniates for a well-defined genre, which features a forme fixe in the superius, with inner voices employing a popular melody, usually a chanson à refrain evoking the chanson rustique. In many cases, the popular melody is presented in canon. The aim of these chansons was to combine popular and courtly styles. The form was cultivated primarily in the third quarter of the 15th century. The term quodlibet can be properly applied to the sixteenth-century German 'combinative chansons' Combinatoriality in music using the twelve tone technique, combinatoriality is a side-effect of derived rows (tone rows whose entirety of twelve tones are constructed from a segment or portion of the whole) where combining different segments or sets, such that the pitch class content of the result fulfills certain criteria, usually the combination of hexachords which complete the full chromatic. The term was first described by Milton Babbitt Combinatoriality from which this information has been taken Combine (French f.) trick, fiddle (fraud) Combiné (French m.) (telephone) receiver Combined Rhythm music of the Dutch Antilles (formerly Dutch West Indies) combiner (French) to combine, to devise Comble (French m.) height (French m.) the culmination (of something), the point of perfection, the acme comblé (m.), comblée (f.) (French) brought to a state of perfection, superbly finished Combles (French m.) attic, loft combler (French) to fill, to make good (a deficit, etc.), to fulfil (a desire), to gratify (a person) combler ... de cadeaux (French) to lavish gifts on ... Combo (s.), Combos (pl.) (English, German f.) an abbreviation of 'combination') type of Latin ensemble developed in the 1950s through the influence of the jazz groups and big bands that employed the drum set, bass, piano in the jazz rhythm section format along with all of the standard Latin percussion of timbales (played by the drum set player), congas and the like. They also employed saxophones and sometimes guitar Combustible (French m.) fuel Combustion (English, French f.) burning Come (Italian) as, like, the same as, as if come appresso (Italian) as follows [corrected by Lars Hellvig] Comeback (English, German n.) rejoinder or retort (a witty or critical reply to a question or remark), return (to popularity, success, etc. after a period of obscurity or failure) Come-back (German n.) comeback Come da lontano (Italian) as from a distance Comedia (Italian f., Spanish f.) comedy, play (in the theatre) Comedia musical (Spanish f.) musical comedy Comedian (s.), Comedians (pl.) a professional entertainer or actor who tells jokes or performs other comedic acts [entry corrected by Michael Zapf] Comédie (French f.) comedy, play Comédie-ballet (French f.) a type of music-theatre devised by Molière (1622-1673) and Jean-Baptiste Lully (1632-1687) almost by accident as part of a performance of their comedy Les Fâcheux (1661) at the Vaux-le-Vicomte château of the Minister of Finance, Nicolas Foucquet (1615-1680) which was given to honour Louis XIV. The genre combines spoken dialogue, dance and music Comédie-ballet (1661-1673) from which this information has been taken Comédie-Française (French f.) or Théâtre Français is the only state theatre in France. It is also one of the few to have its own troupe of actors. The theatre has also been known as the Théâtre Nautique and as the Théâtre de la République. The best-known playwright associated with the Comédie-Française is Molière. He was considered the patron of French actors; however, he died seven years before the birth of La Maison de Molière, as the Comédie-Française is often styled Comédie-Française from which this information has been taken Comédie-humaine, la (French f., 'life's comedy') a figurative term meaning 'the panorama of life' the title of Honoré de Balzac's (1799–1850) multi-volume collection of interlinked novels and stories depicting French society in the period of the Restoration and the July Monarchy (1815-1848) La Comédie humaine from which the information in the second entry has been taken Comédie-Italienne (French f.) the historical Comédie-Italienne presented to the French-speaking public spectacles performed by professional Italian actors originally in Italian but later in French. In 1762, the theatrical company in combination with the Théâtre national de l'Opéra-Comique was known as the Comédie-Italienne, under which it operated until 1780. A series of reforms during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, led to it performing opera seria as well as opera buffa, and being called the Théâtre des italiens or Théâtre-Italien Comédie-Italienne from which the information in the second entry has been taken Comédie larmoyante (French f, literally 'tearful comedy') a genre of French drama of the eighteenth century originated by Pierre Carlet de Chamblain de Marivaux (commonly known as Marivaux) (1688-1763), French novelist and dramatist. In this type of sentimental comedy, the impending tragedy was resolved at the end, amid reconciliations and floods of tears. Plays of this genre that ended unhappily nevertheless allowed the audience to see that a "moral triumph" had been earned for the suffering heroes and heroines Comédie larmoyante from which some of this information has been taken Pierre de Marivaux from which some of this information has been taken Comédie lyrique (French f.) comic opera Comédie mêlée d'ariettas (French f.) a type of French comic opera from the second half of the eighteenth century, light romantic comedies into which songs were inserted, sometimes including social or political comment Comédie musicale (French f.) musical (comedy) Comédien (m.), Comédienne (f.) (French) actor, actress (particularly those specialising in comedy) Comédie noire (French f.) a dramatic work which has a tragic tone even though without a tragic ending Comédie rose (French f.) a dramatic work which has an optimistic tone Comédie rosse (French f.) a bitter, ironical comedy Comedy (s.), Comedies (pl.) (English, German f., from the Greek komos, 'songs of merrimakers') today, a dramatic work that is light and often humorous or satirical in tone and that usually ends with a happy resolution. In the original meaning of the word, comedy referred to a genre of drama during the Dionysia festivals of ancient Athens. Later, in medieval and Renaissance use, the word comedy came to mean any play or narrative poem in which the main characters manage to avert an impending disaster and have a happy ending although the material could be serious in tone and did not have to be humourous Comedy of Humours A Renaissance drama in which numerous characters appear as the embodiment of stereotypical "types" of people, each character having the physiological and behavioural traits associated with a specific humour in the human body Comedy of Innocence in anthropological terms, a comedy of innocence is a ritualized symbolic behavior (or set of such behaviors) designed to alleviate individual or communal guilt about an execution or sacrifice or to hide the blame for such an action a specific myth told by later generations to erase or hide ancient evidence of what looks like the practice of human sacrifice in earlier times, for example, Abraham and Isaac, (Genesis 22:9-13) Literary Terms and Definitions from which these extracts have been taken Comedy of Manners a comic drama consisting of five or three acts in which the attitudes and customs of a society are critiqued and satirized according to high standards of intellect and morality. The dialogue is usually clever and sophisticated, but often risqué. Characters are valued according to their linguistic and intellectual prowess. It is the opposite of the slapstick humor found in a farce or in a fabliau Literary Terms and Definitions from which these extracts have been taken Comedy of the Absurd a modern form of comedy dramatizing the meaninglessness, uncertainty, and pointless absurdity of human existence Comedy Rock a genre that mixes stereotypes of rock and roll lifestyle and general comedy with rock and roll music Comedy rock from which this information has been taken come il primo tempo (Italian) in the same time as at first, as at the beginning come prima (Italian) as before, as at first, as at the beginning (generally refering to an earlier tempo) come retro (Italian) as before Comer See (German m.) Lake Como or Lario, Lago di Como (Italian), Lach de Comm (Insubric), Larius Lacus (Latin), a lake of glacial origin in Lombardy, Northern Italy comerse el coco (Spanish) to think hard Comes (English, German m., from the Latin, literally 'attendant') a term used in counterpoint, for an answer or response, which was used by Fux and other theorists see dux come sopra (Italian) as above, as before, indicating the repetition of a previous, or similar passage (or of an earlier tempo) come stà (Italian) as it stands, as it is written, without any alteration or additional embellishments Comestible something that can be eaten as food comestible (French) edible Comestibles (French m. pl.) foodstuffs Comète (French f.) comet come tempo del tema (Italian) in the same time as the theme Comette, La (Saint Lucia, Caribbean) a Saint Lucian dance, a derivative of the minuet come un mormorio (Italian) like a murmur Comfort Letter (English, German m.) document prepared by an accounting firm assuring the financial soundness or backing of a company Comic (English, German m.) comedian, short for comic book Comic cómico (Spanish), buffo (Italian), Komisch (German), comique (French) Cómica (Spanish f.) comic actress, comedienne Comicalben (German pl.) comic books, comics (books) Comicautor (German m.) comic book writer Comic book comic for short, a magazine or book containing sequential art storytelling, as in comic strips and graphic novels. The term was first derived from newspaper strips, known as the funnies or the comics Comicbuch (German n.) comic book Comicfigur (German f.) comic character, character in a comic Comicheft (German n.) comic book Comicheft (German n.) comic (periodical) Comic-Heft (German n.) comic (periodical) Comicheftchen (German n.) comic (periodical) Comicheld (German m.) comic-strip hero (for example, Superman) Comico (Italian m.) comic actor, comedian, writer of comedies Cómico (Spanish m.) comic actor, writer of comedies comico (m.), comica (f.) (Italian) comic cómico (m.), cómico (f.) (Spanish) comic Comic opera ópera bufa (Spanish f.), opera buffa (Italian f.), komische Oper (German f.), opéra comique (French), opéra bouffe (French) [corrected by Michael Zapf] a term in English for opéra-comique, opera that includes spoken dialogue the term 'comic opera' causes inevitable confusion when it comes to definitions. The term is a translation of the Italian opera buffa. As properly used by musical historians, 'comic opera' refers specifically to the light-hearted musical plays that began to be offered as an alternative to weightier opera seria (seventeenth-century opera based on classical mythology) in Naples around the year 1700 Comic opera Comicreihe (German f.) comic series Comic relief a humourous scene, incident, character, or bit of dialogue occurring after some serious or tragic moment. Comic relief is deliberately designed to relieve emotional intensity and simultaneously heighten and highlight the seriousness or tragedy of the action Literary Terms and Definitions from which these extracts have been taken Comicserie (German f.) comic book series Comicstreifen (German m.) comic strip Comicstrip (German m.) comic strip Comic Strip (English, German m.) a sequence of drawings telling a story in a newspaper or comic book Comiczeichner (German m.) comic artist Comillas (Spanish f. pl.) inverted commas (« », “ ”, ' ') Comillas anguladas de apertura (Spanish f. pl.) opening guillemets («) Comillas anguladas de cierre (Spanish f. pl.) closing guillemets (») Comillas dobles (Spanish f. pl.) double quotation marks (« », “ ”) Cominciante (Italian) a beginner, in music, etc. cominciare (Italian) to begin Cominciata (Italian) the beginning, the commencement Coming-of-Age story a novel in which an adolescent protagonist comes to adulthood by a process of experience and disillusionment. This character loses his or her innocence, discovers that previous preconceptions are false, or has the security of childhood torn away, but usually matures and strengthens by this process. In German, a tale in the genre is called a Bildungsroman or a Erziehungsroman Literary Terms and Definitions from which these extracts have been taken Comingout (German n.) coming out Coming-out (German n.) coming out Coming out or coming out of the closet, a description of the voluntary public announcement of one's sexual orientation and gender identity Comique (French m.) comic (actor), writer of comedy comique (French) comic (genre), comical, comical aspect Comisión (Spanish f.) committee, commission Comitatus (Latin, literally 'companionship' or 'band') the term describes the tribal structure of the Anglo-Saxons and other Germanic tribes in which groups of men would swear fealty to a hlaford (lord) in exchange for food, mead, and heriot, the loan of fine armour and weaponry. The men who swore such an oath were called thegns (roughly akin to modern Scottish "thane"), and they vowed to fight for their lord in battle. It was considered a shameful disaster to outlive one's own lord. The comitatus was the functional military and government unit of early Anglo-Saxon society. The term was first coined by the classical historian Tacitus when he described the Germanic tribes north of Rome Literary Terms and Definitions from which these extracts have been taken Comité (French m., Spanish m.) committee Comity a state or atmosphere of harmony or mutual civility and respect comm(s) abbreviation of 'communion(s)' Comma (s.), Commata (Greek pl.), Commas (English pl.) (English, from Greek, literally 'cut', 'crack') any of several small intervals, many, but not all, near an eighth of a tone (25 cents) the best known of these are: syntonic comma comma of Didymus Ptolemaic comma the difference between four perfect fifths and two major thirds plus two octaves 21.51 cents Pythagorean comma comma ditonicum ditonic comma the difference between seven octaves and twelve perfect fifths 23.46 cents schisma skhisma the ratio between the Pythagorean comma and the syntonic comma 1.9537 cents the twelfth root of the Pythagorean comma 1.9550 cents diaschisma diacisma one half of the semitonium the difference between four perfect fifths plus two major thirds (in just intonation) and three octaves 19.5 cents septimal comma of which there are several (see link below for further details) 53-tET comma There are 55.79763 syntonic commas and 51.15087 Pythagorean commas in the octave. Therefore one step in 53-tET is often named a comma because it is in the middle of them and 53-tET is a very accurate approximation to 5-limit just intonation scales. The major whole tone 9:8 is 9 commas and the minor whole tone 10:9 is 8 commas. The chromatic and diatonic semitones are respectively 4 and 5 commas 22.485 Sauveur comma 1/55 of an octave 21.818 Henfling comma proposed name for 1/50 of an octave 24.0 Septimal-comma Tuning for Beginners Logarithmic Interval Measures from which 53-tET, Sauveur and Henfling information taken Comma de Didyme (French m.) or comma syntonique (French m.), in English, syntonic comma or comma of Didymus, the interval with the frequency ratio 81:80 (the difference between a Pythagorean third - 81:64 - and a just third - 5:4 or 80:64, which is equivalent to the ratio 81:80 Comma didimico (Spanish m., Italian m.) comma of Didymus, the interval with the frequency ratio 81:80 (the difference between a Pythagorean third - 81:64 - and a just third - 5:4 or 80:64) which is equivalent to the ratio 81:80 Comma enarmonico (Italian m.) enharmonic diesis (of Vincentino) or limma, the interval with the frequency ratio 128:125, equivalent to about 41 cent Commandant (French m.) commander, major (military rank) Commandant (de bord) (French m.) captain Commandant en chef (French m.) Commander-in-Chief (military rank) Commande (French f.) order (business) Commande du son (French f.) sound control Commandement (French m.) command, (religious) commandment commander (French) to command, to order (purchase, sales), to be in command commander à (French) to control commander à ... de (French) to command ... to Commandery or 'commandry', monastic house of the military Order of Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, but later also for the Order of Teutonic Knights and others the emoluments granted to a commander in a military order of knights smallest division of a manor under the control of a commander of an order of knights historical administrative level of China, which during the Zhou Dynasty (c.1046-256 BCE) was one level below a district Commandes (French) controls (of an aircraft, etc.) Commandry alternative spelling of 'commandery' Comma of Didymus an alternative name for the 'syntonic comma' or 'Ptolemaic comma', an interval with a frequency ratio of 81:80, the key comma of meantone temperament Comma pitagorico (Italian m.) Pythagorean comma, the interval with the frequency ratio 531441:524288 Comma pitagórico (Spanish m.) Pythagorean comma, the interval with the frequency ratio 531441:524288 Comma pythagoricien (French m.) Pythagorean comma, the interval with the frequency ratio 531441:524288 Comma sintonico (Spanish m., Italian m.) syntonic comma, the interval with the frequency ratio 81:80 Comma syntonique (French m.) or comma de Didyme (French m.), in English, syntonic comma or comma of Didymus, the interval with the frequency ratio 81:80 (the difference between a Pythagorean third - 81:64 - and a just third - 5:4 or 80:64, which is equivalent to the ratio 81:80 Commatic drift (in tuning theory) or 'commatic slippage', a major problem with the performance of music in 'just-intonation', especially on unaccompanied non-fixed-pitched instruments (i.e., string quartet or a cappella vocals), is the possibility of the overall tonality drifting in commatic increments, usually downward (called 'commatic depression') but in some cases upward (called 'commatic elevation'). The problem occurs mainly in diatonic music, and because of the ambiguity of the 2nd degree of the 'major' scale. This degree normally needs to be tuned to either of two ratios in order to fit harmonically all of the chords in the scale: as a 9:8 to fit the V (dominant) chord and its relatives, and as a 10:9 to fit the ii (supertonic) and IV (subdominant) chords and their relatives [taken from http://tonalsoft.com/enc/drift.htm and extended] Commatic slippage see 'commatic drift' comme (French) as, like, as if, how comme à l'ordinaire (French) as usual comme avant (French) as before comme c'est bon! (French) it's so good! comme ci comme ça (French) so-so comme dessus (French) as above comme d'habitude (French) as usual Commedia (Italian f.) comedy, play (as performed in the theatre) - also, the theatre itself Commedia dell'arte (Italian f., the word arte being properly translated as a combination of 'tricks of the trade' (in Italian lazzi), and 'know-how') a dramatic genre, emerging in Italy in the sixteenth century, that had a strong influence on drama and thence on opera. It included stock characters, the zanni (the foolish servants), the best known being Arlecchino, Brighella, Scapino, Scaramuccia and Pulcinella. The plots lines went on to influence the greatest European playwrights, Shakespeare, Molière and Beaumarchais, and in due course the greatest opera composers including Mozart (Figaro) and Rossini (Il barbiere di Siviglia) Commedia dell'Arte Commediante (Italian m./f.) comedian also a pejorative term for a second-rate actor or actress Commedia per musica (Italian f., literally 'comedy for music') a term applied in Italy, and particularly in Naples, to eighteenth-century comic opera (opera buffo) Commedietta (Italian f.) originally comedietta, a short or inconsequential comedy Commediographo (m.), Commediografa (f.) (Italian) playwright comme d'une distance (French) as if from a distance comme il faut (French) proper, properly, as is fitting, as is right and proper Commémoration (French f.) commemoration commémorer (French) to commemorate Commençant (French) a beginner, in music, etc. Commencement (French m.) beginning, start commencer (French) to begin, to start, to commence commencer à faire (French) to begin to do, to start to do commencer par la queue (French) to begin at the end comment (French) how Commentaire (French m.) comment, commentary (on a text) commentare (Italian) to comment (on), to annotate Commentario (Italian m.) commentary Commentatore (m.), Commentatrice (f.) (Italian) commentator commenter (French) to comment on comment et le pourquoi, le (French) the whys and wherefores Commentateur (m.), Commentatrice (f.) (French) commentator Commento (Italian m.) comment comme pour faire (French) as if to do comme quoi (French) to the effect that Commérages (French m. pl.) gossip Commerçant (m.), Commerçante (f.) (French) a shopkeeper, a merchant, a dealer, a trader (on a large scale) commerçant, commerçante (French) shopping (e.g. mall), business-minded (person) Commerce (French m.) trade, commerce (business), business (shop) Commercial (s.), Commerciaux (pl.) (English, French m.) television, cinema, internet-based or radio advertisement commercial (English, French) of or engaged in commerce, a project having profit as its principal aim commercialiser (French) to market commercialisable (French) marketable Commère (French f.) gossip a female compère commettre (French) to commit comme un écho lointain (French) like a distant echo comme un rien (French) no bother, no trouble (at all) Commis (French m.) (shop) assistant, (office) clerk (French m.) waiter, assistant cook Commissaire (French m.) (sport) steward Commissaire (de police) (French m.) (police) superintendent Commissaire-priseur (s.), Commissaires-priseurs (pl.) (French m.) auctioneer Commissar (Russian m.) the head of a government department (in Soviet Russia) Commissariat (de police) (French m.) police station Commission (English, French f.) composition of a musical work, production of a work of art or task undertaken usually for an agreed payment (French f.) errand, message Commissioned work in music, one for which a composer is given a specific contract Commission-Fehler (German m.) error of commission Commissionnaire (French m.) errand-boy, a hotel messenger, a hotel porter Commissions (French f. pl.) shopping Commis voyageur (French m.) a commercial traveller commodamente (Italian) comodomente, with an easy manner Commode (French f.) a low chest (of drawers), a chair enclosing a chamber-pot commode (French) handy, easy commodetto (Italian) somewhat commodious, leisurely Commodité (French f.) convenience commodo see comodo Commodore (English, German m.) a commissioned naval officer who ranks above a captain and below a rear admiral, a title for a very senior captain in the U.S. Navy Commonage the right to pasture animals on common land, the state of being held in common Commonalty a class, or estate, composed of persons lacking clerical or noble rank the estates of the realm were the broad divisions of society, usually distinguishing nobility, clergy, and commoners recognized in the Middle Ages and later in some parts of Europe. While various realms inverted the order of the first two, commoners were universally tertiary, and often further divided into burghers (also known as bourgeoisie) and peasants, and in some regions, there also was a population outside the estates. An estate was usually inherited and based on occupation, similar to a caste Estates of the Realm from which this extract has been taken Common chord a triad composed of a root, a third, and a fifth major triad root, major third, perfect fifth minor triad root, minor third, perfect fifth augmented triad root, major third, augmented fifth diminished triad root, minor third, diminished fifth a chord composed of a root, a third, a perfect fifth and an octave major chord root, major third, perfect fifth, octave minor chord root, minor third, perfect fifth, octave augmented chord root, major third, augmented fifth, octave diminished chord root, minor third, diminished fifth, octave a chord that functions in two different keys and can therefore act as the pivot in 'pivot chord' or 'common chord' modulation Common chord modulation pivot chord modulation Commonization the linguistic term for an eponym - a common word that is derived from the proper name of a person or place Common measure see 'common meter' Common meter also called 'common metre', 'ballad meter', 'ballad metre', 'common measure', 'common time' or, in German (courtesy of Michael Zapf), Vagantenstrophe, consists of closed poetic quatrains rhyming ABAB or ABCB, in which the lines of iambic tetrameter (eight syllables) alternate with lines of iambic trimeter (six syllables), commonly found in four-line hymn verse and often associated with ballads see 'common time' Common metre see 'common meter' Common note or 'common tone', a note (or in its plural, notes) that remains (in the plural form, remain) the same between two or more consecutive chords Common note modulation or 'common tone modulation', tonzentrale Modulation (German f.), or tonzentrale Einführung (German f.), a type of modulation found most often in nineteenth-century music, a sustained or repeated pitch from the old key acts as a bridge between it and the new key. Usually, this pitch will be held alone before the music continues in the new key. For example, a held F from a section in Bb major could be used to transition to F major. This type of modulation can be seen in the second movement of Brahms’s Ein deutsches Requiem [German equivalents provided by Michael Zapf] Modulation Common practice notation a term synonymous with 'modern music notation'. This is the form of music notation familiar to most people. It involves crotchets (quarter notes), minims (half notes), rests, time signatures, etc. Common practice era or 'common practice period', a historical period of approximately 1650-1900 (described loosely as J.S. Bach to Brahms) during which music functions according to our concept of tonal harmony, the period to which Heinrich Schenker originally restricted the application of his approach to musical analysis according to Phillip Magnuson in Microcosms there were five basic truths that constituted "common practice": the essential organization was around one pitch, the tonic, which provided a "home base" to the ear. All other pitches worked to establish the pre-eminence of tonic the essential vocabulary was a diatonic scale, a seven-note major or minor scale. Chromatic pitches, the remaining five, could be used, but only to enhance the diatonic ones the essential texture was contrapuntal, independent lines which confirm the pre-eminence of tonic and are basically contained within the key the essential sonority was consonant. Dissonance was used, but was always in the context of consonance, that is, required to resolve the essential time organization was based on simple or compound meters, with 2, 3, or 4 consistent beats per bar (measure) Microcosms - A Simplified Approach to Musical Styles of the Twentieth Century from which this table has been drawn Common practice period see 'common practice era' Commonsense (German m.) common sense Common Sense (English, German m. from sensus communis (Latin)) sound judgment not based on specialised knowledge, native good judgment Common time also called 'common meter', when the accents occur on alternate beats, the time signature is 4/4 or a capital C common time was originally called 'imperfect time' as a collective term 'common times' are those key signatures or meters which have an even number of parts in a bar, for example, 2, 4, 6, etc. Common tone see 'common note' Common tone modulation see 'common note modulation' Commonwealth (English, German n.) the people of a nation or state (the body politic), autonomous self-governing political unit (a republic) so-named from its archaic meaning, i.e. the public good', the English state and government from the death of Charles I in 1649 to the restoration of the monarchy in 1660, including the Protectorate of 1653 to 1659 commosso (Italian) moved, excited Commotion (cérébrale) (French f.) concussion commotionné (French) shaken comporre musica (Italian) to orchestrate (compose music) commuer (French) to commute commun (m.), commune (f.) (French) common, joint (effort, action), shared (task, etc.) communal (French) of the commune, local Communard (French m.) a supporter of the Paris Commune in 1871, a communalist Communauté (French f.) community Communauté des biens (French f.) shared estate (held in common by husband and wife) commun des mortels, le (French) ordinary mortals Commune (English, French f.) district, locality, shared housing (French f.) the smallest administrative division in France, governed by a mayor and a council communément (French) commonly Communiant (m.), Communiante (f.) (French) (religious) communicant communicare (Italian) to communicate, to pass in (information), to administer Communion to communicatif (m.), communicative (f.) (French) communicative Communication (English, French f.) communicating or being communicated (also the means by which information is communicated, as well as the information itself) (French f.) (telephone) call Communication interurbaine (French f.) long-distance call Communicazione (Italian f.) call (telephone), phone call, communication Communicazione dati (Italian f.) data communication Communicazioni di mass (Italian f. pl.) (mass) media communier (French) to receive communion, to commune (figurative) Communio-Ekklesiologie (German f.) communio-ecclesiology Communion (English, French f.) one of the antiphonal chants from the mass Communion ecclesiology or communio-ecclesiology, in a general sense, a reference to the understanding of the Catholic Church expressed in the documents of Vatican II, one that challenged overly juridical approaches through a retrieval of scriptural and patristic sources. To say that the Church is a "communion" is to emphasise that, although certain of its institutional structures remain essential, it finds its ultimate basis in relationships among human beings with God through Christ and in the Holy Spirit Communiqué (English, German n., French m.) an official announcement or report by a government communiquer (French) to pass on, to communicate, to impart (movement) Communisme (French m.) communism Communiste (French m./f.) communist communiste (French) communist Community of the Way established in the 1930s, a small community set up in house, in Whitechapel, East London, owned by Doris Lester of Kingsley Hall. A Christian spiritual community, they spent their time spinning, weaving, dyeing, making wooden toys, printing and repairing shoes. They bartered their goods for vegetables grown by the unemployed in Kent Community theatre also called 'amateur theatre', performances given by amateur, as opposed to professional, actors Communs (French m. pl.) outhouses, outbuildings commuovere (Italian) to touch, to move (emotionally) commuovere profondamente (Italian) to move deeply commuoversi (Italian) to be touched commutare (Italian) to change, to commute (sentence, punishment), to exchange (alter) commutare in (Italian) to commute to Commutateur (French m.) (electric) switch Commutatore (Italian m.) commutator (electricity) Commutazione (Italian f.) commutation (sentence, punishment) como actriz está acabada (Spanish) she is finished as actress como agua para chocolate (Spanish - Mexico) furious (familiar) como alma que lleva el diablo (Spanish) like a bat out of hell (figurative) ¿cómo andamos de tiempo? (Spanish) how are we off for time? ¿cómo andas? (Spanish) how are you?, how's it going? (colloquial) como anillo al dedo (Spanish) to suit down to the ground, to come in very handy (colloquial) comodamente (Italian) commodamente, comfortably, moderately, conveniently, easily, with ease, quietly, with composure comodo (Italian) commodo, convenient, comfortable, moderate, at an easy pace, easily, conveniently, quietly, moderately, without haste, with composure (at a moderate pace) como es debido (Spanish) as is proper ¿cómo es de alto? (Spanish) how tall is it? how high is it? (como) por arte de magia (Spanish) as if by magic como prueba de mi agradecimiento (Spanish) as a token of my gratitude como prueba de mi amistad (Spanish) as a sign of my friendship como quiera que since (Spanish) however ¡como sigas así, te van a atizar! (Spanish) if you keep this up, they're going to clobber you! ¿cómo te apellidas? (Spanish) what's your surname? ¿cómo te atreves a pegarle? (Spanish) how dare you hit him? como una bala (Spanish) like a shot como un descosido (Spanish) a lot Comp in bebop, short for 'accompany', hence, a style of piano accompaniment where the player uses partial block chords in the right hand, placed sporadically through the music, rather than as a regular 'oom-pah' beat, is called 'comping' comp. abbreviation of 'composed (by)' (as in 'comp. Smith' meaning 'composed by Smith'), 'compiler', 'compiled by' comp(s). abbreviation of 'composer(s)' Compa see kompa, Compas Direct compact (English, French) dense, small (car) Compact audio cassette a medium for audio storage was introduced by Philips in 1963 under the name 'Compact Cassette' Compact audio cassette from which this extract has been taken Compactdisc (German f.) compact disc Compact Disc (English, German f.) or CD, a digitally encoded recording on an optical disk, that is smaller than a phonograph record, from which data on the disk is read by a laser Compadre (Spanish m.) godfather, friend Compaesano (Italian m./f.) fellow countryman, fellow countrywoman Compagine (Italian f.) a team (squad) Compagne (French f.) a companion Compagnia (Italian f.) company, a party (a group) Compagnia stabile (Italian f.) a repertory company Compagnie (German f., French f.) company (business) Compagno (Italian m./f.) a companion, a mate, (sports) partner, comrade (political) Compagno di scuola (Italian m./f.) a schoolmate Compagnon (German m., French m.) companion, workman Compagnon de jeu (French m.) a playmate Compagnon de voyage (French m.) a travelling companion Compañero (Spanish m.) colleague, friend Compañía de ópera (Spanish f.) opera company Companion key on an accordion, the key in which the companion row is pitched Companion row on an accordion, a diatonic row other than the home row: on the 'Club System' the middle row on the 'International System' the innermost and outermost rows compar. abbreviation of 'comparative' (the form of an adjective or adverb used when comparing two things) comparaître (French) to appear (in a court of law) comparaître devant (French) to appear before (judge, magistrate, etc.) comparaître en personne (French) to appear in person comparer (French) to compare comparabile (Italian) comparable comparable (French) comparable Comparaison (French f.) comparison, simile (literary) comparare (Italian) to compare Comparatif (French m.) comparative comparatif (m.), comparative (f.) (French) comparative Comparativo (Italian m.) comparative comparativo (Italian) comparative Comparazione (Italian f.) comparison, simile Compare (Italian m.) godfather, witness (at a marriage) comparé (French) comparative comparire (Italian) to appear, to stand out Comparsa (Spanish f.) group, extra (in the theatre) Comparsa (Cuba) also called conga de comparsa, comparsa is a musical gathering, dance and parade taking place primarily during the Cuban Carnival (Cuba) the specific musical group which plays the conga during the Cuban carnival (Cuba) the term is sometimes, inaccurately used to describe the music that accompanies the Cuban carnival dance and parade, which is actually the conga Comparsa (Uruguay) a group of 50-100 parading drummers that performs candombé during Montevidean carnival Comparse (French m./f.) stooge (pejorative) Compartecipazione (Italian f.) sharing Compartiment (French m.) compartment Compartiment de queue (French) rear compartment (train) compartimenter (French) to divide up Compartimento (Italian m.) compartment, department (administrative) Comparution (French f.) appearance (in a court of law) Compas (French m.) (pair of) compasses, compass Compas Haitian dance music Compás (Spanish m.) meter, time-species (Spanish m.) bar, measure (Spanish m.) rhythm, rhythmic feel of a flamenco dance or song Compàs (Catalan m.) meter, time-species Compás africano (Spanish m.) a rhythmic pattern found in some music in triple time, where two bars of 3 (i.e. 1-2-3, 1-2-3) are played, over two bars (or measures), as three 'bars' of 2 (i.e. 1-2, 1-2, 1-2), although not specifically barred in that way. This rhythmic pattern is also called a 'hemiola' Compás binario (s.), Compases binarios (pl.) (Spanish m.) duple time Compás compuesto (Spanish m.) compound meter Compás compuesto binario (Spanish m.) compound duple meter Compás compuesto ternario (Spanish m.) compound triple meter Compás cuaternario (Spanish m.) quadruple meter (for example, 4/4, 4/2, etc.) Compás de cinco por cuatro (Spanish m.) 5/4 time Compàs de cinc per quatre (Catalan m.) 5/4 time Compás de cuatro por cuatro (Spanish m.) 4/4 time Compás de cuatro por dos (Spanish m.) 4/2 time Compás de cuatro por ocho (Spanish m.) 4/8 time Compás de doce por ocho (Spanish m.) 12/8 time Compàs de dos per dos (Catalan m.) 2/2 time Compàs de dos per quatre (Catalan m.) 2/4 time Compàs de dos per vuit (Catalan m.) 2/8 time Compás de dos por cuatro (Spanish m.) 2/4 time Compás de dos por dos (Spanish m.) 2/2 time Compás de dos por ocho (Spanish m.) 2/8 time Compàs de nou per quatre (Catalan m.) 9/4 time Compàs de nou per vuit (Catalan m.) 9/8 time Compás de nueve por cuatro (Spanish m.) 9/4 time Compás de nueve por ocho (Spanish m.) 9/8 time Compàs de quatre per dos (Catalan m.) 4/2 time Compàs de quatre per quatre (Catalan m.) 4/4 time Compàs de quatre per vuit (Catalan m.) 4/8 time Compás de seis por cuatro (Spanish m.) 6/4 time Compás de seis por ocho (Spanish m.) 6/8 time Compàs de sis per quatre (Catalan m.) 6/4 time Compàs de sis per vuit (Catalan m.) 6/8 time Compàs de tres per dos (Catalan m.) 3/2 time Compàs de tres per quatre (Catalan m.) 3/4 time Compàs de tres per vuit (Catalan m.) 3/8 time Compás de tres por cuatro (Spanish m.) 3/4 time Compás de tres por dos (Spanish m.) 3/2 time Compás de tres por ocho (Spanish m.) 3/8 time Compas Direct also konpa direk, konpa or compa, a musical genre as well as a dance that originates from Haiti. It involves mostly medium-to-fast tempi with an emphasis on electric guitars, synthesizers, and either a solo alto saxophone, a horn section or a synthesizer equivalent. Unlike zouk, the lyrics are mostly in Haitian Creole, and it has a faster rhythm Kompa from which this extract has been taken Compases de espera (Spanish m. pl.) multibar rest Compasillo (Spanish m.) 4/4 time, common time Compasillo binario (Spanish m.) 2/2 time, alla breve, cut-time Compás irregular (s.), Compases irregulares (pl.) irregular or odd meter (as, for example, 4/4 + 6/8, or the subdivision of a measure into irregular groups, for example, 7/8 played as 2/8 + 3/8 + 2/8, 3/8 + 4/8, etc.) Compass registro (Spanish), compasso (Italian), Kompass (German), etendue (French) from the lowest to the highest note, the range of an instrument or voice compassato (Italian) calmand collected compassé (French) stilted Compassion (French f.) compassion Compassione (Italian f.) compassion compassionevole (Italian) compassionate Compasso (Italian m.) compass, a pair of compasses Compass saw a handsaw with a narrow triangular blade for cutting curves Compás ternario (s.), Compases ternarios (pl.) (Spanish m.) triple meter (for example, 3/4, 6/8, etc.) compatible (French) compatible Compatimento (Italian m.) pity, indulgence compatir (French) to sympathise compatir à (French) to share in compatire (Italian) to pity, to make allowances for (to excuse) Compatriot fellow countryman, fellow countrywoman Compatriota (Italian m./f.) compatriot Compatriote (French m./f.) compatriot compatto (Italian) compact, dense, solid, united (figurative) compendiare (Italian) to epitomise, to summarise Compendio (Italian m.) outline, synopsis, compendium Compendium (s.), Compendia (pl.) (Latin) an abridgement, an epitome, a personification, an embodiment in miniature Compensation (English, French f.) something done or paid to make up for a wrong Compensation mixture an organ mixture-stop, in the pedals, of a peculiar composition, and intended to assist the intonation of the pedal stops compenser (French) to compensate for, to make up for Compère (French m., literally 'gossip') accomplice, a person who introduces and comments upon the various turns in a variety show a female accomplice was originally called a commère although the term is rarely used today Comport (s.), Comperta (pl.) specifically, birth-tales in Old Irish literature that detail the conception and birth of a hero Compétence (French f.) competence compétent (m.), compétente (f.) (French) competent competente (Italian) competent Competenza (Italian f.) competence compétitif (m.), compétitive (f.) (French) competitive Compétition (French f.) competition, (sporting) event Competitive dance a major category or classification of danceforms or dance styles, where competition is the primary focus of the dancing Competitive dance Competitore (m.), Competitrice (f.) (Italian) competitor Competizione (Italian f.) competition compiacevole (Italian) agreeable, pleasing, attractive compiacevolmente (Italian) agreeably, pleasingly, attractively Compiacimento (Italian m.) pleasure, attractiveness Compieta (Italian) complin, compline, evening prayers Compilation something that is compiled (as into a single book or file), the act of compiling (as into a single book or file or list) Compilation album an album (music or spoken-word) featuring tracks from one or multiple recording artists, often culled from a variety of sources (such as studio albums, live albums, singles, demos and outtakes) Compiler (s.), Compiler (German pl.), Compilers (English pl.) (English, German m.) a person who compiles or gathers together information from a number of different sources (for example, for reference purposes), software that converts a set of high-level language statements into a different set (for example, these may be a lower-level representation or a representation that can be read by a different machine) compilieren (German) to compile compiliert (German) compiles, compiled Compilierung (German f.) compilation Comping in jazz, the practice of supplying background music comprised of chords while a soloist is improvising, most often accomplished by the keyboard or guitar player Comping Complaining lamentando (Italian), lagrimoso (Italian), klagend (German), plaintivement (French) Complainte (French f.) lament (a sad song), endecha (Spanish) Complaisance (French f.) kindness, indulgence complaisant (m.), complaisante (f.) (French) kind, indulgent, compliant, accommodating, servile (pejorative) complectior (Latin) enlarged Complement see 'complementary intervals' Complément (French m.) complement, supplement, rest complémentaire (French) complementary, supplementary complementair Interval (Dutch) complementary interval Complementary intervals intervalo complementario (Spanish), intervallo complementare (Italian), intervalle complémentaire (French), Komplementärintervall (German) or 'complements', pairs of intervals that combine to make another interval. They can combine to make an octave (which is the most common use of the term), as in the perfect fifth/perfect fourth, major third/minor sixth, and minor third/major sixth, or they can combine to make smaller intervals, as when major and minor thirds combine to make a perfect fifth Complément d'information (French) further information, supplementary information Complément (d'objet) (French) object (grammar) Complemento (Italian m.) supplement Complet (French m.) suit complet (m.), complète (f.) (French) complete, full (train, hotel, theatre, etc.) completamente anegados después del aguacero (Spansh) completely flooded after the rainstorm Complete cadence a musical cadence, when the final notes of a verse in a chant are on the tonic complètement (French) completely Completeness the second aspect of Aristotle's requirements for a tragedy. By completeness, Aristotle emphasizes the logic, wholeness, and closure necessary to satisfy the audience compléter (French) to complete, to complement Complete works an edition of all the known works of composer. The collected works of a composer are sometimes titled opera omnia (Latin), Sämtliche Werke (German), Gesamtausgabe (German), or oeuvres complètes (French). A volume of selected works may be titled Ausgewählte Werke (German) Completorium (Latin) compline Complexe (French m.) complex complexe (French) complex complexé (French) hung up Complexité (French f.) complexity Complex meter see 'additive meter' Complex time signature see 'additive time signature' Complex tone a sound produced by a musical instrument that evokes the sensation of a single pitch. It is composed of pure tones whose frequencies are generally taken from an exact (as in sustained instrument) or slightly altered (as in the piano) harmonic series over the perceived pitch [taken from http://tonalsoft.com/enc/complex-tone.htm] Compliance (English, German f.) conformity, acting according to certain accepted or established standards, guidelines, specifications or legislation Compliant disposed or willing to comply, accommodating, submissive, servile (pejorative) Complication (English, French f.) involved or confused condition or state, difficulty (French f.) complexity Complice (French m.) accomplice Complicité (French f.) complicity Compliment (English, French m.) polite expression of greeting or praise complimenter (French) to compliment Compliments (French m. pl.) congratulations Complin see 'Compline' Compline also 'Complin', Komplet (German f.), the eighth service of the Divine Office, usually performed before retiring to bed, consisting of several responsories and psalms which are sung [Komplet provided by Michael Zapf] compliqué (French) complicated compliquer (French) to complicate Complot (French m.) plot comploter (French) to plot Componaster (German) a bad composer Component parts and accessories parti componenti ed accessori (Italian f. pl.), Bestandteile und Zubehör (German pl.), parties composantes et accessoires (French pl.) componere (Italian) to compose music componiert (German) composed componiren (German) to compose music Componist (Dutch, German) composer Componista (Italian m./f.) composer Componitore (m.), Componitrice (f.) (Italian) composer of music comporre (Italian) to set (type), to compose music Comportement (French m.) behaviour, performance comporter (French) to contain, to involve (implicate) composant (m.), composante (f.) (French) compo) Composé (French m.) compound composé, composée (French) composed, affected, compound "having a good temperament. ... It is also said that a man is composé to mean that he has, or acts as if he has, an air about him that is grave, an air that is serious and modest" — Dictionnaire de l'Académie Françoise (1694) Ranums' Panat Times from which this comment has been taken composé pour le piano (French) composed for the piano Composer (English) a person who writes music composer (French) to compose (a song, one's face, etc.), to make up, to dial (a number), to take an exam, to compromise Composição (Portuguese) composition Composição polifônica (Portuguese) polyphonic composition Composición (Spanish f.) composition Composiciónes corales (Spanish f. pl.) choral compositions Composing (English, German n.) the act of the arranging parts in relation to each other so that they constitute the whole (as when writing music, writing a letter, working out the arrangement of elements in a drawing, painting or design) Composite-chord-symbol a symbol that consists of a Roman-numeral, indicating the chord's position in the scale, and the figured-bass, indicating its inversion Composite monster (in architecture, often called a chimera after the Greek monster) the term is one mythologists use to describe the fantastical creatures in Assyrian, Babylonian, Greek, and medieval European legends in which the beast is composed of the body-parts of various animals Compositeur (m.), Compositrice (f.) (French) composer compositie (Dutch) composition Composition (English, French f.) composición (Spanish), composizione (Italian), Tonsatz (German) (English, French f.) (in music) the work a composer writes, (in writing) an essay (usually on a few pages in length), (in painting, drawing, design) the relationship of elements to the whole (French f.) exam, test see 'musical composition' Compositional Americanism see 'Americanism, compositional' Composition pedal Kollektivtritt (German m.), (in the organ) invented by J. C. Bishop, a pedal that draws out or pushes in several stops at once [German term supplied by Michael Zapf] Compositor (English) a type-setter originally, a typesetter in a Renaissance print shop Compositor (Spanish m.) composer Compositor (m.), Compositora (f.) (Portuguese) composer, type-setter Compositore (m.), Compositrice (f.), Compositori (pl.) (Italian) composer, type-setter Compositori di musica popolare (Italian m. pl.) tin-pan alley Compositrice (Italian f.) (female) composer Compositura (Italian) composition, musical work Composizione (Italian f.) composition, arrangement, opus (musical work), report (composition), orchestration, composing (arrangement), composing (writing an original work) Composizione di fiori (Italian f.) posy (arrangement of flowers) Composizione di tavolino (Italian f.) table music, music to be sung at a table, musique de table, for example, part-songs, glees, catches, rounds, etc. Composizione di versi (Italian f.) prosody (the art of versification) Composizione floreale (Italian f.) flower arrangement Composizione tipografica (Italian f.) typesetting Compos mentis (Latin) of sound mind, legally competent (in law) legally fit to conduct or defend proceedings composter (French) to punch (ticket) composto (Italian) composed, set to music Compote (French f.) stewed fruit in syrup Compote de pommes (French f.) stewed apples Compotier (French m.) fruit dish Compound harmony a standard chord with one or more essential notes doubled, often one at the octave in the bass Compoundieren (German n.) compounding Compound interval intervalo compuesto (Spanish m.), intervallo composto (Italian m.), intervalle composé (French m.), zusammengesetztes Intervall (German n.) an interval greater than an octave: simple interval corresponding compound interval second ninth third tenth fourth eleventh fifth twelfth sixth thirteenth seventh fourteenth octave fifteenth Compound Intervals Compound fifth the interval of a twelfth Compound fourth the interval of an eleventh Compounding a term from linguistics used to describe the creation of a new word ("neologism") that comes about by taking two existing words and sticking them together to create a brand new concept Compound meter ritmo compuesto (Spanish), tempo composto (Italian), zusammengesetzter Takt (German), Zusammengesetzte Taktart (German), mesure composée (French) or 'compound time'. For all compound time signatures: the beat is a dotted note each beat maybe sub-divided into three, for example, 6/8, 9/8, 12/8 the top number in the time signature is evenly divisible by 3, except where that number is 3 which is usually a simple time signature compound time signatures show the number of notes in every bar (or measure) rather than the number of beats, for example 6/8 means 6 quavers (eighth notes) in each bar (measure) but these are usually counted as 2 'dotted crotchet' ('dotted quarter note') beats in each bar Simple and Compound Time an alternative term for 'additive meter', for example, 5/4, 7/4, 11/4 Compound second the interval of a ninth Compound seventh the interval of a fourteenth Compound signs three accidental signs used to cancel previously applied double flats or double sharps natural sharp substitutes a single sharp for a double sharp or double flat natural flat substitutes a single flat for a double sharp or double flat double natural substitutes a natural for a double sharp or double flat Compound sixth the interval of an thirteenth Compound-Stahl (German m.) hardened steel Compound third the interval of a tenth Compound time compound meter Compound time signature see 'compound meter' compramos las entradas con anticipación (Spanish) we bought the tickets in advance comprar (Spanish) to buy, to purchase, to buy off (figurative: bribe), to bribe (figurative) comprar las entradas (Spanish) to buy the tickets compréhensible (French) understandable compréhensif (m.), compréhensive (f.) (French) understanding Compréhension (French f.) understanding, comprehension comprendre (French) to understand, to comprise comprendre au quart de tour (French) to understand straight away, to understand first time off, to be quick on the uptake Comprensivo (Italian m.) comprehensive Compresse (French f.) compress Compressed air aria comprimato (Italian f.), Druckluft (German f.), air comprimé (French m.), arie comprimado (Spanish m.) Compressed harmony close harmony Compressed score or 'short score', score with the voices and continuo but with all other instruments omitted Compresseur (French m.) compressor Compression (English, French f.) (electronics) reduction of the effective gain of an amplifier at one level of signal with respect to the gain at another signal level (English, French f.) (in recording) the process of reducing the range of audio signals in a recording, thus decreasing the size of the file. MP3 compression eliminates frequencies inaudible to the human ear, though a bit rate below 128kbps produces a discernible loss in sound quality (English, French f.) (in dance) the lowering of the body by bending the knees in a preparation for a step. The term is mostly used in describing the technique of ballroom dances of Standard (International style) of Smooth (American style) categories, 'waltzes', 'tango', 'foxtrots' Compression (English, French f.) also called 'audio level compression' or 'limiting', a process that manipulates the dynamic range of an audio signal. Compression is used in sound recording and live sound reinforcement fields to improve the perceived quality of audio. A compressor is the device used to create compression Audio level compression from which this extract has been taken Compression (French f.) reduction Compression de personnel (French f.) staff cuts Compression wave a wave propagated by means of the compression of a fluid, such as a sound wave in air Compressor a device that produces 'compression' Compressore (Italian m.) compressor Comprimario (m.), Comprimaria (f.) a singer in Italian opera who takes a supporting role Comprimario Comprimé (French m.) tablet Comprimé effervescent (French m.) effervescent tablet comprimer (French) to compress, to reduce compris (m.), comprise (f.) (French) included, agreed compris entre (French) (contained) between compromettre (French) to compromise Compromis (French m.) compromise Comptable (French m.) accountant comptable (French) accounting Comptabilité (French f.) accountancy, accounts, accounts department comptant (French) (pay) in cash, (pay) cash, (buy, sell) for cash Compte (French m.) count, (business, bank, etc.) account, right number (exact) Compte à rebours (French m.) countdown Compte-gouttes (French m.) dropper (medical) compter (French) to count, to reckon, to charge for (bill for), to have (class, etc.), to consider compter avec (French) to reckon with Compte rendu (French m.) (an official) report, review (of a film, book, etc.) compter faire (French) to expect to do compter parmi (French) to be considered among compter sur (French) to rely on Compte-tours (French m.) rev counter Compteur (French m.) meter Compteur de vitesse (French m.) speedometer Comptine (French f.) nursery rhyme Comptoir (French m.) counter, bar (in a café) compulser (French) to examine Compurgation in addition to trial by ordeal, compurgation was the medieval law practice among Christianized Anglo-Saxon tribes to determine innocence. A man accused of a crime would publicly swear to his innocence. The judge then gave the defendant thirty days to to collect a number of "oath-helpers" who would also swear to his innocence (or at least his good character). If he was unable to find the required number, he was either found guilty or he could appeal to trial by ordeal. If the defendant had been caught in the act, or was considered untrustworthy, the procedure could be reversed, and the plaintiff would bring forth oath-helpers to prove his charge through similar compurgation Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken Compurgator one who swears upon the innocence and good character of a defendant Computer (s.), Computer (German p.), Computers (English pl.) (English, German m.) a programmable device that performs mathematical calculations and logical operations, especially one that can process, store and retrieve large amounts of data before the advent of mechancial or electronic devices, the term 'computer', as in in use from the mid 17th century, was a person specifically trained or particularly skilled in performing mathematical calculations. Teams of people were frequently used to undertake long and often tedious calculations, the work divided so that this could be done in parallel Computerabteilung (German f.) computer department Computer-aided design or CAD, a process that involves the use of computers in the design and engineering process Computer-aided manufacturing or CAM, a process that involves the use of computer technology in the management, control, and operation of the manufacturing process Computeranimation (German f.) computer animation, animatronics Computer-Animation (German f.) computer animation, animatronics Computer-assisted interactive tutorial system a tutorial system in which a computer is programmed to perform the role of teacher in (normally) a one-to-one tutorial Computer-assisted learning or CAL, also called 'electronic learning' (or 'e-Learning' or 'eLearning'), a technology supported education/learning where the medium of instruction is computer technology. In some instances, no in-person interaction takes place. E-learning is used interchangeably in a wide variety of contexts. In companies, it refers to the strategies that use the company network to deliver training courses to employees. In the USA, it is defined as a planned teaching/learning experience that uses a wide spectrum of technologies, mainly Internet or computer-based, to reach learners. Lately in most Universities, e-learning is used to define a specific mode to attend a course or programmes of study where the students rarely, if ever, attend face-to-face for on-campus access to educational facilities, because they study online Electronic learning from which this extract has been taken computerbasiert (German) computer-based computerbezogen (German) computer-related Computerbildschirm (German m.) (computer) monitor, computer screen Computerchip (German m.) computer chip Computerdatei (German f.) computer file Computerdatenband (German n.) computer tape Computerdienst (German m.) computer service Computerdienstleistungszentrum (German n.) computer service centre Computereinzelhändler (German m.) computer retailer Computerfachmann (German m.) computer expert Computerfehlfunktion (German f.) computer malfunction Computer-generated music music composed by, or with the extensive aid of, a computer. Although any music which uses computers in its composition or realisation is computer-generated to some extent, the use of computers is now so widespread (in the editing of pop songs, for instance) that the phrase computer-generated music is generally used to mean a kind of music which could not have been created without the use of computers. We can distinguish two groups of computer-generated music: music in which a computer generated the score, which could be performed by humans, and music which is both composed and performed by computers Computer-generated music from which the extract above has been taken Computergeschäft (German n.) computer store, computer shop, computer business computergespeichert (German) computer stored computergespeicherte Daten (German pl.) computer stored data computergesteuert (German) computer-controlled, computer-operated, computerised computergestützt (German) computer-aided, computer-assisted, computerised computergestützte Fabrikation (German f.) computer-aided manufacturing computergestützte Fertigung (German f.) computer-aided manufacturing (CAM), computer-aided production computergestützte Gestaltung (German f.) computer-aided design (CAD) computergestützte Ingenieurtätigkeit (German f.) computer-aided engineering computergestützte Konstruktion (German f.) computer-aided design (CAD) computergestützte Montage (German f.) computer-aided assembly computergestützter Unterricht (German m.) computer-aided instruction computergestützte Schulung (German f.) computer-aided training computergestütztes Fernstudium (German n.) computer-based distance learning computergestütztes kollaboratives (German n.) computer supported collaborative learning computergestütztes Lernen (German n.) e-learning, computer-assisted learning (CAL) computergestütztes Publizieren (German n.) computer aided publishing, desktop publishing computergestütztes Testen (German n.) computer-aided testing computergestütztes Training (German n.) computer-aided training computergestütztes Unterrichten (German n.) computer-aided teaching computergestützte Übersetzung (German f.) computer-assisted translation computergestützte Unterweisung (German f.) computer-aided instruction, computer-assisted instruction Computergrafik (German f.) computer graphics computerhaft (German) computer-like, like a computer Computer-integrated manufacturing a term that applies when work stations are directly serviced by an automated material-handling system and controlled by a computer computerisieren (German) to computerise computerisierend (German) computerising computerisiert (German) computerised, omputerises computerisierte (German) computerised computerisierte Datei (German f.) computerised file computerisierte Systeme (German pl.) computerised systems computerisiertes Wörterbuch (German n.) computerised dictionary Computerisierung (German f.) computerisation Computerjargon (German m.) computerese Computerkenntnisse (German pl.) computer skills Computerkompetenz (German f.) computer literacy Computerkurs (German m.) computer course Computerlehrgang (German m.) computer course computerlesbar (German) machine-readable Computermaus (German f.) computer mouse Computermonitor (German m.) computer monitor Computer music (English, Computermusik (German f.)) music generated or composed with the aid of computers. It also refers to a field of study that examines both the theory and application of new and existing technologies in the areas of music, sound design and diffusion, acoustics, sound synthesis, digital signal processing, and psychoacoustics. The field of computer music can trace its roots back to the origin of electronic music, and the very first experiments and innovations with electronic instruments at the turn of the twentieth century Computer Music Computer Music from which the extract above has been taken Computer Music Center or CMC, is the oldest center for electronic and computer music research in the United States. The Center was founded in the 1950s as the Columbia-Princeton Electronic Music Center at Columbia University Computer Music Center from which the extract above has been taken Computermusik (German f.) computer music Computernetzwerk (German n.) computer network computerorientiert (German) computer-oriented Computerprogramm (s.), Computerprogramme (pl.) (German n.) computer programme, (computer) software Computersimulation (German f.) computer simulation Computerspiel (s.), Computerspiele (pl.) (German n.) computer game Computersprache (German f.) computer language Computerstimme (German f.) a robotic voice, a computer generated voice Computerstudien (German pl.) computer studies Computersystem (German n.) computer system Computer-System (German n.) computer system Computertechnik (German f.) computer engineering Computertechniker (German m.) computer engineer, computer technician Computertechnologie (German f.) computer technology Computerteile (German pl.) hardware Computertomograph (German m.) CT scanner, CAT scanner, computer tomograph Computertomographie (German f.) CT scan, CAT scan, computer-assisted tomography, computed tomography, computerised axial tomography computerunabhängig (German) computer-independent computerunterstützt (German) computer assisted, computer-aided, computer-assisted computerunterstützte Ausbildung (German f.) computer assisted instruction computerunterstützte Konstruktion (German f.) computer-aided design computerunterstützter Entwurf (German m.) computer-aided design (CAD) computerunterstütztes Lehren und Lernen (German n.) computer-aided instruction (CAI) computerunterstütztes Lernen (German n.) computer based learning computerunterstützte Unterweisung (German f.) computer-aided instruction Computerverkäufer (German m.) computer vendor Computervirus (German n., coll. also m.) computer virus [clarified by Michael Zapf] Computerwesen (German n.) computing Computerzubehör (German n.) computing equipment Comstockery first coined in a New York Times editorial in 1895, a reference to laws passed on 3rd Mar. 1873 at the urging of Anthony Comstock’s New York Society for the Suppression of Vice and the Y.M.C.A., prohibiting the U.S. mails to be used for the transmission of obscene materials. When the play, Mrs. Warren's Profession, by George Bernard Shaw was banned from the mail, Shaw remarked that "comstockery is the world's standing joke at the expense of the United States. Europe likes to hear of such things. It confirms the deep-seated conviction of the Old World that America is a provincial place, a second-rate country-town civilization after all" com surdina (Portuguese) muted, with mutes Comte (m.), Comtesse (f.) (German, French) count (m.), countess (f.) Comté (French m.) county Con (French m./f.) bloody fool (slang) con (Italian) with, in a style expressive of, (with reference to a film, play, etc.) starring (from the Latin, contra) against con. abbreviation of contralto con (m.), conne (f.) (French) bloody foolish (slang) con 8va (s.), con 8vi (pl.) in keyboard music, if the notes are to be played with the right hand play the notes with those an octave above, if the notes are in the left hand play the notes with those an octave below con abbandono (Italian) with self-abandonment, with abandon, with passion, with ardent feeling, unrestrained, nachlassend (German), mit Hingabe (German), hingebungsvoll (German), avec abandon (French) con abbandono ed espressione (Italian) with passion and expression con abbondanza (Italian) prosperously (affluently) con abilità (Italian) with skill con accelerazione (Italian) with increasing speed, mit Beschleunigung (German), zu schnellerem Zeitmaß übergehend (German) con accento (Italian) accented, marked con accuratezza (Italian) or con cura (Italian), with care, mit Sorgfalt (German), avec soin (French) con adorazione (Italian) adoringly, mit Anbetung (German), avec adoration (French) con affanno (Italian) puffing (breathing heavily), breathless, atemlos (German), essouflé (French) (Italian) con angustia (Italian), affannosamente (Italian), affannoso (Italian), anxious, with anxiety, bangend (German), tourmenté (French), anxieusement (French) con affanno, ma lieta (Italian) breathless with excitement con affetto (Italian) with love, with affection, with warmth, with passion, with tenderness, with emotion, mit Zuneigung (German), liebevoll (German), avec affection (French) con affezione (Italian) with warmth, with affection, with tenderness, in a style expressing tender emotion con affabilità (Italian) in a pleasing, kindly manner con afflizione (Italian) painfully (distressingly), sorrowfully, mournfully, with affliction, mit Traurigkeit (German) con agallas (Spanish) gutsy (colloquial) con agevolezza (Italian) lightly, easily, with ease, con facilità Italian), mit Leichtigkeit (German), avec aisance (French) con agiatezza (Italian) prosperously (wealthy) con agilità (Italian) with nimbleness, with agility, with clean and light expression, mit Behändigkeit (German), avec agilité (French) con agitazione (Italian) con concitazione (Italian), agitato (Italian), concitato (Italian), with agitation, agitatedly, restlessly, hurriedly, erregt (German), unruhig (German), avec agitation (French), agité (French) con ahínco (Spanish) eagerly con aire acondicionado (Spanish) air-conditioned con alcuna licenza (Italian) with a certain degree of freedom, usually with regard to tempo and expression con allegrezza (Italian) joyfully, cheerfully, gaily, with lightness, mit Fröhlichkeit (German), avec allégresse (French) con allegria (Italian) with vivacity, playfully (with merriment), in a lively manner, mit Fröhlichkeit (German), avec allégresse (French) con alma (Italian) with soul, with spirit, ardently con alterezza (Italian) proudly, with an elevated and sublime expression con amabilità (Italian) con garbo (Italian), tenderly, with sweetness, with grace and gentleness, mit Liebenswürdigkeit (German), avec amabilité (French) con amarezza (Italian) with sadness, with bitterness, bitterly, with affliction, mournfully, mit Bitterkeit (German), avec amertume (French) con amargura (Spanish) bitterly con amicizia (Italian) (good-)neighbourly (friendly) con amor (Spanish) with love, lovingly, with affection, with devotion, fondly, tenderly con amore (Italian) with love, lovingly, with affection, with devotion, fondly, tenderly, mit Liebe (German), avec amour (French) (Italian) (performed) as a labour of love con ampiezza (Italian) with breadth, mit Weite (German), mit Ausdehnung (German), avec ampleur (French) con angore (Italian) with anxiety con angoscia (Italian) with anguish con angustia (Italian) con affanno (Italian), affannosamente (Italian), affannoso (Italian), anxious, with anxiety, bangend (German), tourmenté (French), anxieusement (French) con animo, con anima (Italian) with boldness, with resolution, with soul, with spirit, spirited the term is frequently confused with animato (Italian: animatedly, more lively) con animazione (Italian) with animation, with decision, with boldness con ansia (Italian) in suspense, nervously (anxiously) (Spanish) eagerly con ansiedad (Spanish) anxiously con antelación (Spanish) in advance, in plenty of time, beforehand, prior con antelación a su boda (Spanish) prior to her wedding con anterioridad (Spanish) previously. before, previously, beforehand, in advance con anterioridad a (Spanish) ... before ..., prior to ... (something) con anterioridad a su llegada (Spanish) prior to his arrival con anticipación (Spanish) in advance con apprensione (Italian) nervously (with excitement) con aptitudes musicales (Spanish) musically talented con arditezza (Italian) boldly, spiritedly con ardore (Italian) with ardour, with warmth con arreglo a (Spanish) according to, in accordance with con arrendevolezza (Italian) obligingly (accommodatingly) con arroganza (Italian) proudly (with arrogance), arrogantly con arte (Spanish) skilfully con asiduidad (Spanish) frequently, regularly con atención (Spanish) attentively Conato (Italian m.) effort, attempt con attenzione (Italian) in a marked style, with attention, carefully con audacia (Italian) with boldness, with audacity, with firmness con autorevolezza (Italian) powerfully (with a compelling strength) con autorità (Italian) with authority, authoritative, peremptorily (in an authoritative way) con autorizzazione (Italian) with permission con bacchetta (Italian) with the side drum stick, with the snare drum stick, with the stick con bacchetta di feltro (Italian) with the felt stick con bacchetta di feltro duro (Italian) with the hard felt stick con bacchetta di feltro morbido (Italian) with the soft felt stick con bacchetta di ferro (Italian) with the iron stick con bacchetta di flanella (Italian) with the flannel stick con bacchetta di gomma (Italian) with the rubber mallet con bacchetta di legno (Italian) with the wooden stick con bacchetta di marimba (Italian) with the marimba mallet con bacchetta di metallo (Italian) with the metal stick con bacchetta di pelle (Italian) with the leather stick con bacchetta di spugna (Italian) with the sponge-headed stick con bacchetta di timpano (Italian) with the timpani stick con bacchetta di xiloono (Italian) with the xylophone mallet con bacchetta dura (Italian) with the hard stick con bacchetta morbida (Italian) with the soft stick con battente (Italian) with the beater con battente del tamtam (Italian) with the gong mallet, with the tamtam mallet con battente di campana (Italian) with the chime mallet con battente di campanelli (Italian) with the glockenspiel mallet, with the bell mallet con battente di sughero (Italian) with the cork mallet con battente di vibrafono (Italian) with the vibraphone mallet con battente del triangolo (Italian) with the triangle beater con bellezza (Italian) with beauty (of tone), gracefully con bizzarria (Italian) in a bizarre, fantastic or extravagant style con bocca chiusa (Italian) with mouth closed, humming con breve preavviso (Italian) at short notice con brio (Italian) with spirit, with fire, with spirit and force, with vigour, with brilliancy, sprightly con brio ed animato (Italian) with spirit and resolution con brutti modi (Italian) pert (with bad manners) con buongusto (Italian) tastefully conc(s). abbreviation of 'concerto(s)', concertante (Italian), concertino (Italian) Conca (s.), Conche (pl.) (Italian f.) large earthware basin, cavity, valley, hollow in the hills, shell, lock-basin in a canal Conca dell'orecchio (Italian f.) hollow of the outer ear Conca fessa (Italian f.) person of a weak constitution, person with weak health Concaio (Italian m.) dealer in earthenware, potter con calma (Italian) with calmness, with tranquilly, patiently (calmly) con calore (Italian) with warmth, with passion, with fire con carità (Italian) with tenderness concassé (French) coarsely chopped con catena e bacchetta tenera (Italian) with a chain and a soft stick concatenare (Italian) to link together (of an argument, ideas, etc.) Concatenazione armonica (Italian) harmony in which some parts are changing or moving while others are held or are sustained con cattiveria (Italian) perversely (in an evil way) Concausa (Italian f.) contribution, cause, pre-existing cause, aggravation of guilt con cautela (Italian) cautiously (with caution), carefully (cautiously) concave (English, French) curved like the interior of a sphere or circle Concave pedals a pedal board so constructed that the pedals are not at the same level, being so arranged that from the centre to the right and left they gradually rise con cavità (Italian) pitted (indented) Concavo (Italian m.) hollow concavo (Italian) concave, hollow, vaulted Concealed fifths see 'hidden fifths' Concealed octaves see 'hidden octaves' concéder (French) to grant, to concede concedere (Italian) to concede, to grant, to accord, to admit Conceit (s.), Conceits (pl.) (English, German pl.) artistic device or effect, witty or ingenious turn of phrase (English, German pl.) also termed metaphysical conceit in English, an elaborate poetic image or a far-fetched comparison of very dissimilar things (for example, elaborately comparing a beautiful woman to an object like a garden or the sun) (English, German pl.) something conceived, especially, a novel or fanciful idea amour propre, false pride, feelings of excessive pride, the trait of being unduly vain and conceited con celerità (Italian) quickly, nimbly Concento (Italian m.) concord, agreement, harmony, a collection of pieces, harmony of voice and instrument Concentramento (Italian m.) concentration Concentrando (Italian m., literally 'concentrating') an expression mark in music for the voice calling for an intensification of the tone concentrare (Italian) to concentrate the sounds, to veil the sounds with mystery, to centre, to condense (figurative) Concentration (French f.) concentration Concentrazione (Italian f.) concentration (in an abstract sense and as a chemical process) Concentré (French m.) concentrate concentré (French) concentrated, condensed (milk), absorbed (person) concentrico (Italian) concentric Concentus (Latin) concord, harmony (Latin) part music (Latin) parts of the Ritual Song of the Roman Catholic Church, the counter to the accentus which is chanted or intoned by the one of the Sacred ministers, the concentus is sung by the Assistants or by a specially trained choir concepibile (Italian) conceivable, imaginable concepire (Italian) to conceive, to imagine, to beign to form, to form, to formulate, to draw up, to entertain (hopes, suspicions) concepito (Italian) drawn up, worded Concept (English, French m.) abstract idea, general notion Concept art a form of illustration where the main goal is to convey a visual representation of a design, idea, and/or mood for use in movies, video games, or comic books before it is put into the final product Concept album from which this extract has been taken Concept album in popular music, an album which is pre-planned (conceived), most often with all songs contributing to a single overall theme or unified story, this plan or story being the concept Concept album from which this extract has been taken Conceptart (German f.) concept art Concept-Art (German f.) concept art Conception (English, French f.) idea, plan, understanding, conceiving, being conceived Conceptual of metal conceptions or concepts Conceptual history also the History of Concepts, a term used to describe a branch of the humanities, in particular of historical and cultural studies, which deals with the historical semantics of terms. It sees the etymology and the change in meaning of terms as a forming a crucial basis for contemporary cultural, conceptual and linguistic understanding. Conceptual history deals with the evolution of paradigmatic ideas and value systems over time, such as "liberty" or "reform." It argues that social history – indeed all historical reflection – must begin with an understanding of historically contingent cultural values and practices in their particular contexts over time, not merely as unchanging ideologies or processes (i.e. as in Marxism) Conceptual history from which this extract has been taken Conceptualize form a concept or idea of Conceria (Italian f.) tannery concerner (French) to concern concernere (Italian) to concern, to regard, to be concerned with, to relate to Concert (English, French) concierto (Spanish), concerto (Italian), Konzert (German) (English, French m.) a musical performance in front of an audience a concerto Concert A a', A4 or La4, the note used as a standard in the tuning of instruments and to which orchestras tune, having the frequency 440 Hz where Hz is the unit of frequency equivalent to one cycle per second Concertant (French) concertante Concertante (Spanish, Italian, from concertare, literally 'to act together') in the form of a concerto, where in an instrumental group, there is interplay between the performers, each allowed to display his or her virtuosity, either as an individual or as the member of a section a concerto with two or more soloists Concertante quartet see quatuor concertant concertare (Latin) to contend, to dispute, to debate (Italian) to arrange, to agree, to get together, to concert, to plan together, to hatch (plot), to arrange, to adjust, to conduct (concert, rehearsal) (Italian) to harmonise concertarsi (Italian) to come to an understanding, to act in concert Concert aria a self contained piece usually for one voice with orchestral accompaniment, that does not form part of any larger work, for example, Ah Perfido by Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827) and a number of concert arias by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791) concertato (m.), concertata (f.) (Italian) concerted, arranged, agreed upon (Italian) a term applied to an ensemble work in which the players are treated equally a somewhat oversimplified, but useful distinction between concertato (short for stile concertato) and concerto (short for stile concerto) can be made: the concertato style involves contrast between opposing groups of voices and groups of instruments: the concerto style, especially as it developed into the concerto grosso later in the Baroque, involves contrast between large and small groups of similar composition (later called ripieno and concertino) Concertato from which the comment above has been taken Concertato chorale a form derived from the early seventeenth-century practice of setting hymns with different combination of voices, solo and choral, for each verse Chorale concerto Concertato style sacred music in the concertato style in the early seventeenth century was descended from the 'motet': the texts that a hundred years earlier would have been set for a cappella voices singing in smooth polyphony, would now be set for voices and instruments in a concertato style. These pieces, no longer always called 'motets', were given a variety of names including concerto, Psalm (if a psalm setting), 'sinfonia', or symphoniae, for example, Heinrich Schütz's collections of Symphoniae Sacrae Concertato from which this extract has been taken Concert band orchestra concertistica (Italian f.), a wind band, also called symphonic band, symphonic winds, wind orchestra, wind symphony, or wind ensemble, is a performing ensemble consisting of several members of the woodwind instrument family, brass instrument family and percussion instrument family. Its various repertoire include original wind compositions, arranged classical items, light music, and popular tunes. Though the instrumentation is similar, it is distinguished from the marching band in that its primary function is as a concert ensemble. The repertoire for a concert band may, however, contain marches Concert band Concert companion see 'CoCo' Concert cymbalum developed in Hungary in the 1870s by József Schunda, a large cymbalum, comparable in pitch range (and weight) to a small piano — but still played in the normal way with beaters. It stands on four legs, has many more strings, and the later models had a damping pedal. Prior to this, the player damped the strings by using his coat sleeves Concert dance also known as performance dance, a category of dances in which an audience watches but does not participate Concert dance (twentieth century) 20th-century concert dance Concert des flûtes (French m.) or flûtes, in French organ repertoire, a resitration made up of softer flue combinations that were used alone (as opposed to accompanying a solo stop) Concert d'orchestre (French m.) concert of classical music Concerted music music to be played by several voices or instruments, heard at the same time as opposed to one at a time and where all the parts are equally important, for example, string quartets, piano quintets, wind octets, etc. Concertenart (German f.) concerto style concertenmässig (German) concerto-like Concert en ouverture an overture-suite in which a single soloist assumes the concertante role in the overture and in most, if not all, subsequent movements Concert en plein-air (French m.) open-air concert con certezza (Italian) certain knowledge, positively (absolutely) Concert flute also called 'Western concert flute' or 'C flute', the main flute in a modern symphony orchestra, a member of the family of transverse flutes Concert flute pipe an open wooden pipe rank with a sound somewhat louder and smoother thasn that of the orchestral instrument, found in an organ Concert français (French m.) an extremely popular concert series founded by Anne-Danican Philador, who had earlier founded another concert series, the Concert spirtuel, for which he was granted a royal privilèe which permitted him to present 'de motets à grand choeur et de symphonies italiennes et françoises' at the Salle de Cent Suisses in the Tuileries on religious fête-days when the theatres and the Opéra were officially closed, the title Concert français is probably not Philidor's. This series which began on 20 Dec. 1727 was to be given twice weekly (Saturdays and Sundays) in winter and once a week in summer, with programmes that were generally secular, although not exclusively so. Their success can be put down to Philidor's good fortune in being able to secure the services of France's foremost singer of the times, Catherine-Nicole Le Maure (1704-1787), as well as that of Marie Antier (c.1687-1747), another singer approaching the height of her career. Unlike the Concert spirtuel which continued through to 1790, the Concert français continued for only about two years Concert-geber (German) concert-giver Concertgebouw (Dutch) concert hall Concert grand large grand piano Concert hall a cultural building, which serves as performance venue, chiefly for classical instrumental music, sala da concerto (Italian), sala da concerti (Italian), Konzerthalle (German f.), Konzertsaal (German m.), salle de concert (French f.), sala de conciertos (Spanish) Concerti plural of concerto Concertina a hexagonal instrument similar to the accordion but with no keyboard, operated by buttons or studs, the English concertina, patented by Charles Wheatstone in 1829, has a compass of between three and a half and four octaves with all the intermediate semitones and is a double-action instrument - that is, on expanding or compressing the bellows the same note is produced. The tenor, bass and double-bass concertinas are, like the accordion, single-action instruments - that is, they produce different notes depending on whether the bellows are being expanded or compressed. The German concertina of the same period was an inferior instrument, being single-action, and having only a diatonic scale. The concertina differs from the accordion in that its buttons never produce chords and travel parallel to the travel of the bellows (towards the opposite end of the instrument); there are also differences in the internal materials, construction, mechanics, and tone color, although the basic principles of sound production are identical Concertina Concertino the soloist group in a concerto grosso - the accompanying group is called ripieno a smaller concerto in a free form, from the 19th- and 20th-centuries (Spanish m., Italian m.) the name is sometimes applied to the first violin part (violino primo concertino), or a member of any other section (for example, violino secondo concertino) who might perform a similar role, in which are entered obbligato passages of other parts concertiren (German) to match (for example, to match other parts as regards tone colour, dynamic levels, etc.) Concertista (Italian m./f., Spanish m./f.) concert artist Concertiste (French m./f.) concert artist Concert italien (French m.) so named from 1724 and sponsored by Pierre Crozat (1661–1740), a rich financier and dilettante, this private concert series was held in the Tuileries palace on Thursdays and Saturdays. Its success may have been the incentive Anne Danican Philidor needed to inaugurate the Concert spirituel (which began on 18 Mar. 1725) and the Concert français (which began on 20 Dec. 1727) Concert key the key in which a musical instrument plays, which for a transposing instrument will not be the same as the key in which its part is notated Concertmaster (English) the first violinist or leader of an orchestra Concertmeester (Dutch) the first violinist or leader of an orchestra Concert-meister (German m.) the first violinist or leader of an orchestra, conductor in a concert, the manager or chief conductor at a music academy Concert music musica da concerto (Italian f.) Concerto (s.), Concerti (pl.), Concertos (English pl.) (English, Italian m., French m.) concierto (Spanish), Konzert (German), concert (French) in the seventeenth century, ensemble music for voice(s) and instrument(s) after the seventeenth century, extended piece of music in which a solo instrument or instruments is contrasted with an orchestral ensemble, a form believed to have been invented by Giuseppe Torelli (who died in 1708), but which can be thought to have reached its maturity with the concertos of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791) a somewhat oversimplified, but useful distinction between concertato and concerto can be made: the concertato style involves contrast between opposing groups of voices and groups of instruments: the concerto style, especially as it developed into the concerto grosso later in the Baroque, involves contrast between large and small groups of similar composition (later called ripieno and concertino) Concertato from which the comment above has been taken Concerto Concerto A brief note on the term concerto Concerto (s.), Concerti (pl.) (Italian m.) concert Concerto da camera (Italian m., literally 'chamber concerto') one of the two types of concerto grosso, usually in the form of a suite, being introduced by a preludio and incorporating dance forms into its later movements. Later, the preludio was replaced by an ouverture to produce the 'overture-suite' Concerto da chiesa (Italian m., literally 'church concerto') originally any sacred composition, later a composition for voice with organ accompaniment, before meaning a composition for solo instrument with some kind of accompaniment, in its most substantial guise, as one of the types of concerto grosso, formal in character and with alternating largo (or adagio) movements and allegro movements Concerto de chasse (Italian and French) a concerto for hunting horns Concerto delle Donne (Italian m.) the final decades of the sixteenth century saw the rise of female performers at court, especially in Ferrara with its famous singing ladies. The Duke, Alfonso ll, guarded the secrecy of his concerto delle Donne so jealously that he allowed only chosen guests to hear them in his private concerts, known as musica secreta. Yet as with all of the best kept secrets, the legendary fame of these women spread throughout and beyond Italy. They inspired composers and performers alike with their dazzling technique, and laid the foundations of an expressive and luxurious repertoire Concerto della donne Concerto di musica pop (Italian m.) pop concert Concerto en suite a work similar in conception to a concert en ouverture, but beginning with a concerto-allegro movement in place of a French overture Concert of Ancient Music an important London subscription series (flourished 1776–1848) established to perform music of the recent past. Other London-based bodies established at about the same time include the Anacreontic Society (1766), and the Catch Club (1761). In Paris the most important concert-giving society in the 18th century was Le Concert Spirituel, founded by the French composer Anne Philidor in 1725. Its rival, the Concerts des Amateurs, was founded in 1770. In Vienna the Tonkünstler Societät was formed in 1771 Concerto form Concerto Concerto for orchestra a symphonic work in which individual players or sections drawn from the orchestra are given the opportunity to play the role of soloists Concerto for orchestra Concerto grande (Italian m.) a term sometimes employed for the large instrumental and vocal forces employed in large-scale public festivities that were designed to reflect the magnificence of court life: triumphal, funeral and carnival processions, tournaments, weddings, banquets, receptions and the intermedi that were a part of court theatre presentations. The concerto grande at Ferrara, including the cornett virtuoso Luigi Zenobi the highest-paid musician at court, included as many as fifty or sixty musicians, though the Florentine ambassador considered this a trifling thing compared to the hundred employed in such performances at Florence Concerto grosso (s.), Concerti grossi (pl.) (Italian m., English, German n., from the Italian, literally 'large concert') orchestral form especially popular in the 17th- and 18th-centuries featuring the contrasting lines of a small group of players, the concertino, and the remainder of the ensemble, the ripieno. Stradella originated the concerto grosso: while Corelli in his Op. 6 was the first to publish works under this title, Stradella clearly uses the format earlier in one of his Sonate di viole. Since the two knew each other, a direct influence is likely. Bach's Brandenburg Concertos No. 1, 2, and 4 are concerti grossi Concerto grosso Concerto popolare (Italian m.) concert of popular music Concerto ripieno (Italian m.) a concerto for strings without soloist, though one or more members of the ensemble may be treated soloistically. The term was not widespread during the eighteenth century but is found on autograph manuscripts of several works of this kind by Vivaldi Concerto sinfonico (Italian m.) symphony concert Concerto spirituale (Italian) a concert consisting chiefly of sacred music Concert overture single-movement concert piece for orchestra, typically from the Romantic period, the immediate predecessor of Liszt's tone poem. They were theatrical, evocative orchestral movements that were created for performance independent of any opera or theatre-piece: for example, Felix Mendelssohn's Fingal's Cave or Hector Berlioz's Roman Carnival Overture Symphonic poem from which this information has been taken Concert performance esecuzione di un concerto (Italian f.), esibizione musicale (Italian f.) Concert pitch the pitch at which non-transposing instruments sound the pitch to which an ensemble tunes, today typically a'= 440Hz Concertsaal (German) room for concerts, music room Concert, salle de (French f.) concert hall Concert season stagione concertistica (Italian f.), a series of concerts given over an extended period by a single orchestra, or to reflect a particular aspect of music, etc. Concertspieler (German) soloist, concerto player Concert spirituel (French m.) a concert of spiritual music (French m.) one of the first public concert series which began in Paris in 1725 and ended in 1790; later, concerts or series of concerts of the same name occurred in Paris, Vienna, London and elsewhere. The series was founded to provide entertainment during Lent and on religious holidays when the other spectacles (the Paris Opera, Comédie-Francaise, and Comédie-Italienne) were closed. The programmes featured a mixture of sacred choral works and virtuosic instrumental pieces, and for many years took place in a magnificently-decorated Salle des Cent Suisses (Hall of the Hundred Swiss Guards) in the Tuileries Palace. They started at six o’clock in the evening and were primarily attended by well-to-do bourgeois, the lower aristocracy, and foreign visitors. In 1784 the concerts were moved to the stage area of the Salle des Machines (an enormous former opera house in the Tuileries), and in 1790, when the royal family was confined in the Tuileries, they took place in a Paris theatre Concert spirituel from which this extract has been taken Concertstück (German n.) concert-piece or concerto, for example, Charles Hubert Hastings Parry (1848-1918), Concertstück in G minor, Cécile Chaminade (1857-1944), Concertstück for Piano & Orchestra, Ferruccio Busoni (1866-1924), Concertstück für Pianoforte mit Orchester Op. 31a Concert toms sets of single headed tunable tom-toms, usually eight, two drums to each height-adjustable stand Concert tour tour di concerto (Italian m.), a series of concerts, etc given by an orchestra, ensemble, group of musicians, soloist, etc., at different venues (either at home or overseas) usually without returning home during the period of the tour concert Vleugel (Dutch) large grand piano Concert zither also called the 'Alpine zither' and widely regarded as a very technically demanding instrument, the concert zither is the instrument on which virtuoso Anton Karas played the theme in the sound track of the movie "The Third Man". Similar in size and shape to the chord-zither, this instrument has a stretch of fretted fingerboard affixed to the instrument's top. This fingerboard usually accommodates five strings and is normally on the left side of the top, as you face the instrument. These 5 or so strings that span the fingerboard are the melody strings. To the right of the fingerboard are usually between 20 and 30 accompaniment strings Concession (English, French f.) a right to use land or sell goods, a discount given, a thing conceded (French f.) plot (of land) Concessionnaire (French m./f.) (authorized) dealer Concetto (s.), Concetti (pl.) (Italian m., literally 'concept') in Renaissance art theory, the intellectual or narrative program behind a work; a work's underlying theme. Concetti were often taken from the literature and mythology of Ancient Greece and Rome, as well as from the Bible in 16th-century Italy, collections of concetti were published providing a series of ready-made sentences for all occasions, that could be used when writing letters. Certain prohibitions against forms of expression particularly when the person writing or the person in receipt was a woman made non-formulaic writing very difficult because the writer had to be conscious not only of his or her own feelings, as expressed on the page, but also those likely to be prompted in the reader concevoir (French) to conceive (imagine, engender), to understand con chiarezza (Italian) with brightness, brightly, clearly, distinctly, limpidly, with clarity con chiodo (Italian) with a pin, with a nail Conch shell horn this naturally occuring shell forms the basis of a number of traditional 'trumpet-like' instruments Concierge (French m./f.) caretaker, a person in charge of a block of flats, a porter, a door-keeper Concierto (Spanish m.) concerto, concert, agreement, concord (figurative) Concierto para piano (Spanish m.) piano concerto Concierto para dos pianos (Spanish m.) concerto for two pianos Concierto para trompeta (Spanish m.) trumpet concerto Concile (French m.) council Conciliábulo (Spanish m.) secret meeting Conciliación (Spanish f.) conciliation, reconciliation Conciliation (English, French f.) the act of making calm or amenable, of pacifying, of reconciliation or of trying to gain the goodwill of concilier (French) to reconcile concinnare (Latin) to compile, to arrange Concinnity (English) Glätte (German f.), through their arrangement or interarrangement, the way in which various parts of a work of art act harmoniously or purposefully with respect to one another and within the work as a whole Concinnous (Latin) harmonising, coinciding in effect con ciò (Italian) with this concis (m.), concise (f.) (French) concise Concision (English, French f.) the property of being brief but comprehensive Concisión (Spanish f.) concision conciso (m.), consisa (f.) (Spanish) concise, brief Concitoyen (m.), Concitoyenne (f.) (French) fellow citizen Concitamento (Italian m.) or concitazione, agitation concitato (Italian) agitato (Italian), in an agitated and excited manner, expressing emotion, excited, fast, hurried, restless, erregt (German), unruhig (German), agité (French) (Italian) roused, stirred up see stile concitato Concitazione (Italian f.) see concitamento con civetteria (Italian) in a coquettish style conclure (French) to conclude conclure à (French) to conclude in favour of concluant (m.), concluante (f.) (French) conclusive Conclusio (German f., from Latin) conclusion Conclusion (English, French f.) ending, end, summing-up, infer from, infer that, infer, reasoned judgement in music, the conclusion may take the form of a coda or outro Conclusion (music) from which this extract has been taken Conclusione (Italian) the conclusion concocter (French) to cook up con comando a catena (Italian) chain-driven (machinery) Concombre (French m.) cucumber con commiserazione (Italian) pityingly (sympathetically) con comodo (Italian) with ease, without constraint or effort, in a convenient time, at leisure con compassione (Italian) poignantly (pitiably), pityingly (compassionately) con competenza (Italian) proficiently (with proficiency), aptly con compiacenza (Italian) obligingly (complaisantly) con concitazione (Italian) con agitazione (Italian), agitato (Italian), concitato (Italian), with agitation, agitatedly, restlessly, hurriedly, erregt (German), unruhig (German), avec agitation (French), agité (French) con condiscendenza (Italian) patronizingly (with condescension), obligingly (yieldingly) con controllo a distanza (Italian) by remote control Concord or 'concordant', a consonant interval or chord, that does not require resolution see 'consonance' see 'agreement' Concordance (French f.) agreement, similarity Concordant (French) pertaining to the voice, see basse-taille for which it is an alternative term (French) archaic term for the baritone voice see 'concord' concordant (m.), concordante (f.) (French) in agreement, harmonious Concordanten (German) notes, that when played together, produce a concord Concordant interval intervals, classified as follows: perfect concords perfect fourth, perfect fifth and perfect octave imperfect concords major and minor thirds, major and minor sixths Concordat (English, French) an agreement between the Pope and a government or sovereign on religious matters. This often included both recognition and privileges for the Catholic Church in a particular country. Privileges might include influence on the structure and direction of state education, exemptions from certain legal matters and processes, and issues such as taxation and government funding directed to the Church, as well as the ability of a state to influence the selection of bishops within its territory. Although formally the name concordat was last used in 1980, secular organisations still report the use of concordats and similar type agreements between the Catholic Church and both national countries and bodies such as the EU Concordat from which this material has been taken Concordanza (Italian) concord, beauty Concorde (French f.) concord concorder (French) to agree Concordia (Latin, Italian) concord, harmony Concordia discors (Latin) discordant harmony con corna (Italian) horny (zoolological) con cortesia (Italian) politely concourir (French) to compete concourir à (French) to contribute towards Concordium (1842-48) community and school set up by followers of Sacred Socialism at Alcott House on four acres of land with extensive gardens planted with fruittrees. Also a playground, lawns, walkways, arbours and summerhouse. The residents lived a spartan life of Physical Puritanism, eating a raw vegetarian diet and subscribing to a whole range of 'new' ideologies, including phrenology, hydropathy, mesmerism and celibacy. They promoted their ideas through printing The Heathian and New Age magazines. They established The British and Foreign Society for the Promotion of Humanity and the Abstinence of Animal Food, a forerunner of the Vegetarian Society. In 1848 the community disbanded, and the building was used as a cholera orphanage for girls, later known as `The National Orphan Home' Concours (French m.) contest, competition, competitive examination, motor race, aid (help), combination (of circumstances) Concours d'élégance (French m.) a contest held at the end of a motor rally in which the elegance of the cars as objects is the main consideration concr. abbrevation of 'concrete' (real or specific, not imaginary or general, the opposite of abstract) concret (m.), concrète (f.) (French) concrete Concrete in philosophy it is commonly considered that every object is either abstract or concrete. Abstract objects are sometimes called abstracta (sing. abstractum) and concrete objects are sometimes called concreta (sing. concretum) Concrete diction, Concrete imagery language that describes qualities that can be perceived with the five senses as opposed to using abstract or generalized language. For instance, calling a fruit "pleasant" or "good" is abstract, while calling a fruit "cool" or "sweet" is concrete Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken concrètement (French) in concrete terms Concrete music see musique concrète Concrete poetry also called 'shaped poetry; and 'visual poetry', poetry that draws much of its power from the way the text appears situated on the page. The actual shape of the lines of text may create a swan's neck, an altar, a geometric pattern, or a set of wings, which in some direct way connects to the meaning of the words Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken concrétiser (French) to give concrete form to Concubinage (French m.) cohabitation con cuciture (Italian) seamy con cui si sta lavorando (Italian) working (in temporary use) con cura (Italian) or con accuratezza (Italian), with care, mit Sorgfalt (German), avec soin (French) Concurrence (French f.) competition concurrencer (French) to compete with Concurrent (m.), Concurrente (f.) (French) competitor, candidate (for a scholarship, etc. concurrent (m.), concurrente (f.) (French) competing Concurso (Spanish m.) concours (French), competition, contest Concussion blocks see hyoshigi cond(s). abbreviation of 'conductor(s)', 'conducted by' Condamnation (French f.) condemnation, sentence (judicial) condamné (French) without hope, doomed condamner (French) to condemn, to sentence (judicial), to block up (opening, etc.) con danni cerebrali (Italian) brain-damaged con decisione (Italian) peremptorily (with decision) con decorrenza immediata (Italian) effective immediately, with immediate effect con delicatezza (Italian) delicately, with delicacy and lightness, with finesse con delirio (Italian) excitedly, raving, frantically, frenziedly, deliriously Condensed score 'short score' Condensation (English, French f.) condensing or being condensed (for example, water that forms on a cold surface), abridgement con desagrado (Spanish) unwillingly con desiderio (Italian) with desire, with an expression of ardent longing, longingly, yearningly con destino a (Spanish) going to, bound for con destrezza (Italian) deftly (in a deft manner) con determinazione (Italian) powerfully (with determination), persistently (with determination) con devozione (Italian) with devotional fervour, with devotion con difficoltà (Italian) with difficulty, ponderously (difficultly), hard (with difficulty) con dignità (Italian) with dignity con diligenza (Italian) carefully, accurately Condiment (English, French m. from the Latin condio, 'pickle') highly flavoured seasonings for or accompaniments to food con disaggio (Italian) at a discount con disapprovazione (Italian) pejorative (expressing disapproval) con discernimento (Italian) with a grain of salt con disegni (Italian) patterned (having patterns) Condisciple (French m.) classmate, schoolfellow con discrezione (Italian, literally 'with discretion') cautiously, discreetly, particularly the relationship between an accompanist and a solo part (i.e. that the former should not overpower the latter) con disinvoltura (Italian) with grace, flowingly con disperazione (Italian) with despair, with desperation, with a violent expression con dispetto (Italian) spitefully con disprezzo (Italian) with contempt, in contempt con disprezzo esagerato (Italian) with exaggerated contempt Condition (French f.) condition Conditions (French f. pl.) terms (of a prize, etc.) conditionnel (m.), conditionnelle (f.) (French) conditional Conditionnel (French m.) conditional (grammar) Conditionnement (French m.) conditioning, packaging (wrapping) conditionner (French) condition, package (wrap) Conditio sine qua non (Latin, 'condition without which not') an essential condition or requirement con divertimento (Italian) with zest con divozione (Italian) with religious feeling, in a devotional and solemn manner con doble puntillo (Spanish) double dotted con dolce maniera (Italian) in a delicate style con dolcezza (Italian) with softness, with sweetness Condoléances (French f. pl.) condolences con dolore (Italian) mournfully, with grief, with pathos Condominium (Latin) joint rule or sovereignty con doppia interlinea (Italian) double spaced (typography) Condottiere (s.), Condottieri (pl.) (Italian m.) the leader of a troop of mercenaries conduce un coche ajeno (Spanish) he drives someone else's car Conducimento (Italian) a melody consisting of a regular succession of conjunct degrees conducir al altar (Spanish) to marry Conduct to direct a performance of a composition, to beat time with the hand(s) or with a baton Conducten (German) on an organ, tubes or channels that convey air from the wind-chest to the pipes not mounted on the chest itself Conducteur (French m.) performance part for a particular instrument of an ensemble work to which cues have been added for the other instruments to permit the performer of the part also to conduct the performance Conducteur (m.), Conductrice (f.) (French) driver Conducting patterns the pattern of hand, or stick movements, a conductor uses to convey the beat to the group of musicians he or she is conducting Conducting patterns Conducting patterns Conduction a term in jazz for a blend of conducting and improvisation that allows a bandleader to craft large-scale spontaneous compositions on-stage, using hand signals to cue different musicians or musical strategies. Though jazz big-band leaders have always used gestural movement to control their flocks, conduction is a more flexible and sophisticated system, and it was devised by bandleader Greg Tate's long-time friend, composer and cornetist Butch Morris Burnt Sugar Refits '70s Jazz from which this material has been taken Conductive hearing loss a failure in the efficient conduction of sound waves through the outer ear, tympanic membrane (eardrum) or middle ears (ossicles). This type of hearing loss may occur in conjunction with sensorineural hearing loss or alone Conductive hearing loss from which this material has been taken Conductor director (Spanish m.), directora (Spanish f.), direttore d'orchestra (Italian m.), direttrice d'orchestra (Italian f.), Kapellmeister (German, older term), Leiter (German m.), Leiterin (German f.), chef d'orchestre (French) a person who directs (an orchestra or chorus), setting the tempo and establishing the interpretation of the composition being performed first mentioned in the 1327 Statute of Westminster, an appointment held by a few selected Warrant Officers Class 1 in the Royal Logistic Corps and is the most senior appointment that can be held by a warrant officer in the British Army Conductor (British Army) from which the extract above has been taken Conductor gallop the high-amplitude, low-frequency oscillation of overhead power lines due to the wind. The swings in the wires occur most commonly in the vertical plane, although horizontal or rotational motion is also possible. The natural frequency mode tends to be around 1 Hz, leading the often graceful periodic motion to also be known as conductor dancing Conductor gallop from which this extract has been taken Conductus (s./pl.) (English, German m., from the Latin conducere, 'to escort') in its monophonic form, as the versus, probably originally associated with the movement of the celebrant from station to station within a church in its polyphonic form, a twelfth-century church composition where extra parts were added to an existing non-plainsong melody, called the canto fermo, with which these parts are homorhythmic. This form was superseded by the motet by the end of the twelfth century, the term conductus was applied to any nonliturgical Latin song with metrical text, whether on a sacred or a secular subject, with a melody that was newly composed rather than borrowed or adapted from pre-existing material defining the term conductus in a manner that works for the entire genre has been elusive. However, this task becomes more manageable by breaking down the conducti into smaller sections and carefully examining the application of their borrowed sections. Two major types of text setting appearing in conducti are musica cum littera and musica sine littera. In the former, most of the text is declaimed, and the music is explainable in terms of the rhythmic modes. Construction of parts in the latter is determined by strictly musical concerns, and only sometimes is the music modal rhythmically. Conducti draw their sources primarily from organum and motets. Notation of musica sine littera sections is measured and presented modally and includes a large number of ligatures as in Ego reus confiteor which consists of three parts, and draws its lowest two parts from three sources from earlier in the thirteenth century. Polyphony flows seamlessly until the musica cum littera section. At this point, notation becomes fully rhythmic and utilizes the first rhythmic mode. This rhythmic change is the main difference between the new work and its borrowed source. Other differences include a high number of elisions and extensions into longa perfectas Conductus Musical Borrowings from which this comment has been taken Conductus monofónico (Spanish m.) monophonic conductus Conductus-motet a thirteenth-century form in which the two upper voices are isorhythmic and sing the same text, while the tenor moves independently and is a plainchant excerpt Conductus polifónico (Spanish m.) polyphonic conductus con due bacchette (Italian) with two sticks con due facce (Italian) two-faced con due mani (Italian) two-handed con due manici (Italian) two-handled con due monete (Italian) with two coins con due piatti (Italian) with two cymbals conduire (French) to lead, to drive (vehicle), to conduct (affair) conduire à (French) to take to (accompany) Conduit (French m.) conductus (musical form), duct (anatomy) Conduite (French f.) conduct, driving (vehicle), main (gas, etc.) conduite à droite (French) right-hand drive conduite à gauche (French) left-hand drive con duolo (Italian) with an expression of grief, mournfully, dolefully Conduplicatio the repetition of a word in various places throughout a paragraph con durezza (Italian) with harshness Conduttore (Italian m.) alternatively parte di conduttore, performance part for a particular instrument of an ensemble work to which cues have been added for the other instruments to permit the performer of the part also to conduct the performance Cône (French m.) cone con effetto (Italian) with effect con effetto positivo (Italian) to good effect con efficienza (Italian) or efficacemente (Italian), efficiently con effusione (Italian) with warmth, effusively Cone gamba Spitzgamba (German f.), an organ stop of the gamba species, with conical pipes [clarified by Michael Zapf] con el alba (Spanish) at the crack of dawn con el ánimo por el suelo (Spanish) in very low spirits, feeling very down-hearted con eleganza (Italian) in an elegant, refined style con elevazione (Italian) in a lofty manner, in a grand style con el motor apagado (Spanish) with the engine off con el respeto debido (Spanish) with due respect con emozione (Italian) with emotion, emotionally con empatia (Italian) pityingly (empathically) con energia (Italian) energetically, with energy this marking indicates that the music should be strongly accented and phrased distinctly con enfasi (Italian) with emphasis, in no uncertain terms con entrambe le mani (Italian) with both hands con entusiasmo (Italian) with enthusiasm, with verve con esagerazione (Italian) binge con esaltazione (Italian) with exultation con escepticismo (Spanish) with scepticism con esp. abbreviated form of con espression, con expressivo con espansione (Italian) with intense feeling con esperienza (Italian) able (experienced), proficiently (masterful) con espressione (Italian) with expression con espressione di patimento (Italian) with a plaintive or mournful expression con espressione dolorosa (Italian) with a mournful expression con espressivo (Italian) expressively con este descubrimiento se abren nuevos horizontes (Spanish) this discovery opens up new horizons con estro poetico (Italian) with poetic rage and fury, with poetic rage con evidenza (Italian) plainly (evidently), patently (obviously) Confab colloquial term (abbreviation of 'confabulation') for a chat, convention or professional gathering confabulare (Italian) to confabulate Confabulate converse, chat Confabulation talk, chat, conversation confacente (Italian) suitable confarsi (Italian) to suit con facilità (Italian) with facility, lightly, easily, in readiness, with ease, con agevolezza Italian), mit Leichtigkeit (German), avec aisance (French) con fama (Italian) notoriously (famously) con fantasia (Italian) fancifully, not strictly in time, in an improvisatory manner con fare scettico (Italian) doubtfully con fare dubbioso (Italian) doubtfully con fatica (Italian) with effort Confection (French f.) making (in medieval cookery) the sugar paste in which whole spices were dipped; confectioned spices were used as garnishes and eaten at the end of feasts, to aid digestion Confection, la (French f.) the clothing industry confectionner (French) to make con fede (Italian) with faith Confédération (French f.) confederation Confer (Latin) normally abbreviated to cf, compare (associated with a cross-reference) Conferatur (Latin) compare Conference a general session or face-to-face group that relies on participation and is often used to publicise developments in a particular field of endeavour or discipline Conférence (French f.) conference, lecture Conférence au sommet (French f.) summit conference Conferencia (Spanish f.) conference, lecture Conférencier (m.), Conférencière (French f.) (German m., French) lecturer, one who delivers an address, master of ceremonies, compère, MC Conferenza (Italian f.) lecture, conference (congress) Conferenziante (Spanish m./f.) lecturer Conferenziere (m.), Conderienziera (f.) (Italian) lecturer conférer (French) to give, to confer (honour, etc.) conferire (Italian) to give, to confer Conferma (Italian f.) confirmation confermare (Italian) to confirm con fermezza (Italian) with firmness, decisively, peremptorily, firmly, hard con ferocità (Italian) in a fierce, vehement style con fervore (Italian) piously, with a fervent and passionate feeling Confesseur (French m.) confessor Confessio Augustana (German f.) Augsburg Confession Confessio Belgica (German f.) Belgic Confession Confessio fidei (Latin) a confession of faith, a public declaration of allegiance Confession (French f.) confession, (religious) denomination the rite of confession of sins to a priest in order to obtain absolution; obtaining absolution through confession and penance was considered a sacrament Confessionnal (French m.) confessional confessionnel (m.), confessionnelle (f.) (French) denominational con festività (Italian) in a festive manner Confetti (Italian pl., French s.) small sweetmeats thrown at weddings, or carnival (small paper motifs have since replaced sweetmeats) Confettis (French m. pl.) confetti Confiance (French f.) trust confiant (m.), confiante (f.) (French) confident (assure), trusting confiant dans (French) confident in confiant en (French) confident in Confidante (English corruption of the French confidente) a woman entrusted with confidences, an intimate woman friend a clover-shaped triple chair that was set in the centre of a parlour or a hotel lobby. Three people could sit in the chair and lean toward the centre to talk. Each would be facing in a different direction. This strangely shaped settee was known as a confidante in the 1750s, when it first appeared. The English called it a 'roundabout conversation chair', while, in the twentieth century, it was a form of a tête-á-tête Confident (m.), Confidente (f.) (French) confidant, confidante Confidence (French f.) confidence Confident (German m.) confidante [entry by Michael Zapf] Confidenta (Spanish f.) soubrette (French), confidante, informer (f.), Confident (German m.) [German entry by Michael Zapf] Confidento (Spanish f.) confidant, informer (m.) confidentiel (m.), confidentielle (f.) (French) confidential con fiducia (Italian) with hope, with confidence, positively, unquestioningly confier à ... (French) to entrust ... with, to confide to ... con fierezza (Italian) with fire, fiercely Configuración (Spanish f.) configuration Configuration (English, French f.) arrangement in a particular manner Confinal see final confinante con (Italian) bordering on confinare con (Italian) to abut (architecture), to border (to share a border), to border on Confined not free to move about, captive, being in captivity Confinement (English, German n.) the act of restraining of a person's liberty by confining them, restriction, the state of being confined, concluding state of pregnancy (from the onset of contractions to the birth of a child) confiner (French) to confine confiner à (French) to border on Confining restricting the scope or freedom of action, close, crowded, "close quarters" Confins (French m. pl.) confines con fiochezza (Italian) hoarsely, with hoarseness, a manner of singing or speaking occasionally required in buffo parts Confirmation (English, French f.) information that confirms or verifies, ratification, the sacrament which follows baptism in the Christian life cycle and which requires the recipient to affirm their faith in the presence of a bishop Confirmation bias a reference to a tendency to seek evidence that will confirm our own opinion, or ignore or devalue that which does not confirmer (French) to confirm Confiscation (English, French f.) to remove something from someone's possession as a penalty Confiserie (French f., German f. - Austria, Switzerland) a shop selling pastries and sweetmeats Confiseries (French f. pl.) confectionery Confiseur (m.), Confiseuse (French f.) (French, German m. - Switzerland) confectioner, a maker of pastires and sweetmeats confisquer (French) to confiscate Confit (German n., French m.) a piece of meat preserved in its own fat confit (m.), confite (f.) (French) candied Confit d'oie (French m.) goose liver conserve Confiteor (from Confiteor Deo omnipotenti (Latin: I confess to almighty God)) a form of confession used at the beginning of the Mass, any confessional or avowal Confiture (French f.) jam Conflation in its more restricted literary sense, a conflation is a version of a play or narrative that later editors create by combining the text from more than one substantive edition con flessibilita (Italian) with flexibility, with freedom Conflict the opposition between two characters (such as a protagonist and an antagonist), between two large groups of people, or between the protagonist and a larger problem such as forces of nature, ideas, public mores, and so on. Conflict may also be completely internal, such as the protagonist struggling with his psychological tendencies (drug addiction, self-destructive behaviour, and so on) Literary Terms and Definitions from which this extract has been taken Conflit (French m.) conflict confondere con (Italian) to mix it up with confondersi con (Italian) to get confused with confondersi su (Italian) to get confused with confondre (French) to confuse, to mix up, to confound confondu (French) overwhelmed, confounded conforme à (French) in accordance with conformément à (French) in accordance with conformer (French) to adapt Conformisme (French m.) conformism Conformiste (French m./f.) conformist conformiste (French) conformist Conformité (French f.) conformity Confort (French m.) comfort confortable (French) comfortable Confort moderne (French m.) every modern convenience con forza (Italian) with force, vigorously, forcefully, vehemently, strikingly (rigorously) con forza repressa (Italian) with restraint con franchezza (Italian) with frankness, overtly con freddezza (Italian) with coldness, coldly con frequenza (Italian) periodic (frequently), oftentimes (frequently) Confrère (French m.) fellow-member (of a learned society, etc.) Confrérie (French f.) brotherhood, a group of associates Confrérie de St. Julien (French f.) brotherhood of St. Julien, an ancient French association, or society, for ballad singers and itinerant fiddlers con fretta (Italian) hurriedly, with haste confrontare con (Italian) to compare with confrontarsi con (Italian) to compete with Confrontation (English, French f.) the facing up to something, something that presents itself (for example, a difficulty), dealing with someone face to face confronter (French) to confront, to compare (texts, sources, etc.) Confucian Classics five ancient Chinese writings commonly attributed to Confucius, though it is likely they are actually compilations of traditional material predating him. The five classics include the I Ching (The Book of Changes), the Shu Ching (The Book of History), the Shih Ching, (The Book of Odes), the Record of Rites (Li Chi), and the Spring and Autumn Annals Confucianism a Chinese ethical and philosophical system developed from the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius (551–479 BC). It focuses on human morality and right action. Confucianism is a complex system of moral, social, political, philosophical, and quasi-religious thought that has had tremendous influence on the culture and history of East Asia. It might be considered a state religion of some East Asian countries, because of governmental promotion of Confucian values Confucianism from which this material has been taken con fuoco (Italian) with fire, spirited, with passion, in a fiery manner (that is, with a lot of emotion) con furia (Italian) with fury, with impetuosity, with rage, with vehemence con furore (Italian) furiously, vehemently, passionately confus (m.), confuse (f.) (French) confused, embarrassed Confusion (English, French f.) confusing or being confused (French f.) embarrassment Confusione (Italian) confusion, want of clearness, want of order Conga (Italian m., English, German f., French m.) the musical instrumentation and style that accompanies the Comparsa, it is also a style developed and performed by ensembles separate from the Carnaval Comparsas. Sometimes the style is referred to by regional interpretation, as in Conga Habanera (from Havana) or Conga Santiaguera (from Santiago). The dance is Afro-Cuban, but popular now in many Spanish speaking countries, characterized by hard beats in 2/4 time. The conga is performed in a formation known as the conga chain, and the steps are simple - one, two, three, and kick at which time the partners move away from each other Conga Line Conga (Panama) a folk dance similar to the tamborito, popular among the black communities of the northern coast in Costa Arriba, and that uses upright drums and wild, lascivious movements and lyrics Conga de comparsa see conga Conga (drum) (Italian m., English, German f., French m.) the conga drum is a single-headed drum, derived from the Congolese makuta drum, which is struck with the player’s hands. The present-day African conga drums are now quite different from the Latin-American conga drums, as they have remained virtually unchanged, while the the Latin-American conga drums are single headed, often with a shell that bulges in the middle, and are played with the hands in a variety of ways to produce quite a large array of differing sounds. Conga drums were important in Latin American dance band music of the 1930s. They are made in four different sizes; the largest is called the tumba or tumbadora, and second largest, the conga, the second smallest the quinto and the smallest the niño. Some players use a set made up of all four sizes although in authentic Latin-American music each drum is played by a single performer Conga (drum) con gambe lunghe (Italian) leggy, with long legs con garbo (Italian) con amabilità (Italian), tenderly, with sweetness, gracefully, graciously, with elegance, with grace and gentleness, mit Liebenswürdigkeit (German), avec amabilité (French) Congareda a rhythm that combines the Cuban Carnaval parade rhythm, the conga, with the Brazilian Ze Pereira marching rhythm. The main instruments are the timbau, a conically-shaped drum played like a conga drum, and the surdos Congas plural form of 'conga drum' Congatrommel (German f.) conga drum [corrected by Michael Zapf] Congé (French m.) holiday, time off (from work), leave, notice (of ending one's employment), permission to depart, dismissal (from service), poem of farewell (German m.) holiday (archaic meaning), poem of farewell [entry clarified by Michael Zapf] Congé definitif (French m.) final leaving taking, final dismissal (often associated with a dying person) Congé d'élire (French m.) permission given to a Dean and Chapter to elect a bishop or archbishop, any formal permission to elect a nominated candidate Congé de maladie (French m.) sick-leave Congé de maternité (French m.) maternity leave congédier (French) to dismiss Congee (English, German n.) a Chinese rice gruel eaten for breakfast congeler (French) to freeze Congelés, les (French) frozen food Congélateur (French m.) freezer Congénère (French m./f.) fellow creature congénital (French) congenital con gente así yo no me meto (Spanish) I don't mix with people like that con gentilezza (Italian) prettily, tenderly, with grace and elegance Congère (French f.) snow-drift Congeries (Latin) a collection of objects heaped together in disorder Congestion (French f.) congestion Congestion cérébrale (French f.) stroke, cerebral haemorrhage congestionner (French) to congest, to flush (colouring of the face) con ghiaccio (Italian) on the rocks (drinks) con gioco (Italian) playfully, merrily, in a playful style con gioia (Italian) joyfully, joyously, gaily, merrily con gioja (Italian) joyfully, joyously, gaily, merrily con giovialià (Italian) jovially, cheerfully congiunto (Italian) conjunct motion con giuoco (Italian) playfully, merrily con giustezza (Italian) with precision con giustezza dell'intonazione (Italian) with just, correct intonation con giusto (Italian) tastefully, in a fitting manner con gli (Italian) with the con gli occhi aperti (Italian) with your eyes open con gli occhi arrossati (Italian) red-eyed con gli occhi bassi (Italian) downcast con gli occhi rossi (Italian) red-eyed con gli occhi spalancati (Italian) wide-eyed Congo Panamanian dance music Congolese hip hop (DRC) Congolese hip hop (DRC) Congoma an African name for the marímbula Congo music the name given to soukous in English-speaking West Africa con gracia (Spanish) with grace, daintily, elegantly, at a moderate tempo, in a graceful and elegant style [entry suggested by Weed] con grande agitazione (Italian) greatly agitated con grande attenzione (Italian) with great care con grande espressione (Italian) with plenty of expression con grande preoccupazione (Italian) frantically con grande sconforto (Italian) with great despondency con grande sentimento, affannosamente agitata (Italian) anxiously but with great feeling con grandezza (Italian) with dignity, with grandeur con grandi occhi (Italian) big-eyed con grandi orecchie (Italian) big-eared congratularsi (Italian) to congratulate congratularsi con se stessi (Italian) congratulate yourself con gravità (Italian) with dignity, with seriousness, with gravity con grazia (Italian) with grace, daintily, elegantly, at a moderate tempo, in a graceful and elegant style con grazia infantile (Italian) with childlike grace Congrega (Italian f.) assembly, gathering (often for questionable ends), gang, set congregare (Italian) to assemble Congrégation (French f.) congregation Congregazione (Italian f.) assembly, congregation, religious fraternity, institution Congrès (French m.) congress Congresso (Italian m.) congress, conference congruamente (Italian) conveniently, suitably, consistently congruente con (Italian) congruent with Congruenza (Italian f.) agreement, congruence, consistency congruo (Italian) congruous, suitable, adequate, convenient conguagliare (Italian) to equalize, to balance, to finish off (a work of art) Conguaglio (Italian m.) balancing, levelling, equalizing, finishing off Conguerías in Cuba, Sunday festivals sponsored by sugar estate owners to which were invited slaves from neighboring centrales to participate. Besides yuka drumming, which can still be found in some parts of rural Cuba, they featured song contests between competing soloists, called gallos, as well as makuta dances and maní, a now obsolete combat dance roughly similar to Brazilian capoeira Conguero a conga player con gusto (Italian) with taste and expression, in good taste, with gusto Conical cone-shaped (a conical tube is one tapering gradually) Conical bore a term describing a tube that has a gentle taper along its entire length, for example the cornet, the tuba, the recorder and the French horn Conical mouthpiece the deeper, conical form of the mouthpiece for brass instruments con i ciottoli (Italian) pebbly conico (Italian) conical cónico (Spanish) conical con i diti (Italian) with the fingers Conifère (French m.) conifer con il dovuto rispetto (Italian) with due respect con il fiato sospeso (Italian) with bated breath con il fondo in vetro (Italian) glass-bottomed con il manico (Italian) with the handle con il manico della mazza (Italian) with the handle of the beater con il migliore (Italian) with the best con il pretesto di (Italian) under the cloak of, under the pretext of con il senno del poi (Italian) in hindsight con il sole (Italian) with the sun con il treno (Italian) by train con il tuo permesso (Italian) with your permission con il vento (Italian) with the wind con impegno totale (Italian) wholeheartedly con impeto (Italian) impetuously, vehemently con impeto doloroso (Italian) with pathetic force and energy con impetuosità (Italian) impetuously, vehemently con impunità (Italian) with impunity con indecenza (Italian) nastily (vicious way) con indifferenza (Italian) with indifference (particularly with an assumed air of indifference), unthinking con indignazione (Italian) indignantly con influenza (Italian) powerfully (influentially) con ingenuità (Italian) with naiveté con iniziativa imprenditoriale (Italian) entrepreneurial con innocenza (Italian) in a simple, artless, innocent style con inquietudine (Italian) nervously (worriedly) con inserimento di fogli (Italian) sheet-fed con insistenza (Italian) urgently, persistently (insistently) con intelligenza (Italian) brightly con intenso sentimento (Italian) with intense feeling con intenzione (Italian) with stress, with emphasis con interruzioni (Italian) disrupted (roads) con intimissimo sentimento (Italian) with much feeling, with great expression con intimo sentimento (Italian) with feeling, with expression con intrepidezza (Italian) with boldness, with daring con invidia (Italian) covetously (with jealousy) con i piedi in dentro (Italian) pigeon-toed (with feet inward) con i piedi per terra (Italian) down to earth conique (French) conic, conical con ira (Italian) with an expression of anger, passionately conische Trom (Dutch) conical drum con isdegno (Italian) with indignation, with disdain con islancio (Italian) impetuously, with dash, avec élan, con slancio con i tacchi alti (Italian) high-heel conj. abbrevation of 'conjuction' (word used to connect clauses or sentences or words in the same clause, for example, in English, 'and', 'but', 'if') Conjecture (English, French f.) guess (English) synonymous with speculation, a hypothesis that has been formed by speculating or conjecturing (usually with little hard evidence) conjecturer (French) to conjecture Conjoint synonymous with 'conjunct' Conjoint (m.), Conjointe (f.) (French) spouse conjoint (m.), conjointe (f.) (French) joint conjunct, as in mouvement conjoint (French: conjunct motion) Conjoint degrees or 'conjunct degrees', two notes which follow each other immediately in the order of the scale conjointement (French) jointly Conjoint tetrachords two tetrachords or fourths, where the same note is the highest of one and the lowest of the other Conjonction (French f.) conjunction Conjonctivite (French f.) conjunctivitis Conjoncture (French f.) circumstances, economic climate Conjugaison (French f.) conjugation conjugal (French) pertaining to marriage or the relationship between spouses Conjugate (in tuning theory) the conjugate of a triad is the triad in which the dominant complement of the mediant replaces the mediant. More simply, the conjugate of the major triad, 1/1 5/4 3/2, is the minor triad, 1/1 6/5 3/2, where 6/5 is the 3/2's complement of 5/4 [taken from http://tonalsoft.com/enc/conjugate.htm] Conjugation the inflection of a verb to show its person, number, mood, or tense conjuguer (French) to conjugate (grammar), to combine (efforts) Conjunct scales, modes and harmoniai containing 'conjunct' tetrachords are also described as 'conjunct' the nearest degree in the scale, whether the scale is chromatic or diatonic, to a given degree Conjunct degree the note next above or below a given note Conjunct double appoggiatura coulé, 'slide' or Schleifer, called, by seventeenth-century English string players, the 'elevation' or 'whole fall' (when ascending) or 'double backfall' (when descending). Starting on the written note to which the sign is applied, the player plays three successive conjunct notes, the last being the written note, the former pair quickly rising up to or quickly falling towards the written note Conjunct interval also 'conjoint interval' or 'step', a melodic interval between two notes that are immediate neighbours in a diatonic scale linear (melodic) intervals may be described as steps or skips in a diatonic context. Steps are linear intervals between consecutive scale degrees while skips are not, although if one of the notes is chromatically altered so that the resulting interval is three semitones or more (e.g. C to D sharp), that may also be considered a skip. However, the reverse is not true: a diminished third, an interval comprising two semitones, is still considered a skip Conjunction word used to connect clauses or sentences or words in the same clause, for example, in English, 'and', 'but', 'if' [corrected by Michael Zapf] Conjunct motion or 'conjunct movement', movimiento conjunto (Spanish), moto congiunto (Italian), mouvement conjoint (French), schrittweise Bewegung (German), stufenweise Bewegung (German), stapsgewijze beweging (Dutch) movement by step or by conjunct degree, in other words, when a theme moves by no more than a tone or semitone from one note to the next Conjunct movement see 'conjunct motion' Conjunct tetrachords (in tuning theory) two tetrachords that share one of their proximal extremal tones are considered to be linked by conjunction or to be 'conjunct'. By contrast, where the proximal extremal tones are one degree apart the tetrachords are said to be 'disjunct' Conjunto (Spanish m.) combo, band, ensemble, pop group (Spanish m.) a term synonymous with sonora in Puerto Rico and Cuba for medium-sized band. Originally conjunto was an accordion-based Texas-Mexican style and ensemble that developed in the 1940s. It evolved from the Septeto instrumentation and was another interpretation of son styles. Originally consisting of the tres, contrabass, bongos, brass and vocalists, who played clave, maracas and guiro, later the guitar, piano, piano-accordion and congas were added Conjunto de cámara (Spanish m.) chamber orchestra, chamber group Conjunto de viento (Spanish m.) windband Conjunto-style polka see norteño Conjuration (from Latin conjure, conjurare, to swear together) incantation, a ritual recitation of words or sounds believed to have a magical effect the calling up of a spirit or devil magic trick, an illusory feat, considered magical by naive observers (French f.) conspiracy Conjuré (m.), Conjurée (f.) (French) conspirator conjurer (French) to avert, to entreat (implore) con justo (Italian) with exactness con la bandera a media asta (Spanish) with the flag at half-mast con la boca abierta (Spanish) dumbfounded con l'accordo che (Italian) with the understanding that con l'accusa di (Italian) in the charge of con la agravante de que estaba borracho (Spanish) what makes it even worse is that he was drunk con la calidad que lo acredita (Spanish) with the quality for which it's renowned con la comprensione (Italian) with the understanding con la coscienza pulita (Italian) with a clear conscience con l'aereo (Italian) by airplane con la forza (Italian) by force con la forza delle armi (Italian) by force of arms con l'aggiunta di (Italian) with the addition of con l'aiuto di (Italian) with the help of con la mano (Italian) with the hand con la mazza (Italian) with the head (of the beater) con la moral bastante alta (Spanish) in pretty high spirits con lancio (Italian) with vigour, vigorously con languore (Italian) languidly, languishingly con la palma della mano (Italian) with the flat of the hand con la presente (Italian) herewith con la punta del arco (Spanish) colla punta d'arco (Italian), alla punta d'arco (Italian), at the point or tip of the bow, an der Bogenspitze (German f.), an der Spitze (German), avec la pointe de l'archet (French), à la pointe (French), de la pointe (French) con la punta delle dita (Italian) with the finger-tips con larghezza (Italian, literally 'with breadth') broadly con la scollatura (Italian) necked (with a collar) con la speranza che (Italian) in the hope that con la stipula (Italian) with the stipulation con la testa che gira (Italian) giddy (dizzy) con la testa della mazza della grancassa (Italian) with the head of the bass-drum beater con la testa sulle spalle (Italian) level headed con la testa tra le nuvole (Italian) in a daze con la toga (Italian) black-robed con la tua famiglia (Italian) with your family con l'ausilio di (Italian) with the assistance of, through the agency of con l'autobus (Italian) by bus con lealtà (Italian) overtly (loyally) con le buone o con le cattive (Italian) by hook or by crook con le corde (Italian) snares on con le gambe arcuate (Italian) bow-legged con leggerezza (Italian) with lightness, airily, with delicacy con leggierezza (Italian) with lightness, airily, with delicacy con le mani e i piedi legati (Italian) bound hand and foot con le mani nel sacco (Italian) red-handed con le mani pulite (Italian) with clean hands con lenezza (Italian) gently, in a quiet manner, faintly, midly, sweetly con lentezza (Italian) slowly, lingeringly con lentigini (Italian) freckled con le orecchie rosse (Italian) red-eared con le orecchiette (Italian) dog-eared con le pratiche di invocazione dei defunti (Italian) necromantic (devoted to the invocation of the dead) con le pratiche divinatorie (Italian) necromantic (devoted to divination) con le proprie mani (Italian) own hands con le punte (Italian) pronged (tined) con le pustole (Italian) pimply (with pimples) con le spalle a terra (Italian) flat on his back con le spalle al muro (Italian) over a barrel, in a corner con le unghie e con i denti (Italian) tooth and nail (idiomatic) con licenza (Italian) with a certain degree of freedom, patented (with a patent) con l'impressione che (Italian) under the impression that con llorar no adelantas nada (Spanish) crying won't get you anywhere con lo sguardo offuscato (Italian) bleary-eyed con lo stesso punto di vista (Italian) along (with the same viewpoint) con luce a gas (Italian) gas-lit con lucentezza (Italian) bright (brilliantly) con luminosità (Italian) bright (brightly) con maestà (Italian) with majesty, with dignity, with grandeur con maestade (Italian) with majesty, with dignity, with grandeur con maggiore anzianità di servizio (Italian) senior (rank, job) con maggiori vendite (Italian) best-selling con malanconia (Italian) melancholy, dejected con malenconia (Italian) melancholy, dejected con malignità (Italian) nastily, puckishly (naughtily), perversely (in a perverse way) con malinconia (Italian) melancholy, dejected con manipolazione (Italian) manipulative con mano destra (Italian) with the right hand con mano dritta (Italian) with the right hand con mano sinistra (Italian) with the left hand con margini irregolari (Italian) ragged con media hora de anticipación (Spanish) half an hour early con meditazione (Italian) playfully (with thoughtfulness) con método (Spanish) methodically con mil amores (Spanish) with (the greatest of) pleasure con minaccia (Italian) ominously (in an ominous way) con misericordia (Italian) pityingly (mercifully) con mistero (Italian) with mystery, in a mysterious manner con moderazione (Italian) with moderation, in moderation (applied to either speed or emotional power), sparingly con modi non raffinati (Italian) gross (bad-mannered) con molta libertà (Italian) very freely con molte persone (Italian) populous (with many people) con molt'espressione (Italian) very expressively con molto carattere (Italian) with a lot of character and emphasis con molto entusiasmo (Italian) zestfully con molto espressione (Italian) very expressively con molto fogliame (Italian) leafy (with many leaves) con molto passione (Italian) very passionately, with a lot of feeling con molto sentimento (Italian) with a lot of feeling and expression con molto sforzo (Italian) with much effort con montatura di corno (Italian) horn-rimmed con morbidezza (Italian) with softness, with smoothness, with a delicate tenderness con moto (Italian) with motion, with movement, keeping up a lively movement, not dragging con moto circolare (Italian) around (with circular motion) con movimento (Italian) with movement con mucha animación (Spanish) very lively (place) con mucha anticipación (Spanish) well in advance Connaissance (French f.) knowledge, acquaintanceship Connaissances (French) knowledge (science) Connaisseur (m.), Connaisseuse (French f.), Connaisseurin (German f.), Connaisseurs (pl.) (German, French) connoisseur connaître (French) to know, to have connaître à fond (French) to know throroughly connecter (French) to connect Connecting note a note that is held between adjacent chords Connection (English, German f. - although the standard term in German is Verbindung (German f.)) a relation between things or events (as in the case of one causing the other or sharing features with it), the act of bringing two things into contact (especially for communication) [additional information by Michael Zapf] (English, German f. - although the standard term in German is Verbindung (German f.)) essential to all partner dancing, for example, in 'Lindy Hop', 'Balboa', 'East Coast Swing', 'West Coast Swing', 'Salsa', 'Contra dance', and other styles of partner dance, connection is the primary means of communication between the dancers who leads (the lead) and the dancer who follows (the follow). Other forms of communication, such as visual cues, are often considered to spoil the dance, unless used in specific circumstances, for example, in figures danced without any physical connection Connection from which this extract has been taken Connections (usually plural although can also be singular) people who are influential and with whom you are connected in some way (as by family or friendship) Connections haben (German) to have connections (colloquial) Verbindungen haben is the standard expression [information provided by Michael Zapf] con negligenza (Italian) with negligence, neglectfully, in a careless manner, without restraint Connerie (French f.) rubbish (remark) (slang) connesso con (Italian) also insito in (Italian), collegato a (Italian), incidental to Connexion (French f.) connection Connivence (French f.) connivance con nobilità (Italian) nobly, in a lofty and dignified style con noi (Italian) with us Connoisseur (French) one skilled in their appreciation of music, etc., someone who is a critical judge in matters of taste (in the fine arts) con nonchalance (Italian) casually (nonchalantly) con noncuranza (Italian) negligently (regardless manner), carelessly (without care) Connotation (English, French f.) meaning, significance, implication in addition to the literal or principal meaning the extra tinge or taint of meaning each word carries beyond the minimal, strict definition found in a dictionary. For instance, the terms civil war, revolution and rebellion have the same denotation; they all refer to an attempt at social or political change. However, civil war carries historical connotations for Americans beyond that of revolution or rebellion. Likewise, revolution is often applied more generally to scientific or theoretical changes, and it does not necessarily connote violence. Rebellion, for many English speakers connotes an improper uprising against a legitimate authority (thus we speak about "rebellious teenagers" rather than "revolutionary teenagers") Literary Terms and Definitions from which the second extract has been taken con notorietà (Italian) notoriously (in a notorious way) connu (French) well-known con nuestros augurios para (Spanish) with our best wishes for con oggettività (Italian) objectively (with objectiveness) con ogni mezzo (Italian) by any means con onore (Italian) with honour con opinioni simili (Italian) of like mind con orgoglio (Italian) with pride, proudly (with pride) conosciuto anche con il nome di (Italian) also known as conosciuto con il nome di (Italian) known by the name of con o senza di te (Italian) with or without you con osservanza (Italian) observing scrupulously what is necessary for a proper performance con ostilità (Italian) negatively (a condition of refusal) con ottava (s.), con ottavi (pl.) (Italian) or con 8va, a marking found in keyboard music, if the notes are to be played with the right hand play the notes with those an octave above, if the notes are in the left hand play the notes with those an octave below con ottava bassa (Italian) or con 8va bassa, a marking found in keyboard music, play the notes with those an octave below con ottimi risultati (Italian) fruitful (with good results) con otto numeri (Italian) octal (with eight numbers) con padronanza (Italian) profitably (with mastery) con parentela di sangue (Italian) related by blood con pareti alte (Italian) high-sided con parole chiare (Italian) in plain words con parole semplici (Italian) in plain English, in plain terms con passione (Italian, literally 'with passion') play with emotion, play with feeling con passo lento (Italian) at a slow pace con passo veloce (Italian) briskly (walk) con paura (Italian) timidly con paura e timore (Italian) with fear and trembling con pazienza (Italian) patiently (in a patient manner) con pedanteria (Italian) in an even, unemotional manner con perfidia (Italian) puckishly (devilishly) con perizia (Italian) with skill con permesso (Italian) or con autorizzazione (Italian), with permission con perseveranza (Italian) persistently (with persistence), patiently (forbearingly) con personalità famose (Italian) all-star con persone (Italian) peopled (with people) con perspicacia (Italian) perceptively (keenly) con pezzi (Italian) chunky con piacere (Italian) with pleasure, gladly con piacevolezza (Italian) with a pleasing and graceful expression con piatti (Italian) with cymbals con piccanteria (Italian) piquantly, in a sprightly manner con piena funzionalità (Italian) or con tutte le funzioni (Italian), fully functional con pieno successo (Italian) with flying colours con placidezza (Italian) placidly, smoothly, in a tranquil manner con poca sicurezza (Italian) perilously (unsafely) con poche conseguenze (Italian) of little consequence con poche possibilità (Italian) off-chance con poco lavoro (Italian) painless (with little work) con poco seno (Italian) flat-chested con poco si può fare molto (Italian) a little can go a long way con pollice (Italian) with the thumb con polso di ferro (Italian) with an iron hand con pompa (Italian) loftily, in a majestic and dignified style con potenza (Italian) powerfully (potently) con precipitazione (Italian) precipitately, in a hurried manner con precisione (Italian) with precision, in an exact manner, to a tee (colloquial) con preconcetti (Italian) prejudicial (with preconceptions) con prestezza (Italian) with rapidity con presunzione (Italian) proudly (presumptuously) con problemi di pelle (Italian) pimply (with skin faults) con profitto (Italian) at a profit con prontezza (Italian) quickly, with alacrity, in readiness con prontezza di spirito (Italian) quick-witted con propulsione ad aria (Italian) air-driven (machinery) con prospettive ristrette (Italian) parochial (with narrow views), blinkered con prudenza (Italian) with caution con puntillo (Spanish) dotted (as in negra con puntillo, 'dotted crotchet', 'dotted quarter-note') con puntos y comas (Spanish) in great detail con qualche licenza (Italian) somewhat freely con quali mezzi (Italian) how (by what means) ¿con qué médico se atiende? (Spanish - Latin America) which doctor usually sees you? Conquérant (m.), Conquérante (f.) (French) conqueror conquérir (French) to conquer con questo (Italian) hereby, with this Conquête (French f.) conquest Conquistador (s.), Conquistadores (pl.) (Spanish m.) a person who took part, in the sixteenth century, in the Spanish conquest of Mexico and Peru