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C after Richard Charteris, the cataloguer of music by Giovanni Gabrieli (1557-1612) after Luciano Ciappari, the cataloguer of music by Franz Liszt (1811-1886) after Anneliese Callan, the cataloguer of music by Franz Ignaz Beck (1734-1809) after Howard A. Craw, the cataloguer of music by Jan Ladislav Dussek (1760-1812) C in music written for the guitar, bar chords (barre chords, barré chords) are usually signified by a large C followed by the Roman numeral representing the fret where the player places his or her index finger common time, the time signature 4/4 or if a single vertical line lies through the C it indicates alla breve or alla cappella time if a double vertical line lies through the C it indicates alla breve (that is 4/2) (this sign is now obsolete) C abbreviation of 'Celsius' (after Anders Celsius), which is the same as 'centigrade', a temperature scale on which the freezing point of water is 0°, and the boiling point of water is 100° under normal atmospheric pressure abbreviation of canto or cantus C, c (English, German n.) the first note (or tonic) in the scale of C major: in 'fixed do' solfeggio the note called do, doh or ut C the third of three sections in ternary form, i.e. the C section C a system of envelope sizes C0 917 x 1297 mm C1 648 x 917 mm C2 458 x 648 mm C3 324 x 458 mm C4 229 x 324 mm C5 162 x 229 mm C6 114 x 162 mm C7/6 81 x 162 mm C7 81 x 114 mm C8 57 x 81 mm C9 40 x 57 mm C10 28 x 40 mm DL 110 x 220 mm the C series within the ISO International paper sizes range which is mainly used for envelopes or folders suitable for enclosing stationary in the A series C in music theory, designates the C-major triad c in music theory, designates the c-minor triad c abbreviation of 'cent(s)' c/ abbreviation of calle (Spanish f.: street) c. abbreviation of 'common' (in dictionaries, glossaries, etc.: both masculaine and feminine) _ c one-lined c, or middle c, using the 'so-called' German method for distinguishing different octaves (the same notation is applied to the six diatonic notes above c which are treated as lying in the same octave). Notes successively an octave higher have an addition horizontal line or stroke above them and are called two-lined, three-lined, and so on (again applied to the c and the six diatonic notes in each octave immediately above it) C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 see 'clef' C-14 Datierung (German f.) carbon 14 dating, radiocarbon dating c. or ca, abbreviation of circa (Latin: about, approximately) C. 8 see con 8va c.a. abbreviated form of coll'arco (Italian: with the bow, using the bow) ca abbreviated form of circa (Latin: about, approximately) ça (French) it, that, this Cab (English, German n.) a compartment at the front of a motor vehicle or locomotive where driver sits, the popular name for a taxicab Cabaca (English) cabaça Cabaça or afuche, rather like a spool with metal beads wound around it, it has a wooden handle and is played by twisting it in the air while striking it on the palm, or by rotating the beads back and forth in the palm of the hand Cabacete type of war hat popular in fifteenth century Europe with a turned-down brim which was drawn up to a point in the front and rear with an almond-shaped skull Cabales a special kind of flamenco siguiriyas Cabaletta (Italian f., from cobola meaning 'couplet') or cabbaletta, in nineteenth-century Italian opera, a short aria in rondo form, the last section of an operatic duet. Initially, a simple animated operatic aria, then, finally, the fast concluding section of an operatic aria that brings an act to an end, requiring great accuracy and control Cabaletta Cabalistic numerological symbolism a method of embedding hidden messages in music, by using a code of numbers based on which notes are used, their durations, arrangement, subdivision, etc., whereby the composer made symbolic referrence to specific persons, places, or things and/or events in some way associated with the music Caballo (Spanish, literally 'horse') often written a caballo, in Afro-Latin music it is used to describe a rhythmic accompaniment that resembles in feel the trotting of a horse; also used to describe the rhythmic accompaniment to the Pachanga style Cabane (French f.) hut, cabin, shed, shack (pejorative), capanno (Italian m. - hut, shed), Bude (German f. - shed), Hütte (German m. - hut), cobertizo (Spanish m. - hut, shed) la cabane (French f.: the nick, the slammer, prison) Cabane à outils (French f.) toolshed, capanno degli attrezzi (Italian m.), Werkzeugschuppen (German m.), cobertizo para herramientas (Spanish m.) Cabane de rondins (French f.) log cabin, casetta di legno (Italian f.), Blockhütte (German f.), refugio (Spanish m.) Cabanon (French m.) hut, shed, capanno (Italian m. - hut, shed), Bude (German f. - shed), Hütte (German m. - hut), cobertizo (Spanish m. - hut, shed) (French m.) (beach) chalet, cabin, country cottage (French m.) padded cell Cabaret (Spanish m., German n., Italian m. from French m., literally 'tavern') cabaré (Spanish m.), a form of entertainment featuring comedy, song, dance, and theatre, distinguished mainly by the performance venue - a restaurant or nightclub with a stage for performances and the audience sitting around the tables (often dining or drinking) watching the performance. The venue itself can also be called a cabaret Cabaret from which this extract has been taken Cabaret (opera) a form of entertainment based on the ballad opera of eighteenth-century England, the most famous example being Dreigroschenoper (1928), composed by Kurt Weill (1900-1950) with its libretto drawn from a book written by Bertolt Brecht (1898-1956) Cabaret (song) a form of nightclub entertainment fashionable between the 1880s and the 1930s, particularly in Paris and Berlin. In Germany, cabaret songs could be satirical, erotic or sentimental and later took on a strongly political slant Cabaret Cabas (French m.) shopping-bag Cabasa cabaça Cabassa cabaça Cabaza (Italian f., German f.) cabaça Cabbaletta (Italian f.) see cabaletta Cabeza (Spanish f.) the head of a guitar (Spanish f.) note head (Spanish f.) head Cabeza de ajo (Spanish f.) head of garlic Cabildos Fernando Ortiz counted the presence of over one hundred different African ethnic groups in nineteenth-century Cuba, and estimated that by the end of that century fourteen distinct "nations" had preserved their identity in the mutual aid associations and social clubs known as cabildos, societies of free and enslaved blacks from the same African 'nation', which later included their Cuban-born descendants. Soon after Emancipation in 1886, cabildos were required to adopt the name of a Catholic patron saint, to register with local church authorities and when dissolved, to transfer their property to the Catholic Church. The cabildos not only preserved specific African practices, their members also creatively reunited and resynthesized many regional African traditions, some, as in the case of the Yoruba, long separated by migration and war Cabillaud (French m.) cod (fish) Cabine (French f.) cubicle (swimming pool), hut (beach), cabin (boat), cockpit (plane), cab, cage (lift) Cabinet (French) surgery, office, pricatice, Cabinet (politics) (English, French m.) a small, private room where works of art, valuables and curiosities were kept and contemplated at leisure; over time the term was used for the collections themselves. Renaissance cabinets played an important role in the development of museums and art galleries Cabinet card a 4 by 5 1/2" photograph, usually on thin albumen or carbon paper, pasted to a rigid 4 1/4 by 6 1/2" colour board to prevent curling. The photo studio's name is printed on the card's front or back very often with decorative gold guilding. They were almost exclusively used for portraiture and sparked the photo-retouching profession. Though often put out in display cabinets, they were made in a specific size to fit into specially made collectors' albums. Photographs of various consistent sizes that were pasted to cards went by different names such as 'Boudoir', 'Imperial', 'Promenade', 'Trilby' and 'Victoria', but the cabinet card was the most popular Cabinet de toilette (French m.) toilet Cabinet d'orgue (French m.) an organ case, a barrel-organ Cabinet organ see 'reed organ' the term is used also for a pipe organ in which the pipes are housed within a organ box which has doors on the front, as in a cabinet. Some call this tpe of organ a bureau-organ [additional entry prompted by Michael Zapf] Cabinet particulier (s.), Cabinets particuliers (pl.) (French m.) a private room, particularly one provided temporarily for a man and his mistress Cabinet pianoforte (French m.) an upright piano standing about 6 ft. tall, larger than a cottage pianoforte or the pianino Cabinet style a piano or organ without a keyboard Cabine-teléphonique (French m.) phone-booth, phone-box Cabiscola (Latin) a precentor, or choir leader (obsolete term) Câble (French m.) cable, rope (cord) Câble avec prise (French m.) cable with plug Cablecar (German n.) cable car Cable car a conveyance for passengers or freight on a cable railway Cableknit knit in a raised loop stripe resembling a twisted cable, used in knitted sweaters câbler (French) to cable Cabo (de áudio) (Portuguese) cable, lead Cabochon (English, German m., French m., from the Middle French caboche, literally 'head') a precious stone, rounded, smoothed and polished rather than faceted (French m.) a moulding with a smooth convex surface surrounded by ornamentation cabosser (French) to dent Cabotage (French m.) coastal navigation Caboteur (French m.) coaster Cabotin (m.), Cabotine (f.) (French) ham (actor/actress), play-actor (figurative) Cabotinage (French m.) ham acting, play-acting (figurative) Cabot Strait the passage between southwest Newfoundland and Cape Breton Island Cabotstraße (German f.) Cabot Strait Cabretta (French f.) bellows-blown bagpipe from Auverne region of France Cabrette (French f., literally 'little goat') or musette, bellows-blown bagpipe from Auverne region of France consisting of a chanter for playing the melody, and a drone Cabri (French m.) kid Cabrio (s.), Cabrios (pl.) (German n.) convertible, drop-top Cabriole (French f.) somersault, caper (French f.) a form of curved leg frequently used in eighteenth-century furniture and sometimes found too on harpsichords of the period (France f.) in dance, an allegro step in which the extended legs are beaten in the air. Cabrioles are divided into two categories: petite, which are executed at 45 degrees, and grande, which are executed at 90 degrees. The working leg is thrust into the air, the underneath leg follows and beats against the first leg, sending it higher. The landing is then made on the underneath leg. Cabriole may be done devant, derrière and à la seconde in any given position of the body such as croisé, effacé, écarté, etc. In addition there is the double cabriole in which one leg strikes the other in the air two or more times before landing Cabriole from which this information has been taken Cabriolet (s.), Cabriolets (pl.) (English, German n., French m.) a light two-wheeled one-horse vehicle with a large hood and an apron, a motor-car constructed with a sliding glass partition between the passengers (in the back) and the driver (in the front) (English, German n., French m.) car with a removable soft or hard top, convertible, drop-top Cabrio-Verdeck (German n.) convertible hood Cacahuète (French f.) peanut Cacao (French m.) cocoa Caccavella (Italian f.) friction drum Caccavella Caccia (s.), Cacce (pl.) (Italian f., literally 'chase' or 'hunt') usually describing an animated scene, the caccia flourished in Italy between 1345 and 1370. Written for two equal voices in canon, the Italian version added a supportive instrumental part A Documented Definition and Brief History of Rounds Caccia (Italian f.) hunt (Italian f.) see corno da caccia (Italian f.) see oboe da caccia Cacciante (Sicilian/Italian) drover Caccini trill a trill 'on a single note', in other words a repeated note, described in Giulio Caccini's Le Nuove Musiche, Florence, I Marescotti 1601 Cachalot (French m.) sperm whale Cache (French m.) mask, lens cover (camera) (English, German m., French m.) hiding place, hidden store set up for later use, temporary memory in computer (for example, used to decrease write- and read-times on a hard disk) Cache-cache (French m.) hide-an-seek (game) Cachemire (French m.) cashmere Cache-misère (French m.) any concealing garment (for example, a hat that conceals the hair) cacher (French) to hide, to conceal cacher à (French) to hide from, to conceal from Cache-sexe (French m.) a garment like a G-string, designed to be minimal while preserving decency Cache-Speicher (German m.) cache (memory), cache memory Cachet (French m.) fee (artist's) (French m.) postmark (particularly a special impression made with a rubber-stamp on a first-flight envelope in addition to the normal postal markings), seal, tablet (French m.) style (figurative), a 'certain something' an unpalatable medicine enclosed in a soluble casing or capsule cacheter (French) to seal cache-torchons (French m.) a receptacle, usually kept out of sight, for storing cleaning-rags, etc. Cachette (French f.) hiding-place Cachimbo one of the three güiros, or shakers, called the caja, mula and cachimbo, or the caja, dos golpes and salidor that feature in the music of Santería one of the three conga drums, named, like the guïros mentioned above, caja, mula and cachimbo or caja, dos golpes and salidor Cachinnatory relating to loud or immoderate laughter Cach-nez (French m.) scarf Cacho a güiro-like instrument from El Salvador, made from an animal horn Cachot (French m.) dungeon Cachotteries (French f. pl.) secrecy cachottier (m.), cachottière (f.) (French) secretive Cachou (Portuguese, cachu, from the Malay) a fragrant lozenge used by smokers and others to sweeten the breath Cachucha (Spanish) first created in Cuba in 1803, it is considered a Spanish dance. The Cachucha was danced in the U.S. at the White House. Fanny Essler (1810-1884), who introduced the Cachucha to the public in the ballets The Lady of the Lake (1812) and later in Le Diable boiteux (the Lame Devil) in 1836 which established its popularity, was so popular that the Congress decided it would not convene when she was dancing. Sometimes, the Cachucha is erroneously spelled Catchucha a graceful Spanish dance from the southern region of Andalusia, in triple meter, related to the fandango and not unlike the bolero Cachucha from which this information has been taken Cäcilianismus (German m.) Cecilianism Cäcilie Cecilia Cacodaemon (Greek) an evil spirit, an evil genius Cacoepy faulty pronunciation Cacoethes loquendi (Latin) an irresistible desire to talk Cacoethes scribendi (Latin) an irresistible desire to write Cacofonia (Italian f.) cacophony cacofonico (Italian) cacophonous Cacographic (from Greek) or cacographic, misspelled, written badly Cacography (from Greek) or kakography, an archaic word, originally the opposite of orthography, 'correct spelling', but which came to be used to mean 'bad handwriting' as well, as the opposite of calligraphy Cacophonie (French f.) cacophony cacophonique (French) cacophonous, discordant, dissonant Cacophony (Greek, 'bad sound') discordant or dissonant sound, poor intonation in poetry, the term refers to the use of words that combine sharp, harsh, hissing, or unmelodious sounds. It is the opposite of euphony Cactus (English, French m.) plant with a thick fleshy stem, usually spines, and no leaves, often found in near-desert surroundings cad. abbreviated form of cadenza cada dos por tres (Spanish) every five minutes cada quisque (Spanish) everybody, absolutely everybody cadavérique (French) deathly pale Cadavre (French m.) corpse Caddie (English, German m., French m.) trolley, golf trolly, person who carries golf equipment for a golfer (as well as offering advice on playing the course) Cadeau (s.), Cadeaux (pl.) (French m.) present, gift Cadel (from Dutch cadel and/or French cadeau, meaning "a gift", "a little something extra") in a manscript, a small addition or "extra" item added to an initial letter Cadenas (French m.) padlock Cadenas (Spanish f. pl.) chains in flamenco, a footwork combination in triplets - first the golpe of one foot, then the heel of the other foot then finally returning to the first foot cadenasser (French) to padlock Cadence (English, French) cadencia (Spanish), cadenza (Italian), Kadenz (German f.), Schluss (German m.) the melodic pattern just before the end of a sentence or phrase, for instance an interrogation or an exhortation. More generally, the natural rhythm of language depending on the position of stressed and unstressed syllables. Cadence is a major component of individual writers' styles. A cadence group is a coherent group of words spoken as a single rhythmical unit, such as a prepositional phrase, "of parting day" or a noun phrase, "our inalienable rights" (English, French f.) in her article entitled Cadence in Music, Catherine Schmidt-Jones writes about those things that produce a feeling of cadence: harmony in most Western and Western-influenced music (including jazz and "world" musics), harmony is by far the most important signal of cadence. The most fundamental "rule" of the major-minor harmony system is that music ends on the tonic. A tonal piece of music will almost certainly end on the tonic, although individual phrases or sections may end on a different chord (the dominant is a popular choice). But again, you cannot just throw in a tonic chord and expect it to sound like an ending; the music must "lead up to" the ending and make it feel inevitable (just as a good story makes the ending feel inevitable, even if it's a surprise). So the term cadence, in tonal music, usually refers to the ending chord plus the chord or two immediately before it that led up to it. There are lots of different terms for the most common tonal cadences; you will find the most common terms below. Some (but not all) modal musics also use harmony to indicate cadence melody in the major/minor tradition, the melody will normally end on some note of the tonic chord triad, and a melody ending on the tonic will give a stronger (more final-sounding) cadence than one ending on the third or fifth of the chord. In some modal musics, the melody plays the most important role in the cadence. Like a scale, each mode also has a home note, where the melody is expected to end. A mode often also has a formula that the melody usually uses to arrive at the ending note. For example, it may be typical of one mode to go to the final note from the note one whole tone below it; whereas in another mode the penultimate note may be a minor third above the final note. (Or a mode may have more than one possible melodic cadence, or its typical cadence may be more complex.) rhythm changes in the rhythm, a break or pause in the rhythm, or a slowing of or pause in the harmonic rhythm are also often found at a cadence texture changes in the texture of the music also often accompany a cadence. For example, the music may momentarily switch from harmony to unison or from counterpoint to a simpler block-chord homophony form since cadences mark off phrases and sections, form and cadence are very closely connected, and the overall architecture of a piece of music will often indicate where the next cadence is going to be - every eight measures for a certain type of dance, for example. (When you listen to a piece of music, you actually expect and listen for these regularly-spaced cadences, at least subconsciously.) Cadence in Music - for a more detailed discussion Literary Terms and Definitions from which the second entry has been taken Cadence (harmonic) (English, French) cadencia (armónica) (Spanish), cadenza (armonica) (Italian), cadence harmonique (French), Schlusskadenz (German) a progression of chords at the end of, or at the end of a section in a musical work - terminology here is inconsistent both within England and the U.S., as it is between the two: perfect cadence authentic cadence full close final cadence full close cadence complete cadence whole cadence cadenza perfetta (Italian) authentische Kadenz (German) vollkommene Kadenz (German) Ganzschluss (German) cadence parfaite (French) cadence ouverte (French) cadence pleine (French) cadéncía perfecta (Spanish) some do not consider a cadence to be completely perfect unless the melody ends on the tonic and both chords are in root position authentic for example, V-»I true plagal church cadence amen cadence Greek cadence complete cadence Kirchenschluss (German) Plagalschluss (German) authentic for example, IV-»I plagal cadence cadenza plagale (Italian) Plagale Kadenz (German) cadence plagale (French) cadéncía plagal (Spanish) see note below about 'half' and 'half-close' authentic for example, I-»IV-»I mixed cadence there are two other uses made of this term, both superfluous, as the cadences can be better described using terms elsewhere in this table authentic the sequence, V-»VI-»V-»I imperfect cadence dominant cadence half close cadence half cadence half close semi-cadence demi-cadence false cadence cadenza imperfetta (Italian) Halbschluss (German) cadence suspendue (French) demi-cadence (French) cadence à la dominante (French) cadence irrégulière (French) cadéncía imperfecta (Spanish) 'half close' and 'half' are sometimes applied to 'plagal' cadences which are authentic but in which the chord is not in root position, or the melody does not end on the tonic not authentic for example, II-»V interrupted cadence irregular cadence deceptive cadence avoided cadence broken cadence evaded cadence false cadence false close surprise cadence abrupt cadence cadenza sfuggita (Italian) cadenza sospesa (Italian) cadenza evitata (Italian) cadenza d'inganno (Italian) cadenza finta (Italian) unvollkommene Kadenz (German) Halbkadenz (German) Trugschluss (German) cadence suspendue (French) cadence interrompue (French) cadence rompue (French) cadence évitée (French) cadence trompeuse (French) cadéncía rota (Spanish) these cadences end on unexpected chords not authentic for example, V-»VI phrygian cadence phrygische Kadenz (German f.) a special type of half cadence that only occurs in minor keys modal cadence for example, iv6-»V Italian cadence cadence italienne (French f.) cadence complète (French f.) authentic for example IV-»I-»V-»I although there are variations particularly in regard to the choice of the first chord in the sequence mixolydian cadence mixolydische Kadenz (German f.) modal cadence for example, v-»I disguised cadence cadence containing altered dominant or tonic, so that the dominant-tonic function is often camouflaged in standard chords to which additional notes have been added or from which notes have been deleted inverted cadence applies to perfect or imperfect cadences where, in either case, the final chord is inverted, i.e. not in root position medial cadence (from 'medial' meaning 'middle') an inconclusive cadence commonly marking the end of the first musical section in a multi-sectional piece. The term may be applied to any cadence where the penultimate chord is inverted radical cadence any cadence where the chords are in root position, i.e. the roots of each chord are in the bass suspended cadence a cadence held on a penultimate chord (often the second inversion of the tonic chord) while a cadenza is performed by the soloist at the end of which the cadential progression (i.e. two further chords) is completed third-relationship cadence a cadence that results from a harmonic progression in which the roots lie a 3rd apart masculine cadence a cadence in which the final chord occurs on an accented beat feminine cadence non-accented ending feminine ending weibliche Endung (German f.) although it is usual for the final chord of a cadence to fall on an accented beat, sometimes it can be effective when the final chord is placed on an unaccented beat, often midway through a bar. Such a cadence is called a feminine (perfect, interrupted, etc.) cadence. The feminine cadence is the preference in Romantic music (for example, Beethoven, in his late-period works or as a typical feature of the Polonaise) Cadence (musique) Chords and Cadences - for a more detailed discussion Schlussbildung Cadence italienne Cadence (linear or melodic) (English, French) cadencia (Spanish), cadenza (Italian), Kadenz (German f.), Klausel (German f.) Michael Zapf writes: generally, in German, Klausel means the ending of a single voice, and Kadenz the one of several voices, without necessarily implying a harmonic approach. This rule is not universally adhered to, however in medieval music theory, a cadence is a point where all of the voices of a multipart counterpoint come together making a close to a particular musical phrase. At this point, the voices sound a perfect consonance on the strong beat. In two voice writing, this is almost always a unison or an octave. If there are three or more voices, one voice may take a third or a fifth to the bass note. It is possible for two voices in a composition to cadence while the others continue moving, although at the final cadence all voices sound the final harmony of the piece together. From this, it can be seen that there are two species of cadence: the final cadence and the interior cadence. The rules are slightly different for the two types of cadence. Cadences normally proceed from a major sixth to an octave or from a minor third to a unison. This is often proceeded by a syncopated dissonance, which resolves to the sixth or third which then proceeds to the octave or unison by contrary motion. In the major sixth to octave cadence, usually the lower voice descends by a tone and the upper voice ascends by a semitone (except in the Phrygian cadence, where the two voices are reversed). In the minor third to unison (or minor tenth to octave) cadence, usually the lower voice ascends by a semitone and the upper descends by a tone (except in the Phrygian cadence) in the middle ages and the renaissance, cadences were thought of contrapuntally rather than harmonically third-to-unison cadence Terz-Einklangklausel (German f.) Terz-Einklangkadenz (German f.) a third-to-unison chord sequence would be expressed in terms of two voices moving together so that the interval between them changes from a third to a unison third-to-fifth cadence Terz-Quintklausel (German f.) Terz-Quintkadenz (German f.) a third-to-fifth chord sequence would be expressed in terms of two voices moving apart so that the interval between them changes from a third to a fifth sixth-to-octave cadence Sext-Oktavklausel (German f.) Sext-Oktavkadenz (German f.) a dominant-to-tonic chord sequence would be expressed in terms of two voices moving together so that the interval between them changes from a sixth to an octave Landini cadence Landino sixth under-third cadence Burgundian cadence Landino-Kadenz (German f.) Landinoklausel (German f.) Landinosexte (German f.) Unterterzklausel (German f.) named after Francesco Landini (1325-1397) who made extensive use of this technique, Landini's version of the typical Medieval sixth-to-octave cadence, uses an escape tone in the upper voice to briefly narrow the interval to a perfect fifth before the octave. For example, the top line might add an ornamental note a third beneath the cadential pitch before both voices expand outward to an octave; the top voice might approach a C cadence with the pitches B-A-C (over the lower voice's descent from D to C) parallel cadence Parallelkadenz (German f.) doubling of the upwardly moving voice by a second voice a fourth below (Unterquart (German f.)) [entry provided by Michael Zapf] parallel cadence with tritone Parallelkadenz mit Tritonus (German f.) a parallel cadence in which the paenultima of the middle voice is not raised, which results in a tritone with the upper voice [entry provided by Michael Zapf] double leading note cadence Doppelleittonkadenz (German f.) a parallel cadence in which the middle voice reaches the ultima by a semitone [entry provided by Michael Zapf] mixolydian cadence mixolydische Kadenz (German f.) see 'cadence (harmonic)' phrygian cadence phrygische Kadenz (German f.) see 'cadence (harmonic)' Klausel (Schlusswendung) Cadences in medieval polyphony Cadence dance style in 2/4, played on electric instruments and developed in Martinique and Guadeloupe '70s, derived from the Antillean beguine Cadence Cadence (French f.) rhythm, cadence, rate (of travel) "cadences are to melodies what periods and commas are to speech" - Furetière (1690) (French f.) cadenza (French f.) shake, trill "[French] singing masters say that cadence is a natural gift that permits one to trill delicately. The two notes making up the cadence [trill] should be executed in the throat, one after the other, and the same on the harpsichord, by striking the two keys of the trill" - Furetière (1690) (French f.) a turn (as given in Wilhelm Friedemann Bach's Clavier-Büchlein (1720)) (French f.) the term is used in speech to indicate the harmonious conclusion of a period [a long and rather complex sentence] or part of a period (French f.) in dancing, the term refers to the fall of the body's motion, for example, to dance en cadence (literally 'in cadence') (French f.) "cadence also means observing the mesures [in the sense of the downbeat that create the over-arching phrasing] used in dancing, when the steps and the motion of the body follow the notes and the mesures of the instruments; and so the cadence is the end of a temps or a mesure [in the sense of a phrase]. Thus one says "be in cadence", en cadence, or "out of cadence," to mean following or not following the mouvements [in the sense of rhythm] of the violin, the oboe, the song, etc. It is also said of the mesure that should be observed in oratory, in order to make it sound pleasing to the ear." - Furetière (1690) (French f.) cadence also means the way dancers' steps must conform to the mesure stressed by the instrument. But I would like to point out that this cadence is not always beaten in the way the mesure [time] is beaten. Thus music masters beat the menuet with a downbeat at the beginning of each measure, while the dancing master only beats one every two measures, because that is how long it takes to perform the four steps of a menuet." - Rousseau (1768) Ranums' Panat Times from which the comments by Furetière and Rousseau have been taken cadencé (m.), cadencée (f.) (French) rhythmic, rhythmical Cadence à la dominante see demi-cadence Cadence boucle (French f.) turnaround, turnback Cadence brisée (French f.) an abrupt shake, which begins with the upper auxiliary note Cadence call Marschgesang (German m.), also called 'Jody calls' or simply 'jodies', cadence calls are songs sung by soldiers, for example when marching, designed to build motivation and esprit de corps Military cadence [link suggested by Michael Zapf] Cadence complète (French f.) or cadence italienne, the cadential progression IV-»I-»V-»I, although there are variations particularly in regard to the choice of the first chord in the sequence cadenceé (m.), cadenceée (f.) (French) cadenced (in the sense of 'rhythmic') "Music that is written to fit dance motions must be more cadencé, that is, not only should the beat be more marked and make itself felt more clearly than usual, but the symmetry of the even-numbered measures must be more strictly observed. When the dance has a specific ambiance [caractère], such as pantomimed ballets, the music should conform to it. When there is no determined ambiance to the dance, as in contradanses, menuets, allemandes, and so forth, the music should assume and maintain an ambiance that is gay, playful or majestic, in sum, the one deemed the most appropriate for it." - Mercadier de Balesta (1776) Ranums' Panat Times from which the comment by Mercadier de Balesta has been taken Cadence évitée (French f., literally 'avoided cadence') or cadence rompue, a dissonant chord followed by another dissonant chord rather than the expected consonant triad Cadence finale (French f.) final cadence Cadence goup see 'cadence' (scond entry) Cadence harmonique (French f.) harmonic cadence Cadence imparfaite (French f.) imperfect cadence Cadence interrompue (French f.) interrupted or delayed cadence Cadence irrégulière (French f.) synonymous with cadence imparfaite Cadence italienne (French f.) or cadence complète, the cadential progression IV-»I-»V-»I, although there are variations particularly in regard to the choice of the first chord in the sequence Cadence-lypso a genre developed in the 1970s, the first style of Dominican music to find international acclaim, eventually becoming a part of styles like zouk Cadence-lypso from which this extract was taken Cadence ouverte (French f.) perfect cadence, authentic cadence Cadence parfaite (French f.) perfect cadence, authentic cadence Cadence perlée (French f.) brilliant cadence Cadence plagale (French f.) plagal cadence Cadence pleine (French f.) full cadence a shake which is preceded by the upper auxiliary note as a long appoggiatura Cadence rampa a variety of music from the Caribbean country of Haiti Cadence rompue (French f.) also cadence évitée or cadence trompeuse, 'broken' or deceptive cadence Cadence suspendue (French f.) imperfect cadence or half-close, delayed cadence Cadence trompeuse see cadence rompue Cadencia (Spanish f.) cadence, rhythm [entry corrected by Donald Skoog] Cadência (Portuguese f.) cadence Cadencia andaluza (Spanish f.) Andaluzian cadence (IV-III-II-I) Cadencia armónica (Spanish f.) harmonic cadence Cadencia auténtica (Spanish f.) perfect cadence Cadencia borgoñona (Spanish f.) Burgundian cadence (from the Renaissance) Cadencia completa (Spanish f.) Cadencia imperfecta (Spanish f.) imperfect cadence Cadencia Landini (Spanish f.) Landini cadence Cadencia perfecta (Spanish f.) perfect cadence Cadencia plagal (Spanish f.) plagal cadence Cadencia rota (Spanish f.) interrupted cadence cadens (Dutch) cadence Cadential decorations embellishments of cadences, similar to graces and passaggi but which should be considered separately because, in the 15th and 16th-centuries, cadences were generally decorated even when other sections of the piece were not Cadential extension Kadenzerweiterung (German f.), erweiterte Kadenz (German f.), the prolongation (post-cadential extension) or delay (pre-cadential extension) of a cadence by the addition of material beyond (i.e. before or after) the point at which the cadence is expected [German terms provided by Michael Zapf] Cadential 6/4 kadenzierender Quartsextakkord (German m.), Vorhaltsquartsextakkord (German m.), often at cadences, the root position dominant is preceded by a chord that has the same bass note as the dominant, but contains the notes of the tonic triad. Since the chord contains the notes of the tonic, it seems logical to label the chord I6/4. However, this label implies that the chord is somehow functioning as a tonic. Unfortunately, while the label may appear to classify the chord, it obscures the actual harmony and the function of the sixth and fourth above the dominant bass. The purpose of the sixth and fourth above the bass is to embellish and therefore intensify the dominant harmony. The fourth is a suspension that delays the entrance of the leading tone over the dominant bass. The fifth can also be delayed by suspending the sixth above the bass. The double suspension produces an apparent tonic chord in second inversion, but the underlying harmony is still V. Consequently, the apparent tonic triad is simply the product of voice leading motions, and therefore does not serve any tonic function. In fact, the cadential 6/4 produces an interesting reversal. Since scale degree 1 produces the interval of a perfect fourth above the dominant bass, scale degree 1 is a dissonance requiring resolution rather than a stable goal of motion. The leading tone, scale degree 7, becomes the note of resolution and the goal of motion. The notation V6/4-5/3 captures the double suspension function over a dominant harmony [German terms provided by Michael Zapf] Glossary from which this extract has been taken Cadenz (German) cadence Cadenza (Spanish, Italian) cadence (French), Kadenz (German f.), Schluss (German m.) (Italian f.) cadence (Italian f.) originally a vocal flourish extemporized at a cadence by the performer (until the time of Verdi all opera cadenzas were improvised), later also featured in instrumental performance, nowadays a cadenza is that part of a concerto shortly before the end when the soloist plays alone to demonstrate their virtuosity. At the close of the cadenza, the soloist falls silent and the orchestra completes the movement. Cadenzas may have be written out by the composer or they might have been written by a noted performer as with Joachim's cadenza for the Brahms Violin Concerto. Nowadays, few performers improvise their own cadenza nor these days is room left in the score where a cadenza might be inserted. Operatic cadenzas generally began from a second inversion, tonic chord and finished on the dominant followed by the tonic Cadenza Cadenza armonica (Italian f.) harmonic cadence Cadenza d'inganno (Italian f.) deceptive cadence Cadenza evitata (Italian f.) evaded cadence Cadenza finta (Italian f.) false cadence Cadenza fiorita (Italian f.) ornate or florid cadence Cadenza imperfetta (Italian f.) imperfect cadence, half close Cadenza perfetta (Italian f.) perfect cadence, authentic cadence Cadenza plagale (Italian f.) plagal cadence Cadenza sfuggita (Italian f.) interrupted, avoided or broken cadence Cadenza sospesa (Italian f.) suspended or delayed cadence cadenzato (Italian) cadenced, rhythmic ça dépasse l'entendement (French) it defies one's understanding Cadet (m.), Cadette (f.) (French) youngest (of many children), younger (of two children) cadet (m.), cadette (f.) (French) youngest (of many), younger (of two) Cadger a man who borrows small sums or favours from acquaintances and friends but conveniently forgets to return them, a person who gets something for nothing Ca din tulnic (Romania) a unique type of doina in which the melody resembles that played by a type of bugle called the tulnic Cadit quaestio (Latin, literally 'the question lapses') there is nothing left to discuss (figurative) Cadmium (English, German n.) a soft bluish-white ductile malleable toxic bivalent metallic element Cadran (French m.) dial Cadran solaire (French m.) sundial Cadre (French m./f.) executive (person) (French m.) frame (picture, piano, etc.), surroundings, scope (limitations) (French m.) framework (context), a minimum establishment of key men Cadres, les (French m./f. pl.) the managerial staff cadrer avec (French) to tally with, to centre (photograph) caduc (m.), caduque (f.) (French) obsolete Caduceus (s.), Caducei (pl.) (German m., Latin, from the Greek) the staff of office of a Greek or Roman herald, staff with two snakes (symbol of the medical profession) Caducidad (Spanish f.) expiration, loss of validity, lapse, to be used before (medicine, etc.) caduco (m.), caduca (f.) (Spanish) expired, out-of-date, invalid, deciduous (botany), senile, decripit (pejorative) CAD-Werkzeuge (German pl.) CAD tools (computer-aided design tools) Caecilianism variant of cecilianism Caecilianismus (German m.) cecilianism, caecilianism cael abbreviation of caelavit (Latin: engraved) caelavit (Latin) (he or she) engraved (it) (always accompanied by a name and appended to an engraving) caer de bruces (Spanish) to fall flat on one's face caer de cansancio (Spanish) to be totally worn out (exhausted), to be totally exhausted caer en cama (Spanish) to fall ill caer en desgracia (Spanish) to fall from favour caer en desuso (Spanish) to become obsolete Caerphillykäse (German m.) Caerphilly cheese (a hard, white cheese that originates in the area around the town of Caerphilly in South Wales) caerse la baba (Spanish) to be delighted Caesaropapism also Byzantinism or Erastianism, the doctrine that the state is supreme over the church in ecclesiastical matters Caesar's commentaries Commentarii de Bello Gallico is Julius Caesar's third-person account of his nine years of war in Gaul. The Latin title, literally 'Commentaries about the Gallic War', is often retained in English translations of the book, and the title is also translated as About the Gallic War, Of the Gallic War, On the Gallic War, The Conquest of Gaul and The Gallic War Commentarii de Bello Gallico from which this extract has been taken Caesar salad a tossed salad of greens, anchovies, croutons, and grated cheese with a dressing of olive oil, lemon juice and a raw or coddled egg Caesium (English, German n.) a soft silver-white ductile metallic element (liquid at normal temperatures) Caestura (Latin) synonymous with caesura Caestus (Latin) a Roman boxing glove loaded with lead or iron Caesura (s.), Caesurae (pl.) (Latin, literally, a 'cut' or 'cutting') also called a metrical pause, a term in poetry, caesura is a break or pause somewhere in the middle of a verse, usually a pause for breath. Some lines have strong (easily recognizable) caesurae, which usually coincide with punctuation in the line, while others have weak ones. In Italian versification, the eleven-syllable endecasillabo (hendecasyllable) usually has a metrical pause after the word in which the fourth- or sixth-syllable stress occurs, so dividing the line into two unequal emistichi (hemistichs); if the longer element precedes, the line is an endecasillabo a maiore, if the shorter, the line is an endecasillabo a minore. Some editors will indicate a caesura by inserting a slash (/) in the middle of a poetic line. Others insert extra space in this location. Others do not indicate the caesura typographically at all.   in music, the term is applied to a double line // placed across the top line of the staff (but touching the line below), where the music may pause a little. Also called fetura, 'tramlines', or 'railroad tracks'. By convention, the pause of a caesura is slightly shorter than a fermata and slightly longer than a breath mark (whether actually taken as a breath or only as a slight break in the musical line). If a longer break is required a fermata may be placed above the caesura a term applied to the comma or a small 'v' placed in a part written for a singer or wind player showing where a breath is expected the slight holding up of the metre in a Viennese waltz caetera desunt (Latin, literally 'the rest is lacking') or cetera desunt, an indication that the remainder of a manuscript, etc. is not extant caeteris paribus (Latin) or ceteris paribus, other things being equal çà et là (French) here and there Cafard (French m.) cockroach depression, often accompanied by nostalgia cafarder (French) to tell tales Cafe (s.), Cafes (pl.) (English, German n.) variant of café Café (s.), Cafés (pl.) (English, German n., French m., Spanish m.) coffee, coffee-house (place where soft drinks and food may be purchased), coffee bar Café aman (French m.) in the Eastern Mediterranean, a musical café found throughout the Eastern Mediterranean, where amané songs were sung Café au lait (French m.) coffee with hot milk, a light brown colour Café-au-lait-Fleck (German m.) café-au-lait spot (pigmented birthmark) Café bar (Spanish m.) café Café cantante (Spain m.) flowering in the late 1800s, a coffee house which featured flamenco shows Café chantant (s.), Cafés chantants (pl.) (French m.) a type of musical establishment associated with the belle époque in France, originally an outdoor café where small groups of performers performed popular music for the public (French m.) in the Eastern Mediterranean, a music café in which lighter 'European' music would be performed Café-chantant from which the first entry has been taken Café-concert (French m.) a café providing live music, a music-hall Café concierto (Spanish m.) café with live music Café con leche (Spanish m.) white coffee Cafecultor (m.), Cafecultora (f.) (Spanish) coffee grower Café de música en vivo (Spanish m.) café with live music Café descafeinado (Spanish m.) decaffeinated coffee Café en grano (Spanish m.) coffee beans Café filtre (French m.) a cup of coffee made by allowing hot water to filter down through a detachable vessel containing ground coffee Cafeína (Spanish f.) caffeine (principal active ingredient in coffee) Caféine (French f.) caffeine (principal active ingredient in coffee) Café littéraire (French m.) a café patronised by men of letters Café lyophilisé (French m.) freeze-dried coffee Café molido (Spanish m.) ground coffee Café noir (French m.) black coffee (coffee without milk) Café organ a small to medium-sized dance organ Café solo (Spanish m.) black coffee Cafetal (Spanish m.) coffee plantation Cafetera (Spanish f.) coffee maker, coffee-maker, coffeepot, old banger (familiar), old crock (familiar) Cafetera exprés (Spanish f.) expresso (coffee) machine Cafeteria (s.), Cafeterien (German pl.) (English, German f.) a restaurant where you serve yourself and pay a cashier Cafetería (Spanish f.) snack bar, café, refreshment room, buffet car (on a train) Cafetero (m.), Cafetera (f.) (Spanish) coffee planter, coffee grower cafetero (m.), cafetera (f.) (Spanish) coffee, coffee-producing, coffee-growing Cafetière (French f.) coffee-pot Cafeto (Spanish m.) coffee bush, coffee (botanical) Café torrefacto (Spanish m.) high roast coffee Caffè Latte (English, German m., from French m.) strong espresso coffee with a topping of frothed steamed milk caffouiller (French) to bumble, to flounder Cafre (Spanish m./f.) savage, beast cafre (Spanish) brutal, barbarous Caftan (from Turkish kaftan) an Oriental garment consisting of a long ankle-length tunic with a girdle at the waist, usually made from a very lightweight fabric such as muslin or cotton Cafurna a rhythm of the Fulni-o Indians of Brazil, with which they tell stories about their ancestors Cage (English, French f.) container used to secure animals, etc. (French f.) well (stair), shaft (lift) Cageot (French m.) crate Cage The Bird one of the figures unique to, or traditionally associated with, square dancing Four-couple figures Cagibi (French m.) storage room Cagne (French f.) or khâgne (French f.), an art class to prepare for the extrance examination for the École normale supérieure cagneux (m.), cagneuse (f.) (French) or khâgneux (m.), khâgneuse (f.), knock-kneed, crooked (limbs) Cagnotte (French f.) kitty, the percentage of the stakes retained by the proprietor of the gaming-room Cagoule (French f.) a hood, a cowl Cahier (French m.) notebook (for example, the technical notebook of a writer or artist), exercise-book, part or section of a book, issue, number (of a magazine or journal) Cahot (French m.) bump, jolt cahoter (French) to bump, to jolt cahoteux (m.), cahoteuse (f.) (French) bumpy Ca hue (Vietnam) Hue-style song from Vietnam CAI abbreviation of Contrat d'Accueil et d'Intégration (French: agreement required of long-term visitors and residents of France) Caiambe see kayamb Caïd (French m.) big shot Caille (French f.) quail Cailleach (Irish) an old hag (usually abusive) Caillot (French m.) (blood) clot Caillou (French m.) stone, pebble caillouteux (m.), caillouteuse (f.) (French) stony Cailloutis (French m.) gravel Caïque (French, from the Turkish) a light rowing boat, Levantine sailing-vessel Ça ira (French) it'll be fine (the phrase taken from a popular song composed in 1789 by Ladré: Ah, ça ira, ça ira, ça ira!) (French) translated also as 'there is hope', an opera in three acts by Roger Waters to a French libretto by Étienne Roda-Gil and his wife Nadine, based on the historical subject of the French Revolution Ah!, ça ira Ça ira from which the second entry in taken Cairn Terrier (English, German m.) small rough-haired breed of terrier from Scotland Cairo Opera House part of Cairo's National Cultural Centre, the main performing arts venue in the Egyptian capital. Home to most of Egyptian's finest musical groups, it is located on the southern portion of Gezira Island in the Nile River, close to downtown Cairo Cairo Opera House from which this information has been taken Caisse (French f.) drum (musical, etc.), crate, case, till (for holding cash), pay-desk, office (French f.) body, case (of an organ) Caisse chinoise (French f.) wood block Caisse claire (s.), Caisses claires (pl.) (French f.) snare drum, caja clara (Spanish) Caisse d'épargne (French f.) savings bank Caisse de résonance (French f.) sound box, resonant body, Schallkasten (German), klankkast (Dutch), cassa armonica (Italian), cassa di risonanza (Italian) Caisse de retraite (French f.) pension fund Caisse enregistreuse (French f.) cash register Caisse, Grosse (French f.) bass drum Caisse roulante (French f.) side drum, usually rather long in the body Caisse sourde (French f.) tenor drum Caissier (m.), Caissière (f.) (French) cashier Caisson (German m.) cofferdam (a temporary watertight enclosure that is pumped dry to expose the bottom of a body of water) Caius Choirbook important collection of religious music from Renaissance England that is believe to seems to have been produced at Arundel, Sussex, in the late 1520s, and presented by the then Master of Arundel College, Edward Higgons (d.1538), to the collegiate chapel of St Stephen in Westminster, where Higgons was a canon from 1517. Many of the composers represented in this collection feature also in the Lambeth Choirbook Caixa (Portuguese) box, snare drum Caixa acústica (Portuguese) cabinet, as for example the speaker cabinet of an amplification system Caixa clara (Portuguese) side drum Caixa de guerra (Portuguese, literally 'snare drum of war') in a samba bateria this small drum gives character to the samba. It's played with two sticks, and has two cords [snares] across the drumhead that gives it a distinctive tone. Although it sets the tempo, unike the larger surdos it can also decorate the rhythm line with flourishes. Some players hold the drum at waist level, playing it with two hands, while others place the caixa higher, using one hand as a support and the other free. It also features in maracatu nação (also known as maracatu de baque virado) an Afro-Brazilian performance genre Caixeta Portuguese or Brazilian wood block Caja (Spanish f.) snare drum of Spain and Spanish America in vallenato, a small drum held between the knees and played with bare hands one of the three güiros, or shakers, called the caja, mula and cachimbo, or the caja, dos golpes and salidor that feature in the music of Santería one of the three conga drums, named, like the guïros mentioned above, caja, mula and cachimbo or caja, dos golpes and salidor (Spanish f.) box, cash desk, coffin, casket, crate, case, bank, housing, casing, case (of a piano), body (of a violin), case (typography) Caja alta (Spanish f.) upper case (typography) Caja armónica (Spanish f.) sound body, sound box (of a violin) Caja baja (Spanish f.) lower case (typography) Caja china (Spanish f.) wood block Caja clara (Spanish f.) snare drum, caisse claire (French) Caja craneana (Spanish f.) cranium, skull Caja de cartón (Spanish f.) cardboard box Caja de colores (Spanish f.) paintbox Caja de empalmes (Spanish f.) junction box (electricity) Caja de música (Spanish f.) music box, musical box, carillon (Italian m.), caraglione (Italian m.), scatola musicale (Italian f.: musical snuff box), Spieldose (German f.), boîte à musique (French f.), tabatière à musique (French f.: musical snuff box) Caja de órgano (Spanish f.) organ case, buffet d'orgue (French) Caja redoblante (Spanish f.) a snare drum from Galicia, a shallow drum which has metallic strings lying across one face that when the drum is struck vibrate. Older instruments used old gut or guitar strings. It is played with two sticks and usually accompanies the dulzainas or bagpipes. In some regions it was called the tambora, in contrast to the lower sounding tamboril Caja rodante (Spanish f.) tenor drum Cajeta (Spanish, Central America) sweet or biscuit box Cajista (Spanish m./f.) typesetter Cajita a small trapezoidal box from Peru. The lid is opened and closed with one hand, while the other hand hits the box with a wooden stick percussionist Freddy "Huevito" Lobatón playing the cajita Afro-Peruvian Music - Froggers Blog Cajita de música (French) music box, boîte à musique (FRench) cajoler (French) to coax Cajoleries (French f. pl.) coaxing Cajón (s.), Cajónes (pl.) (Spanish m.) resonant wooden crates of various sizes (originally, to box and transport cod), used to play early forms of rumba and also in flamenco performances they are still used today by folkloric ensembles: Peru used singly Cuba used in sets of three, the largest cajón called the salidor, the mid-sized one the tres-dos and the smallest the quinto see cajita The Peruvian Cajón Cajun (English, German n.) Cajun French (language) Cajun (s.), Cajuns (pl.) (English, German n.) descendant of French colonialists deported from Acadia to Louisiana after the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 Cajun accordion also called melodeon or la accordion Cadien, a traditional accordion with a row of buttons, four stops, and two bass buttons The Cajun Accordion Story Cajun-Akkordeon (German n.) Cajun accordion Cajun dance also called Zydeco dance Cajun/Zydeco Dance Cajun fiddle the first instrument widely used by Cajuns was the fiddle; from Acadian times it provided accompaniment for dancing at bals de maison (house parties). It was common for one fiddler to play the melody while another provided rhythmic accompaniment (called bassing or seconding). The fiddle style of this time was relatively delicate and complex, using many old French melodies Cajun fiddle Cajun Jig see 'Cajun Two Step' Cajun Jitterbug a term that some use for the 'Cajun One Step' while others consider it a kind of 'Jitterbug' Cajun music although it is doubtful whether today's Cajun culture is all that similar to the present French-Canadian culture, Cajun music draws from a large body of French-Canadian folk song that developed in Nova Scotia (or Acadia) before 1750. Some undoubtedly had their roots in France, particularly in Normandy, but many of them originated in Acadia and, like so many other folk songs in other folk cultures, most were sung without accompaniment. The Acadians had an instrumental tradition built around the violin, or fiddle, which was played at dances and weddings and probably even at wakes and could have been inherited from the Scotch-Irish communities who for a time shared Nova Scotia with the French. The expulsion, in the 1750s, of the Acadians from Nova Scotia by the British significantly reduced French influence in Nova Scotia. A great number of the Acadians immigrated to Louisiana bringing with them their French folk songs and their fiddles. Cajun music began with the fiddle. The Acadians-turned-Cajuns kept the instrument of their forebears and adapted it to their needs. In the early days when "country dances" at homes throughout the region were popular, two fiddles, one playing melody, and the other, harmony, were the only accompaniment. Nearly a century later an influx of German farmers brought the accordion but the accordion was rarely played with the fiddle until after 1900. Little is known about when the triangle came into use in the Cajun band or where it came from. It served as a percussion instrument and kept time for both the fiddle and the accordion. Today, the simple triangle continues to be an important part of the Cajun band. The guitar, first heard on early gramophone records, brought with it country and western music, which was to have a definite impact on Cajun music. The guitar was as portable as the accordion and fiddle and added a bass line to the music Cajun Music: A Culture's Heartbeat from which this material has been taken Cajun-Musik (German f.) Cajun music Cajun rub-board alternative name for the frottoir Cajun Two-Step also called 'Cajun jig' or 'Cajun One-Step', a fast folk dance in 4/4, danced by couples who move in a counter-clockwise direction around the floor, with the man moving forward. The term 'two-step' is also applied to the songs that accompany these dance-steps Cajun Jig Cake (French m.) fruit-cake Cakewalk (English, German m.) a strutting duple meter, 2/4, dance including high steps and lively movement, which originated in the nineteenth century with the slaves on the plantations of the southern states of America, in imitation of the mannerisms of the plantation owners. The name is said to derive from a prize cake offered to the most innovative dancers Cakewalk cal. abbreviated form of calando Calabash (West Africa) dried hollow shell of a gourd, used as a rattle; large dried hollow shell of a gourd, used as a bass drum Calabaza (Spanish f.) pumpkin, gourd, dolt (familiar) Calada (Spanish f.) a drag (smoking), a puff (smoking) Calado (Spanish m.) emboidery, depth (of the sea) calado (m.), calada (f.) (Spanish) soaked, emboidery Calador (Spanish, Spanish American) borer, probe cala il sipario (Italian) the curtain falls Calambre (Spanish m.) (electric) shock, cramp (spasm) Calamidad (Spanish f.) calamity, disaster Calamité (French f.) calamity calamitoso (m.), calamitosa (f.) (Spanish) calamitous, disasterous Calamus (Latin) a reed pipe, a type of shawm Calamus pastoralis (Latin) or calamus tibialis, an ancient woodwind instrument with three or four fingerholes and made of reed Calamus tibialis see calamus pastoralis calando (Italian) or calante (Italian), waning, lowering, absinkend (German), en faisant descendre (French), en descendant (French) diminuendo (softening) together with a ritardando (slowing) Calandraco (Spanish m., Spanish American) rag, scatterbrain Calandre (French f.) radiator grille Calandria (Spanish f.) treadmill Calandrone (Italian) a reed instrument with a somewhat hoarse tone Calanque (French f.) creek calante (Italian) or calando (Italian), waning, lowering, absinkend (German), en faisant descendre (French), en descendant (French) calare (Italian) to sing flat Calascione (Italian) a long neck lute-like instrument with a small body and two or three strings Calata (Italian) also calate or calado, a fifteenth- and sixteenth-centuries Italian dance in 3/4 time Caláta (Italian, mentioned in John Florio's Queen Anna's New World of Words (1611)) an abating, a descending. Also a falling note. Also a trap dore. Also a fit of mirth Calatrava military monastic order founded in Spain and Portugal in the 12th century calcaire (French) chalky (soil), hard (water) calcando (Italian, literally 'trampling') or premendo (Italian), accelerando (Italian), pressing forward, hurrying the time, compressing the time, betonend (German), drängend (German), en comprimant (French) Calcant (German) bellows-treader Calcante (Italian) bellows-treader calciné (French) charred calcinieren (German) to calcine (to heat a substance so that it oxidises or reduces) calciniertes Soda (German n.) calcined soda Calcinierung (German f.) calcination Calciphyt (German m.) calciphyte Calciphyte or calcicole, a plant that does not tolerate acidic soil Calcit (German m.) calcite Calcite a common crystalline form of natural calcium carbonate, CaCO3, that is the basic constituent of limestone, marble, and chalk Calcium (English, French m., German n.) a white metallic element that burns with a brilliant light calciumabhängig (German) calcium-dependent Calciummangel (German m.) calcipenia, calcium deficiency Calcul (French m.) calculation, arithmetic, calculus Calcul biliaire (French m.) gallstone Calculateur (French m.) computer, calculator Calculatrice (French f.) calculator calculer (French) to calculate Calculette (French f.) (pocket) calculator Calculus (s.), Calculi (pl.) (Latin) a stone, a method of calculation used in mathematics Caldaia (Italian f.) shell (of a drum) Caldarium (English, German n., from Latin) also calidarium, cella caldaria or cella coctilium, a room with a hot plunge bath, used in a Roman bathhouse complex; in a monastery, a small room containing a fire where inmates can go in to warm themselves Calderó (Catalan m.) a musical symbol placed over a note or rest to be extended beyond its normal duration Calderón (Spanish) or corona, a musical symbol placed over a note or rest to be extended beyond its normal duration, point d'orgue (French) Cale (French f.) wedge, hold (of a ship) calé (French) clever Calebasse (French f.) calabash Caleçon (French m.) underpants, leggings Caleçon de bain (French m.) (bathing) trunks Calembour (French m.) pun Calenda Trinidadian drum dance or calinga, an Afro-Cuban dance see kalenda Calendar in general terms, a table of the days, weeks and months of the year notinig public holidays in terms of the liturgical calendar found in many religious manuscripts, a listing of the feast days and saints' days throughout the year see 'Christian calendar', 'Jewish calendar', 'Moslem calendar' Calendario (Spanish m.) engagement book, calendar Calendering the pressing of paper between two metal rollers in its final stage of manufacture. As pulp dries on a screen, the pattern of the screen will impart itself onto one side of the paper while the other will develop a rough and irregular surface. These natural papers are often used for art works Calendrier (French m.) calendar, timetable (figurative) Calends (Latin) of kalends, the day of the new moon and the first day of the month in the ancient Roman calendar, often a time of festive celebration 'the Greek calends' is a phrase that means 'a time that will never come', as the Greeks had no calends Calendes (French f. pl.) calends Calentanos folk music of the Balsas River Basin, Mexico Calentura (Spanish f.) fever, sunstroke Calenture from calentura (Spanish f.), hyperthermia, in its advanced state referred to as heat stroke or sunstroke, an acute condition which occurs when the body produces or absorbs more heat than it can dissipate (figuratively) a burning passion, the emotions of a lovelorn lover, the feverish ardour of a man afflicted with love, or to have illusions Calepin (French m.) notebook caler (French) to wedge, to stall (car) Cales what gypsies call themselves Cale sèche (French f.) dry dock Calesera Andalusian style with flamenco influences developed by the caleseros to entertain themselves during long treks Calesitas (dance) merry-go-rounds calfeutrer (French) to stop up the cracks of Calgia traditional urban ensemble music from Macedonia, played by bands (calgii) with a def (tambourine) and tarabuka (hourglass drum) providing percussion for ud (lute), qanún (zither), clarinet and violin Calibre (English) internal size of the barrel of a gun or tube, ability, importance, quality of character (person) Calibre (French m.) calibre, grade (egg, fruit, etc.) calibrer (French) to grade Calice (French m.) chalice (religious), calyx (botany) Calidad (Spanish f.) quality Calidad del aire (Spanish f.) air quality Calidad del tono (Spanish f.) tone quality Calidad de vida (Spanish f.) quality of life Calidad de voz (Spanish f.) voice quality Calidad musical (Spanish f.) musical quality Calife (French m.) or khalife (French m.), caliph California Two-step see 'Nightclub Two Step' Calimba (Spanish f.) kalimba câlin (m.), câline (f.) (French) endearing, endearingly, caressing, caressingly, cuddly, liebkosend (German), accarezzando (Italian), accarezzevolmente (Italian), accarezzevole (Italian), carezzevole (Italian) câliner (French) to cuddle Calinda (Trinidad) a stick-fighting dance which was banned because it was considered violent by the British colonial rulers Calinga see calenda Caliper, Calipers or 'calliper', an instrument used to measure the thickness or diameter of an object. It consists of a pair of movable metal or wooden arms with curved, pointed ends, hinged together, or, having a fixed and a movable arm on a graduated stock in the printing industry, paper thickness in thousandths of an inch Caliph the civil and religious leader of a Muslim state considered to be a representative of Allah on earth Caliphate the era of Islam's ascendancy from the death of Mohammed (AD 632) until the 13th century Calipso Venezuelan calypso music Call (English, German m.) in square dancing, a 'call' is a command by a 'caller' to execute a particular dance figure in round dancing, calls are called 'cues' callando (Spanish) calando Call and response (English, German m.) the alternation of musical phrases between groups of musicians, whether drummers, singers or instrumentalists. Three terms have been used to distinguish between different forms of call and response: adjacent the response follows immediately after the call section overlapping the response begins before the call section has concluded interlocking a continuous response with a counter solo passage over it, so that the call and response are 'locked' together see 'respond' Call and Response Callcenter (s./pl.) (German n.) call centre equipped to handle a large volume of telephone calls (especially for taking orders or serving customers) Call-Center (s./pl.) (German n.) call centre equipped to handle a large volume of telephone calls (especially for taking orders or serving customers) calle abajo (Spanish) down the street calle arriba (Spanish) up the street Caller or 'cuer', a person that calls or cues dance figures to be executed in square dances and round dances respectively Callerlab the International Association of Square Dance Callers, the largest international square dance association Calligraphic work in medieval manuscripts, decorative work, usually developing from or used to make up an important or introductory initial, or developing from ascenders at the top of the page and descenders at the bottom of the justified text; a series of strokes made by holding a quill constant at one angle to produce broader and narrower lines, which in combination appear to overlap one another to form strap-work [quoted from Kathleen Scott] Calligraphie (German f.) calligraphy Calligraphy (from Greek, kallos, beauty) the art of fine handwriting, works in fine handwriting considered as a group, handwriting Calling profession or occupation, vocation Calling card or visiting card, an engraved card bearing one's full name a distinguishing characteristic or behaviour Callingcard (German f.) calling card Calling-Card (German f.) calling card Calliope steam-blown mechanical organ, with stopped flute-type usually brass pipes voiced on high pressure and intended for outdoor use. Calliopes for most of the twentieth century were air-operated, via a pump or blower, and are more properly called air calliopes Calliope Steam Organ the eldest of the Muses, goddesses of music, song and dance. She was also the goddess who bestowed the gift of eloquence on kings and princes. In Classical times, when the Muses were assigned specific artistic spheres, Calliope was named the Muse of epic poetry Calliper or 'caliper', (as a plural) compasses for measuring diameters, (as a singlular) metal splint to support the leg Callipygian (from Greek kallos, beauty) pertaining to or having finely developed or beautifully proportioned buttocks Callisthenics (from Greek kallos, beauty) exercises for fitness and grace Callithumpian of or pertaining to a band of discordant instruments or a noisy parade Callithumpian concert a noisy serenade to a person, the object of ridicule or hostility Callithumpian Callosity or 'callus', area of hard thick skin Callous unfeeling, insensitive or 'calloused', of skin (hardened) Callow inexperienced, immature Call time the time an actor is required to be at a theatre to allow time for make-up, dressing, etc. Theater terms from which this entry has been taken Callus (Latin) area of hard thick skin or tissue, hard tissue formed round bone ends after a fracture (medical) Calm tranquilo (Spanish), calmato (Italian), rühig (German), calme (French) tranquil, quiet (still, not soft), serene, not agitated calm. abbreviated form of calmato Calma (Italian f.) calm, tranquil calmando (Italian) growing calm, calming, en calmant, beruhigend calmandola (Italian) calming her Calmandosi (Italian) growing calm, calming down, en se calmant Calmant (French m.) sedative Calmante (Italian m.) sedative calmante (Italian) calming calmare (Italian) to calm , to calm down, to soothe calmarsi (Italian) to calm down, to drop, to die down calmato (Italian) calmed, calmly, tranquilly, calme, beruhigt Calme (French m.) calm, calmness, tranquility calme (French) restful, calm, tranquil, beruhigt, calmato calmo (Italian) calm Caló (Spanish Romani) Spanish Romani or Gypsy language Calo (Italian) fall (in the market), shrinkage (in volume), loss calo abbreviation of calando Calomnie (French f.) slander, libel (written) calomnier (French) to slander, to libel calomnieux, calomnieuse (French) slanderous (spoken), libellous (written) Calore (Italian m.) passion, warmth or animation Calorie (English, French f.) unit of quantity of heat, the amount needed to raise the temperature of one gram (small calorie) or one kilogram (large calorie) of water by 1 °C. Calorifuge (French m.) lagging (insultation) calorifuge (French) (heat-) insulating caloroso (Italian) with passion, with warmth, passionately Calot (French m.) forage-cap (military) Calotte (French f.) skullcap (religious), slap (tape) Caloyer a monk of the Eastern Orthodox Church Calque (French m.) tracing, exact copy (figurative), a slavish imitation an expression introduced into one language by translating it from another language, by individually translating parts of a longer foreign expression and then combining them in a way that may or may not make literal sense in the new language calquer (French) to trace, to copy (figurative) calquer sur (French) to model on CAlt abbreviation of 'contralto' [entry supplied by Ed Batutis] Calthumpian Concert see charivari Calumeau a reed or pipe Calumet a highly decorated ceremonial pipe of Amerindians - smoked on ceremonial occasions (especially as a token of peace) Calung (South-East Asia) bamboo tube xylophone Calunnia (Italian f.) slander calunniare (Italian) to slander Calvados (English, German m.) a dry brandy made from apples, named after the Calvados region of Normandy Calvaire (French m.) calvary (cross), suffering (figurative),an open-air representation pf the Crucifixion, a wayside cross Calvarios (Spanish m., from Calvario, 'Calvary') Spanish Easter songs Calvinism the theological system of John Calvin and his followers emphasising omnipotence of God and salvation by grace alone Calvinismus (German m.) Calvinism calvinistisch (German) Calvinist Calvitie (French f.) baldness Calx (s.), Calces (pl.) (Latin) originally a product of alchemy, the powdery residue that results from the calcination of a metal, a thermal treatment process applied to ores and other solid materials in order to bring about a thermal decomposition, phase transition, or removal of a volatile fraction. The calcination process normally takes place at temperatures below the melting point of the product materials. Calcination is to be distinguished from roasting, in which more complex gas-solid reactions take place between the furnace atmosphere and the solids. Calx is also sometimes used in older texts on artist's techniques to mean calcium oxide Calypso (English, German m.) calypso developed in eighteenth-century Trinidad as a fusion of African and French music, accompanied by satirical and socio-political lyrics. This Caribbean popular musical form (which became a fad in the US in the late 1950s and early 1960s) is traditionally sung by a single guitarist or by bands some consisting of a drummer, bass player, guitar player, keyboards and horns. Calypso of the major musical ancestors of many other diverse styles, including reggae, soca and rapso Calypso Calypso Calypsonian a musician, usually from Trinidad, who has studied calypso and memorised its traditional tunes and stanzas. A Calypsonian composes calypsos on topical subjects. The best can sing extemporaneously, that is improvise a calypso on any subject as calypso developed, the role of the griot (a traveling musician in West Africa) became known as a chantuelle and eventually, calypsonian Calypsonian from which this extract has been taken Calypsonier (German m.) calypsonian Calypso-style baila Sri Lankan baila mixed with calypso influences Calypso tents venues in which calypsonians perform during the Carnival season. Originally these performances took place under tents, but they soon moved to permanent structures Calypso tents from which this extract has been taken Calypsotrommel (German f.) or Stahltrommel, steel drum calzado (Spanish) wearing shoes calzar (Spanish) to put shoes on Calzone (English, German f., from Italian) a baked or fried Italian turnover of pizza dough filled with vegetables, meat, or cheese Cama (Spanish f.) bed Cama abatible (Spanish f.) foldaway bed Cama camarote (Spanish f.) bunk bed Cama de matrimonio (Spanish f.) double bed Cama de dos plazas (Spanish f.) double bed Cama de una plaza (Spanish f.) single bed Cama doble (Spanish f.) double bed Cama elástica (Spanish f.) trampoline Cama individual (Spanish f.) single bed Cámara (Spanish f.) room, royal chamber Câmara (Portuguese) chamber, as for example in 'chamber music' Camarade (French m./f.) friend, comrade (politics) Camarade de jeu (French m./f.) playmate Camaraderie (French f.) good companionship, loyalty among intimates Camarilla (Spanish f., 'little room') a secret group of intriguers Cama solar (Spanish f.) sunbed Cama turca (Spanish f.) divan Cambiamento di posizione (Italian m.) shift position (on a string instrument), Lagenwechsel (German m.), changement de position (French m.) Cambiamento enarmonico (Italian m.) enharmonic change cambiante (Spanish) variable cambiar (Spanish) to change cambiar de tren (Spanish) to change trains Cambiare (Italian) to change, to alter, as for example, changing one's instrument for a string player or a timpanist, to retune their instrument for a brass player, to change a crook cambiarse de ropa (Spanish) to get changed, to change (one's clothes) Cambiata (English, German f., from the Italian, literally 'changed') in counterpoint, a nonharmonic tone inserted between a dissonance and its resolution see échappée see nota cambiata Cambio (Italian m., Spanish m.) exchange Cambio della voce (Italian m.) mutation Cambios de ánimo (Spanish m.pl.) mood changes Cambiste (French m./f.) foreign exchange dealer Cambouis (French m.) (engine) oil Cambre in ballet, a bend from the waist to the side or to the back cambrer (French) to arch Cambriolage (French m.) burglary cambrioler (French) to burgle Cambrioleur (m.), Cambrioleuse (f.) (French) burglar Cambrure (French f.) curve Camcorder (English, German m.) a lightweight, handheld video camera, especially one that records data in digital form onto a storage device such as a videotape, DVD, etc. Camée (German f., French m.) cameo ça me botte (French) I like the idea Camel case or CamelCase, a method of naming using a combination of words, in which the first letter of each word is capitalised and the component words are concatenated without any additional characters between them Camelot (French m.) street vendor Camelote (French f.) junk Camembert (English, German m.) a kind of soft, unpressed cream cheese made in the vicinity of Camembert, near Argentan, France Camena or Camoena, one of the muses Cameo (Italian m.) a carving in low relief on a medium that has two layers of different colours, so that the figure is in one colour and the background in another a small ornament carved in this way or vignette (French), a representation in miniature (as, for example, a cameo performance, an outstanding performance given by an actor or actress who appears in only a small number of scenes in an play or film) Camera (Italian f.) chamber (for example, political), room, (bedroom) suite, camera (for taking photographs) (Italian) chamber, as in 'chamber music', the term normally indicating the inclusion of dance movements, as opposed to the chiesa or 'church' style Caméra (French f.) camera (cinema, television) Camera da letto (Italian f.) bedroom Camera d'aria (Italian f.) windway, air-passage, Kernspalt (German m.), canal pour l'air (French m.), canal de viento (Spanish m.) Camera lucida (English, German f., Italian f., from Latin) invented by Robert Hooke (1635-1703), a device, which operates in a normally lit room, for projecting a coloured image onto a sheet of paper on which the outline may then be traced Caméraman (French m.) cameraman Camera musica (Italian f.) chamber music Camera obscura (English, German f., from Latin, literally 'hidden room') an early painting (and later photographic) technique utilising an optical pin-hole, in which a coloured image is projected onto a surface in a darkened room Camera-ready a term in printing for print ready mechanical art. The stage in printing when the document is ready to be photographed to make plates for the press. All elements of the document are in their final position, and the document has received its final proofing Camerata (Italian f.) dormitory (Italian m./f.) a mate, a pal, a comrade (in politics) see camerata fiorentina Camerata Bardi (Spanish f.) camerata de' Bardi Camerata de' Bardi see camerata fiorentina Camerata fiorentina (Italian f.) also called Camerata de' Bardi, in the late sixteenth century, a gathering of writers and musicians who regularly met to discuss art and experiment with form. In the years prior to 1580, the gathering assembled at the residence of Giovanni de Bardi, and after 1592, at the home of Jacopo Corsi. Vincenzo Galileo, the astronomer's father, was among them. Their deliberations led directly to the rise of opera as a combination of music, drama and stage spectacle. Jacopo Peri, a musician at the Medici court and a member of the Camerata, was the composer of Dafne (1597), considered to be the first opera Florentine Camerata from which this extract has been taken Camerata Florentina (Spanish f.) camerata fiorentina Cameratismo (Italian m.) comradeship Cameriera (Italian f.) maid, waitress (in a restaurant), chamber-maid, stewardess Cameriere (Italian m.) manservant, waiter (in a restaurant), steward Camerino (Italian m.) dressing-room Cameron-Insel (German f.) Cameron Island Cameron Island one of the Canadian arctic islands in the Nunavut Territory, Canada Camice (Italian m.) overall (garment) Camicetta (Italian f.) blouse Camicia (Italian f.) shirt Camicia da notte (Italian f.) night-shirt, nightdress Camicia di forza (Italian f.) strait-jacket Camilla (Spanish f.) couch caminaba abstraído en sus pensamientos (Spanish) he walked lost in thought caminaban asidos de la mano (Spanish) they walked hand in hand Camino (Italian m.) chimney, fireplace (Spanish m.) road, path, track, way Camino reál (Spanish) the most successful means of achieving an end Camion (German m. - Switzerland, Italian m, French m.) lorry, truck Camión (Spanish m.) lorry, truck, (in Mexico) bus Camion-citerne (French m.) tanker Camionero (Spanish m.) lorry-driver Camioneta (Spanish f.) van Camionetta (Italian f.) jeep Camionnage (French m.) haulage Camionnette (French f.) van Camionneur (French m.) lorry driver, truck driver, haulage contractor Camisa (Spanish f.) shirt, skin (of a fruit) Camisa de dormir (Spanish f.) nightdress Camisa de fuerza (Spanish f.) strait-jacket Camisería (Spanish f.) shirt shop Camiseta (Spanish f.) T-shirt, vest Camisole de force (French f.) strait-jacket Camisón (Spanish m.) nightdress Camlet (from Arabic khamlat) a rich cloth of Asian origin, supposed originally to have been made of camel's hair and silk but later made of goat's hair and silk or other combinations, or a coat made of this cloth Cammello (Italian m.) camel, camel-hair Cammeo (Italian m.) cameo Cammermusicus (German m.) an instrumentalist required to take part, either as a harpsichord player or as a violinist, in the small ensemble at a German court Cammer-Thon (German) see Cornett-Thon Cammerton (German) in the early 17th century the Cammerton standard was about a'=465Hz (about a semitone higher than modern pitch a'=440Hz) and it was common to most instruments of the time. With the arrival in the 1680s of new woodwind instruments from France (pitched between a'=385Hz and a'=425Hz) which replacing the traditional Renaissance woodwind instruments (which had generally been pitched at Cornet-ton a'=465Hz), Cammerton descended a whole tone or more. By about 1700 there were three general levels of Cammerton, at about a'=415Hz, a'=403Hz and a'=390Hz (tief-Cammerton or Opera-Ton) (German) see Chor-Thon camminando (Italian from camminare, to walk) a flowing style, a walking pace, similar to andante camminare (Italian) to walk, to go, to work camminare barcolloni (Italian) to stagger Cammino (Italian m.) way Camoena see Camena Camomilla (Italian f.) camomile Camoscio (Italian m.) chamois Camouflage (French m.) the disguise the appearance or purpose of something Camouflagehose (German f.) camouflage trousers camoufler (French) to camouflage Camouflet (French m.) a puff of smoke camouflieren (German, dated) to camouflage Camp (English, French m., German n.) a place where tents, huts, or other temporary shelters are set up, as by soldiers, nomads, etc. (French m.) side (sport) Camp (English, German m.) as a style, the term 'camp' - normally used as an adjective, even though earliest recorded uses employed it mainly as a verb - refers to the deliberate and sophisticated use of kitsch, mawkish or corny themes and styles in art, clothing or conversation. A part of the anti-academic defense of popular culture in the sixties, camp came to academic prominence in the eighties with the widespread adoption of the Postmodern views on art and culture Camp (style) from which this extract has been taken Campagna (Italian f.) country, countryside (Italian f., German f.) campaign (political , military), crusade (figurative) Campagnard (m.), Campagnarde (f.) (French) countryman, countrywoman campagnard (m.), campagnarde (f.) (French) country Campagne (French f.) country (side), campaign (military, political) Campagnolo (m.), Campagnola (f.) (Italian) countryman, countrywoman campagnolo (m.), campagnola (f.) (Italian) pastoral, rustic, idyllic campagnuolo (m.), campagnuola (f.) (Italian) pastoral, rustic, idyllic Campamento (Spanish m.) camp Campana (s.), Campane (pl.) (Italian f.) bell (Italian f., Spanish f.) the bell of a brass instrument, pabellón (Spanish m.), pavillon (French m.), Schalltrichter (German n.), Schallbecher (German m.) (Spanish f.) also called the bongo bell or cencerro, the large handheld bell is played by the bongocero during the Montuno section of an arrangement in dance ensembles and mounted and played by the palito player during some rumbas (Spanish f.) bell-bottom (trousers), hood (chimney), extractor hood (kitchen) Campaña (Spanish f.) countryside, campaign (military, political, social) Campaña antidroga (Spanish f.) anti-drug campaign Campaña antitabaco (Spanish f.) anti-smoking campaign Campanaccio (Italian m.) cowbell Campanada (Spanish f.) stroke of a bell, peal of bells Campaña de alfabetización (Spanish f.) literacy campaign Campana de cristal (Spanish f.) glass bell Campana de iglesia (Spanish f.) church bell, cloche d'église (French) Campaña electoral (Spanish f.) electoral campaign, election campaign Campana extractora (Spanish f.) extractor hood Campana in lastra di metallo (Italian m.) plate bell Campanajo (Spanish m.) a bell-ringer, a bell-founder, a performer on the campanetta Campana mayor (Spanish m.) the large bell, bourdon (French) Campaña publicitaria (Spanish f.) advertising campaign Campanario (Spanish m.) bell tower, belfry Campanas (Spanish f.pl.) bells a musical section in a flamenco zapateado which imitates the sound of bells Campana tubular (Spanish f.) tubular bell Campane (Italian f. pl.) bells campanear (Spanish) to ring the bells campanearse (Spanish) to sway, to stagger Campane doriche (Italian f. pl.) Dorian bells Campane in alto (Italian) bell up (horn playing technique) Campanelas on the baroque guitar, scale passages in which alternate notes are played on different courses giving an effect like a peal of bells as successive notes ring on at the same time Campanella (Italian f., Spanish f.) handbell, a small bell Campanelle da messa (Italian f., Spanish f.) Sanctus bells Campanelli (Italian m. pl.) glockenspiel, jeu de timbres Campanelli a tastiera (Italian m. pl.) keyed glockenspiel Campanelli della messa (Italian m. pl.) Sanctus bells (used in Church services) Campanelli giapponese (Italian m. pl., literally 'Japanese bells) the closest Puccini gets to using authentic instrumentation in his opera Madame Butterfly is the use of campanelli giapponese, Japanese bells, which make their appearance during the wedding scene Campanellino (Italian m.) a very small bell Campanello (Italian m.) handbell, a small bell Campaneo (Spanish m.) peal of bells Campanero (m.), Campanera (f.) (Spanish) bell-ringer, bell founder (a maker of bells) Campanetta (Italian) glockenspiel, a set of bells tuned diatonically and played with keys, a carillon Campane tubolari (Italian f. pl.) tubular bells, Röhrenglocken, tubes de cloches Campaniform (English, German) cup-shaped, shaped like a bell Campanile, Campanili (It. pl.) (Italian m., German m., French m.) a bell tower, a building generally associated with a church in which bells were hung Campanilla (Spanish f.) small bell (grelot (French), clochette (French), uvula, bell flower campanillear (Spanish) to ring the bells Campanilleo (Spanish m.) the ringing of the bells Campanilleros (Spanish) traditionally sung during religious processions which begin at dawn and are accompanied by the ringing of small bells. They are often sung and played by flamenco artists as part of their repertoire Campanista (Italian) a player upon the campanetta Campanologie (German f., French f.) campanology Campanólogo (m.), Campanóloga (f.), (Spanish) bell ringer, campanologist Campanology the study of bells and bell-ringing Campanone (Italian) a great bell campante (Spanish) cool, unconcerned campanudo (Spanish) bell-shaped, bombastic campar (Spanish) to wander, to roam campar por sus respetos (Spanish) to do as one pleases Campbellocking see 'locking' campear (Spanish) to be visible Campechaneria (Spanish f.) or campechania, openness, informality campechano (m.), campechana (f.) (Spanish) open, good-natured Campeggiare (Italian) when performing fifteenth-century Italian dance, the body should be slightly inclined while performing steps, a concept called campeggiare in Cornazano's treatise. Depending on the reconstruction, the dancer should either face in the same direction as the step he or she is taking or face in the opposite direction Campement (French m.) encampment Campen (German n.) camping campen (German) to camp campen gehen (German) to go camp Campeón (m.), Campeóna (f.) (Spanish) champion campeón (Spanish) champion Campeonato (Spanish m.) championship Camper (m.), Camperin (f.) (German) person who goes camping, camper van (masculine form) camper (French) to camp, to plant boldly, to sketch Campesino (Spanish m.) peasant campesino (Spanish) country campestre (Italian, Spanish) agreste (Italian, Spanish), villanesco (Italian), pastoral, rustic, rural, ländlich (German), Campeur (m.), Campeuse (f.) (French) camper Campher (German m.) camphor Camphor an aromatic crystalline compound obtained naturally from the wood or leaves of the camphor tree or synthesized (often in the form of flakes), slow vapourising fumigant for moths or larvae, used when storing objects in a closed room or cabinet, particular useful for controlling Anthrenus museorum (bow mites) Camphre (French m.) camphor campieren (German) to camp Campiña (Spanish f.) countryside Camping (German n., French m., Spanish m.) the act of encamping and living in tents in a camp Camping-Anlage am See (German f.) lake-side camping site Campingausrüstung (German f.) camping equipment Campingbett (German n.) campbed Camping-car (French m.) camper-van Campingfahrzeug (German n.) recreational vehicle Camping-gaz (French m.) a form of bottled gas used in camping for heating, cooking, etc. Campinggeschirr (German n.) mess kit Campingliege (German f.) campbed Campingplatz (s.), Campingplätze (pl.) (German m.) camp site, camping ground, campsite, caravan site, camping site Camping-Platz (German m.) camping site Campingplatzgebiet (German n.) caravan and camping area Campingstuhl (German m.) camp chair, camping chair Campingtisch (German m.) camp table, camping table, picnic table Campingurlaub (German m.) camping holiday Campo (Spanish m.) country, field (figurative), (tennis) court, (football) pitch, (golf) pitch Campo d'internamento (Italian m.) internment camp Camposanto (Spanish m.) cemetery Campo santo (Italian m.) cemetery Campursari Indonesian modern folk music, a fusion of dangdut, langgam and pop music Campus (English, German m., French m.) grounds of a university of college Campusplan (German m.) campus plan Can (Welsh) a song Can. abbreviation of 'Canadian' çan from Turkey, a bell made of sheet metal, the rod-shaped clapper suspended on the inside from a ring in the handle. It is placed around the necks of sheep and goats çan from which this information has been taken can. abbreviation of cantoris Cana (Spanish f.) grey hair, white hair Caña a melancholic kind of flamenco singing, closely related to soleares (Spanish f., Portuguese f.) ancia (Italian f.), reed (as in the reed of a clarinet, oboe, etc.), Rohrblatt (German n.), anche (French f.), éiglotte (French f.), lengüeta (Spanish f.) Arundo donax, Arundo bifaria, Arundo donax var. versicolor, Arundo glauca, Arundo latifolia, Arundo sativa, Arundo versicolor, Cynodon donax, Donax arundinaceus, Donax donax, Scolochloa arundinacea, Scolochloa donax, bamboo reed, baranal (Hindi), bansi (Punjabi), caña común (Spanish f.), caña cañabrava (Spanish f.), caña de roca (Portuguese f.), caña vieira (Portuguese f.), cane, giant cane, canne de Provence (French f.), distaff cane, donako (Esperanto), gaha nal (Bengali), gardener's garters, great reed, Indian grass, Italienskt rör (Swedish), jättiruoko (Finnish), Kaemperolr (Danish), Persian reed, Provence reed, qasba (Maltese), reed, Riesenschilf (German), Pfahlrohr (German n.), roseau géant (French), shembeko (Ethiopian), spanisches Rohr (German n.), Spanish cane, Spanskrör (Swedish), Teberau gading (Malay) - used for over 5,000 years to make the single and double reeds used in numerous wind instruments this is the 'reed' referred to in the Bible. Today the giant reed is used to make clarinets, bagpipes and organ-pipes [Scandinavian corrections by Lars Hellvig] Canaan Dog (English, German m.) the national dog breed of Israel Canada (French m.) Canada Canadá, el (Spanish m.) Canada Canadian boat song see 'boat song' Canadian hip hop Canadian hip hop Canadien (m.), Canadienne (f.) (French m./f.) Canadian canadien (m.), canadienne (f.) (French) Canadian Canadienne (French f.) fur-lined jacket Canadiensa (Spanish m.) Canadian canadiensa (Spanish) Canadian Caña doble (Spanish f.) or lengüeta doble (Spanish f.), double reed, ancia doppia (Italian f.), Doppelrohrblatt (German n.), Doppelzunge (German f.), anche double (French f.) Canaille (French f., literally 'a pack of dogs') a rogue, the rabble, the crowd, the mob, the populace Canal (French m., Spanish m.) channel, (artificial) canal, (TV) channel Canal de la Mancha (Spanish) English Channel Canal de Panamá (Spanish) Panama Canal Canal de viento (Spanish m.) windway, air-passage, camera d'aria (Italian f.), Kernspalt (German m.), canal pour l'air (French m.) Canalón (Spanish m.) (horizontal) gutter, (vertical) drainpipe Canale (Italian m.) groove, channel canaliser (French) to canalise (water), to channel (figurative) Canalla (Spanish f.) rabble (Spanish m.) swine (figurative, familiar: person)) Canallada (Spanish f.) dirty trick Canal pour l'air (French m.) windway, air channel, air-passage, camera d'aria (Italian f.), Kernspalt (German m.), canal de viento (Spanish m.) Canangabaum (German m.) ylang ylang, ilang-ilang (evergreen Asian tree, Cananga odorata, with aromatic greenish-yellow flowers yielding a volatile oil used in perfumery) Canapé (Spanish m., French m.) a high-backed sofa large enough to seat several people (French m., Spanish m.) a piece of toasted or fried bread on which a savoury titbit is served Caña rajada slit reed used in popular Andalusian folk music Canard (French m.) a duck (French m.) a rag (popular term for a lowbrow publication), an absurd story, a false report, a hoax (French m.) a wrong note (slang) Canari (French m.) canary Canarias, las islas (Spanish f.pl.) the Canary Islands, the Canaries Canarie(s) (English, French) a very fast gigue-like dance, in triple or duple-compound meter, with a 'skipping' feel to it, believed to imitate the rhythms of the music of the Canary Islands Canárij (Italian, mentioned in John Florio's Queen Anna's New World of Words (1611)) a kind of people so called because they feed on dogs. Also Canarians Canario (Spanish, Italian) canary (also pejorative), a native of the Canary Islands Canário (Italian, mentioned in John Florio's Queen Anna's New World of Words (1611)) a sacrifice of a red dog, used of ancient to pacifie the dog star canario (Spanish) of the Canary Island Canarios (Spanish, Italian) canaries Canary organ see 'bird organ' Caña simple (Spanish f.) or lengüeta simple (Spanish f.), single reed, einfaches Rohrblatt (German n.), anche simple (French f.), ancia semplice (Italian f.) Canasta (English, German n.) a form of rummy using two decks of cards and four jokers in which jokers and deuces are wild, and the object is to form groups of the same rank (Spanish f.) (large) basket Canastilla (Spanish f.) small basket, layette (for a baby) Canastillo (Spanish m.) small basket Canasto (Spanish m.) (large) basket Caña única (Spanish f.) single reed (as on a clarinet or saxophone) Canaveira (Galicia, Spain) a cane with a slit in the middle. It is held tightly and the lower half is struck rhythmically to obtain a certain kind of clapping sound Canboulay in the Caribbean, Carnival had arrived with the French, but the slaves, who could not take part formed their own, parallel celebration called canboulay from where calypso emerged Cancan (German m.) can-can, cancan Can-can (French, cancan, 'tittle-tattle' and chahut, 'noise' or 'uproar') cancan, can can, or chahut, a boisterous Parisian quadrille-like dance in 2/4 meter, originating in the music halls of Paris in the 1830s, involving a line of high-kicking women, once considered risqué see 'French can-can' Can-can Can-Can-Rock (German m.) can-can skirt Can-cans (French m.pl.) or cancans (French m.pl.), malicious gossip Cancan-Tänzer (m.), Cancan-Tänzerin (f.) (German) can-can dancer Canção (Portuguese f.) song Canção patriótica (Portuguese f.) national anthem Canção religiosa (Portuguese f., literally 'sacred song') hymn, anthem Cancel natural sign, used to remove a previously applied accidental also 'off', piano (Italian), afsluiter (Dutch), declan (French), declanche (French), ferme jeux (French), ab (German), ausschalten (German), to turn off a function that was previously switched on see cancellandum a postmark, the placement of which, over postage, designates that it has been accepted into use by a postal system and to prevent it from being used for postal services again a bibliographical term referring to a leaf which is substituted for one removed by the printers because of an error Cancela (Spanish f.) gate Cancelación (Spanish f.) cancellation cancelar (Spanish) to cancel, to write off (debt), to forget (figurative) Cancellandum (Latin) (part of) a leaf of a book for which another (a cancel) is to be substituted cancellare (Italian) to erase (for example, a tape) Cancellen (German f. pl., archaic) Kanzellen Cancelli (Latin pl.) lattice-work placed before a window or a door-way canceln (German) to cancel Cancer (English, French m.) disease caused by malignant tumour(s) of body cells Cáncer (Spanish m.) cancer cancéreux (m.), cancéreuse (f.) (French) cancerous cancérigène (French) carcinogenic (cancer-causing) Cancerogen (German n.) cancer-causing substance cancerogen (German) carcinogenic Cancha (Spanish f.) pitch (football), ground, (tennis) court Canciller (Spanish m.) chancellor Canción (s.), Canciones (pl.) (Spanish f., literally 'song') chanson (French), a refrain song of the period between c.1450-1530 a sixteenth-century song set to Italianate poems in Castilian a sixteenth-century arrangement of French chansons in the Renaissance, the term was often used interchangeably with cantiga, cantar, canson, and sometimes villancico; it was related to the chanson of the Franco-Flemish school. Canción was the least specific term to cover all the popular, secular styles of vocal music of Spain at the time Spanish song style focusing primarily on the lyrics/melody and a simple guitar accompaniment (often referred to as trova), that became one of the original components in the later development of the son style. In Spanish-language concerts and recordings, when the title of a particular song does not belong to a danceable genre (such as son in Cuba, or chacarera in Argentina), its genre is mentioned as canción Canción bailable (Spanish f.) dance song Cancioncica (Spanish f.) diminutive of canción, little song Cancioncilla (Spanish f.) diminutive of canción, little song Cancioncita (Spanish f.) diminutive of canción, little song Canción de amor (Spanish f.) love song, torch song Canción de baile (Spanish f.) dance song Canción de boda (Spanish f.) wedding song Canción de borrachos (Spanish f.) drinking song Canción de cuna (Spanish f.) lullaby, berceuse (French) Canción de guerra (Spanish f.) war song Canción del Emperador (Spanish f., literally 'the song of the Emperor') the title given in Spain to Josquin's chanson Mille regretz. The emperor in question was Charles V Cancioneiro (Portuguese) a collection of lyrics or songs. The word originated in the twelfth century Cancionero (Spanish m.) a songbook or collection of poetry, particular monophonic songbooks of the Iberian Middle Ages, for Spanish polyphonic songbooks in the years following 1490 (form example, Cancionero de la Sablonara is a highly selective manuscript collection of seventy-five Spanish polyphonic art-songs, composed primarily at the Spanish Court during the first quarter of the seventeenth century) and more recently for collections of Spanish and Spanish-American folksongs made in and since the nineteenth century Cancionero Musical de la Colombina (Spanish, literally 'Colombina Songbook') (Sevilla, Catedral Metropolitana, Biblioteca Capitular y Colombina, Ms. 7-I-28) a late fifteenth-century manuscript from Seville that by 1534 was part of the library of Ferdinand Columbus, the son of the explorer Cancionero de la Colombina from which this information has been taken Cancionero Musical de Palacio (Spanish) (Madrid, Biblioteca Real, MS II - 1335) a Spanish manuscript, the largest and most diverse manuscript collection of music from Spain at the time of Columbus (end of 15th and beginning of 16th centuries). Most likely this manuscript was copied for King Ferdinand II of Aragon, and may represent his personal taste Cancionero de Palacio from which this information has been taken Canción infantile (Spanish f.) children's song Cancionista (Spanish m./f.) writer of canciones Canción pastoril (Spanish f.) pastoral song, bergerette Canción popular (Spanish f.) popular song Canción profana (Spanish f.) secular song Cancre (French m.) dunce Cancrelat (French m.) cockroach Cancrine palindromic Cancrizans (Latin, literally 'crab-wise') a tune repeated so that the original order of notes is reversed, i.e. the last note become the first, the penultimate note becomes the second, and so on until the first becomes the last, i.e. retrograde cancrizzamente (Italian) reversed cancrizzante (Italian) retrogressive CanD abbreviation of Cantate Domino (Latin) Candela (Spanish, literally 'candle') an expression used to express the heat, brightness and beauty of a well performed piece of music or dance (English, German f.) the Standard International (SI) unit of luminous intensity Candado (Spanish m.) padlock Candela (Spanish f.) candle Candélabre (French m.) candelabrum Candelero (Spanish m.) candlestick Candelilla (Spanish f.) candle candente (Spanish) red-hot, white-hot, burning (figurative: desire, etc.) Candeur (French f.) naïvety Candida (English, German f.) yeast that normally inhabits our digestive system (the mouth, throat, intestines) and genito-urinary tract Candidat (m.), Candidate (f.) (French) applicant (for a post), person standing for election Candidato (Spanish m.) candidate Candidature (French f.) application, candidacy (politics) candide (French) naïve Candidez (Spanish f.) innocence, naïvety Candidiasis (English, German f.) an infection caused by fungi of the genus Monilia or Candida (especially Candida albicans) candido (Spanish) naïve Candinga (Spanish m. - Mexico) devil candil (Spanish m.) oil-lamp, chandelier Candilejas (Spanish f.pl.) footlights Candlelight dinner romantic dinner by candlelight Candle-Light-Dinner (German n.) candlelight dinner Candle-stand or lamp-stand, guéridon (French), torchère (French), a portable stand for a candle-stick, candelabrum or lamp Candombé both a rhythm and a drum-based dance of African (mainly Bantu) origin from Uruguay, the name deriving from the Bantu words ka and ndonge which together means a 'meeting of blacks' the candombé rhythm is created by the use of three drums (tambores): tambor chico smallest and highest in pitch of the three tambores, its head measures 8.5 inches in diameter - it acts as the rhythmic pendulum of the cuerda, the group of three performers tambor piano largest and lowest in pitch of the three tambores, its head measures 16 inches in diameter - it is responsible for the rhythmic base of candombé, its rhythmic function is similar to an upright or electric bass tambor repique repique means 'ricochet' - its head measures 12 inches in diameter - this tambor embellishes candombé's rhythm with improvised phrases Candombe Candombe.com Candor (Spanish m.) innocence, naïvety Candora (Spanish f.) a type of guitar candoroso (Spanish) innocent, naïve Cane (French f.) (female) duck ça ne fait rien (French) or cela ne fait rien, it doesn't matter, it's of no importance Canela (Spanish f.) cinnamon Canelloni see cannelloni Canephora (Latin) the figure of a young girl with a basket on her head Canephorus (Latin) the figure of a youth with a basket on his head Caneton (French m.) duckling Canette (French f.) bottle (of beer) Canevas (French m.) canvas, framework (plan), outline (plan) cangiare (Italian) to change, to alter Cangrejo (Spanish m.) crab Cangrejo de río (Spanish m.) crayfish Canguro (Spanish m.) kangaroo, baby-sitter (person) Canhoto (Portuguese) left-handed Caníbal (Spanish m.) cannibal caníbal (Spanish) cannibal Canibalismo (Spanish m.) cannibalism Canica (Spanish f.) marble Caniche (French m.) poodle Canicule (French f.) hot summer days Cañiegue see 'canyengue' Canif (French m.) penknife Canijo (Spanish m.) weak canin (m.), canine (f.) (French) canine Canine (French f.) canine (tooth) Canino (Spanish m.) canine (tooth) canino (Spanish) canine Canions (in use 1570-1620) tubular, thigh-hugging extensions worn from breeches to knee. Separate "netherstocks" could be gartered either over or under them Caniveau (s.), Caniveaux (pl.) (French m.) gutter Canje (Spanish m.) exchange canjear (Spanish) to exchange Canna (s.), Canne (pl.) (Italian f.) reed, pipe Canna ad ancia (Italian f.) reed pipe Cannabis (English, French m., German m.) or, in English, dope or grass, the botanical name for the plant from which marijuana comes (Canabis sativa), or the powerful narcotic Indian hemp (Cannabis indica) Cannabisöl (German n.) cannabis oil Cannabis-Zigarette (German f.) cannabis cigarette Cannada a Sardinian metallic container used by shepherds to replace the guitar Canna d'organo (Italian f.) organ pipe Canna labiale (Italian f.) labial pipe, flute pipe Cannaloni (Italian pl.) large tubes of pasta which are stuffed and served in a sauce Canne (French f.) (walking-)stick Canne a lingua (Italian f. pl.) reed-pipes (organ pipes) Canne à pêche (French f.) fishing-rod Canne à sucre (French f.) sugar-cane Canne d'anima (Italian f. pl.) flue-pipes (organ pipes) Canne de Provence (French f.) Arundo donax, Arundo bifaria, Arundo donax var. versicolor, Arundo glauca, Arundo latifolia, Arundo sativa, Arundo versicolor, Cynodon donax, Donax arundinaceus, Donax donax, Scolochloa arundinacea, Scolochloa donax, bamboo reed, baranal (Hindi), bansi (Punjabi), caña común (Spanish f.), caña (Spanish f., Portuguese f.), caña cañabrava (Spanish f.), caña de roca (Portuguese f.), caña vieira (Portuguese f.), cane, giant cane, distaff cane, donako (Esperanto), gaha nal (Bengali), gardener's garters, great reed, Indian grass, Italienskt rör (Swedish), jättiruoko (Finnish), Kaemperolr (Danish), Persian reed, Provence reed, qasba (Maltese), reed, Riesenschilf (German), Pfahlrohr (German n.), roseau géant (French), shembeko (Ethiopian), spanisches Rohr (German n.), Spanish cane, Spanskrör (Swedish), Teberau gading (Malay) - used for over 5,000 years to make the single and double reeds used in numerous wind instruments this is the 'reed' referred to in the Bible. Today the giant reed is used to make clarinets, bagpipes and organ-pipes [Scandinavian corrections by Lars Hellvig] Canne de tambour major (French f.) drum major's baton Canne d'organo (Italian f. pl.) organ pipes Cannelle (French f.) cinnamon Cannello (Italian m.) a reed-stop on an organ Cannelloni (Italian pl.) or canelloni, a pasta stuffed with cheese, meat, etc and served with a sauce after baking Cannelons small stuffed rolls of pastry or rice Cannibale (French m./f.) cannibal cannibale (French) cannibal Cannstatter Volksfest (German n.) Stuttgart (Beer) Festival Cannstatter Wasen (German m.) Stuttgart Beer Festival Canntaireachd (Gaelic) a Scottish system of bagpipe notation in which syllables stand for recognized groups of notes and ornaments on the bagpipe. Using this complex type of mouth music, pipers could preserve tunes by passing them on even when the instruments were banned or unavailable Canntaireachd cano (Spanish) a grey-haired Canoa (Spanish f.) canoe, motor boat Canoë (French m.) canoe, canoeing (sport) Canon (French m., Spanish m.) gun (big gun, in English, cannon), barrel (of a weapon), canon (rule) or 'secular canon', member of the secular clergy belonging to a cathedral or collegiate church a member of the Augustinian or regular canons who lived under semi-monastic rule Canon (French m., English) canone (Italian m.), Kanon (German m.), cánone (Spanish m.) (from the Greek kanon literally, 'reed' or 'measuring rod') so-called because by following a written instruction the performers could derive one or more parts from a single notated part, also called 'perfect canon', a musical form in which a (second, third, fourth, etc.) line starting later than the one before it matches it note for note but such that the parts overlap the Greek name for the monochord see caccia, catch, chace, fuga, rondellus, rota, round see 'canon of two bars' see 'retrograde canon', canon recte et retro, canon rectus et invertus, canon cancrizans an approved or traditional collection of works. Originally, the term 'canon' applied to the list of books to be included as authentic biblical doctrine in the Hebrew and Christian Bible, as opposed to apocryphal works (works of dubious, mysterious or uncertain origin). Today the word 'canon' refers to the writings of an author that generally are accepted as genuine, such as the 'Chaucer canon' or the 'Shakespeare canon' Literary Terms and Definitions from which the last entry has been drawn Cañon (Spanish m.) organ pipe (German m., Spanish m.) canyon Canon at the fourth a canon may be described in terms of the interval between the different parts, thus, for example, 'canon at the unison', 'canon at the fourth', etc. Canon by augmentation a canon where the second voice plays the same line as the first voice but at a slower speed, for example, by doubling the rhythm value of every note Canon by diminution a canon where the second voice plays the same line as the first voice but at a faster speed, for example, by halving the rhythm value of every note Canon cancrizans (Latin) canon by regression, i.e. where the consequent performs the notes of the antecedent backwards Canon, crab see 'crab canon' Canone (French m., Italian m.) canon Cánone (Spanish m.) canon Cánone abierto (Spanish m.) an open canon, i.e. one written out in full Canone al sospiro (Italian m.) a canon the parts of which begin one crotchet (one quarter note) rest from each other Canone aperto (Italian m.) an open canon, i.e. one written out in full Canone cancrizzante (Italian m.) a crab-like canon, canon by regression Canone chiuso (Italian m.) a close or hidden canon, i.e. where only one part is fully written out, the entry points for other voices being indicated by numbers, letters or other marks written on that part Canone criptico (Italian m.) puzzle canon Cánone críptico (Spanish m.) puzzle canon Canone enigmatico (Italian m., literally 'enigmatic canon' or 'enigmatical canon') also called 'puzzle canon', where the number of voices and/or the entry points of the other part(s) is/are not indicated and have to be guessed at contextually Cánone enigmático (Spanish m., literally 'enigmatic canon' or 'enigmatical canon') also called 'puzzle canon', where the number of voices and/or the entry points of the other part(s) is/are not indicated and have to be guessed at contextually Canone infinito (Italian m.) infinite or perpetual canon, i.e. one that could go on for ever Canon, enigmatical see 'enigmatic canon' Canone perpetuo (Italian m.) infinite or perpetual canon, i.e. one that could go on for ever Cánone perpetuo (Spanish m.) infinite or perpetual canon, i.e. one that could go on for ever Canone sciolto (Italian) a free canon, i.e. where the imitation is not exact Canoness nun belonging to an Augustinian or related order Canonical babbling what one calls the sounds a baby makes before learning to speak Canonical hours see 'divine office' Canonic imitation also called 'strict imitation', the imitation of one part (the antecedent) by another (the consequent) note for note and interval for interval Canon, infinite see 'infinite canon' Canónico (Spanish) canonic Canon in augmentation a canon in which the answer is in notes of double length to the subject Canon in diminution a canon in which the answer is in notes of half-length to the subject Canonise to declare officially to be a saint, to regard as a saint, to admit to the canon of Scripture, to sanction by Church authority canonizar (Spanish) to canonise Canon law the body of ecclesiastical rules or laws imposed by authority in matters of faith, morals and discipline Canon, mensuration see 'mensuration canon' Canonnade (French f.) gunfire Cannonier (French m.) gunner Canon of two bars a canon that may be described in terms of the distance, in bars, between the entries of the different parts, thus, for example, canon of two bars, canon of three bars, etc. Canon of proportion a rule of proportion. The ancient Greeks considered beauty to be a matter of "correct" proportion, for the human figure and for buildings - a concept first incorporated into a statue by the fifth-century BC ancient Greek sculptor Polykleitos Canon, perfect see 'canon' Canon, perpetual see 'perpetual canon' Canon polymorphus (Latin) a canon in which the different parts follow each other at different intervals Canon, puzzle synonymous with 'enigmatical canon' Canon sciolto (Latin) a mock canon Canon table a concordance table in a Bible for locating passages of similar content in the four gospels Canon two in one a canon that may be played from a single line but with staggered entries, so for example 'canon two in one' means a two voice canon played from one part, 'canon three in one' means a three voice canon played from one part canoodle to kiss and cuddle (colloquial) Canophobia irrational fear of dogs Canophobie (German f.) cynophobia Canopy a covering suspended over a throne, bed, etc. sky, overhanging shelter (in architecture) rooflike projection over a niche, etc. expanding part of a parachute canore (Italian) for singing Canoris (Latin) melody, song canoro (Italian) canorous, harmonious Canorous musical, tuneful, richly melodious canorus (Latin) melodious, musical, sweet-sounding Canot (French m.) boat Canotage (French m.) boating Canot de sauvetage (French m.) lifeboat canoter (French) to boat Canotier (French m.) boater Canot pneumatique (French m.) rubber dinghy Canq Azerbaijani harp Cans headset earpiece, microphone and beltpack used for communication and co-ordination of technical departments during a performance. (e.g. 'Electrics on cans', 'Going off cans', 'Quiet on cans!') Cansancio (Spanish m.) tiredness Cansancio del viaje (Spanish m.) tiring journey Canso a strophic two-part troubadour song in which the first part is repeated and second played only once for each stanza (the form is pes - meaning 'foot', pes, cauda - meaning 'tail'), where each pes is formed of two phrases, the first inconclusive or 'open', the second conclusive or 'closed' (termed clos) - the cauda is musically free although it ends with a conclusive cadence; at the end of the final stanza, the composer may add a partial stanza called the envoy the term canso is also used to describe any troubadour song Cant insincere pious or moral talk, language peculiar to a class, profession, etc. (i.e. jargon) to use cant (to use jargon) slanting surface, bevel, oblique push or jerk, tilted position to push or pitch out of level, to tilt can't contraction of 'can not' cant(s). abbreviated form of canto(s), cantata(s) Cantab abbreviation of Cambridge University (from Latin Cantabrigiensis) cantab. abbreviation of cantabile Cantabile (Italian, from cantare, literally 'to sing') in a singing style the term is frequently used in pianoforte music to indicate that the tone must be made to 'sing' cantábile (Spanish) cantabile Cantabile, ormententi ad libitum, ma più tosto pochi e buoni (Italian) in a singing style, with embellishments as the performer wishes, but few and well chosen cantacchiare (Italian) to sing often and badly, to hum Cantador (Spamish m.) a singer, particularly of canciones and ballads in the medieval period Cantadour (French) a singer of songs and ballads in the medieval period Cantafera (Italian) synonymous with cantilena Cantajuolo (Italian m.) street singer, itinerant musician, a singer (contemptuous term) Cantaloup (named for Cantaluppi near Rome, where it was first grown in Europe) also 'cantaloupe', a small round ribbed melon Cantambanca (Italian f.) street singer, itinerant musician, a singer (contemptuous term) Cantamento (Italian) singing (Italian) an air, a song, a melody cantando (Italian, from cantare, literally 'to sing') in a singing style, cantabile, graceful and well blended cantankerous bad-tempered, quarrelsome Cantante (Italian m./f., Spanish m./f.) singer, opera singer cantante (Spanish) singing Cantante-compositore (Italian m./f.) singer-songwriter Cantante solista (Italian m./f., Spanish m./f.) solo singer, vocal soloist Cantante soprano (Italian m./f., Spanish m./f.) soprano singer Cantantes profesionales (Spanish m./f. pl.) professional singers Cantante y compositor (de letra para canciones) (Spanish m./f.) singer-songwriter Cantanti (Italian m./f. pl.) singers Cantaor (m.), Cantaora (f.) (Spanish) flamenco singer Cantar (Spanish m.) singing cantar (Portuguese, Spanish) to sing Cántaras Spanish drum made from a clay pitcher Cantar de gesta (Spanish) the Spanish version of the Old French chanson de geste or "songs of heroic deeds" cantare (Latin, Italian) to sing, praise or celebrate cantare a aria (Italian) to sing without confining oneself to the written notes cantare a prima vista (Italian) to sing at sight, to sight-sing cantare a orecchio (Italian) to sing by ear cantare di maniera (Italian) to sing in a correct style, with grace and expression cantare giusto (Italian) to sing in tune cantare intonato (Italian) to carry a tune Cantarela (Spanish) chanterelle cantare manierata (Italian) to sing with a profusion of ornaments, but without taste or discernment Cántaro Spanish drum made from a clay pitcher Cantata (Italian f., Spanish f.) generally a seventeenth- or eighteenth-century sacred or secular non-theatrical work which might include sung, recitative and instrumental sections Cantata Cantata Cantata da camera (Italian, literally 'chamber cantata') a vocal composition in vogue in the seventeenth and first half of the eighteenth century, consisting of a recitative and air, more often for a single voice but sometimes for more, with instrumental accompaniment Cantata da chiesa (Italian, literally 'church cantata') a cantata written to be performed in church Cantate (German f., French f., Dutch) cantata Cantate Domino (Latin, literally 'sing to the Lord') a part of the Latin mass Cantate spirituelle (French f.) sacred cantata this form never established itself in France to the degree that it had in Italy - the pioneer of the vernacular sacred cantata in France was Elizabeth-Claude Jacquet de la Guerre Cantate zum Weihnachtsfest Johann Andreas Kuhnau's Cantate zum Weihnachtsfest suggests that there was a custom, in Leipzig, of interpolating Laudes into the Magnificat at Christmas, a practice that extends from the early 17th- through to the first quarter of the eighteenth century. Two further examples are an anonymous early eighteenth-century Magnificat à 4 in D major and J. S. Bach's Magnificat à 5 in E-flat major Cantatilla (Italian) a short cantata Cantatille (French) a short cantata (a sacred cantata form popular in France from c.1740 on) Cantatina (Italian) a short cantata Cantation (Latin) the act of singing Cantatore (m.), Cantatrice (f.) (Italian) a professional singer Cantatorium (Latin) a service book of the Roman Catholic church containing the music of the Antiphonary as well as the Gradual Cantatrice (French f.) a female professional singer, opera singer Cant de la sibila traditional Christmas song from Majorca (Spain) about the second coming of Christ Cante (Spanish m.) folk song Cântec see cîntec cante chico light or frivolous flamenco song Canteen a restaurant for employees in an office, factory, etc. shop for provisions in a barracks or camp case of cutlery soldier's or camper's water-flask Cante flamenco a general term for flamenco song Cante grande (Spanish, literally 'important song') a serious flamenco song style Cante hondo (Spanish) or cante jondo, a type of serious Spanish flamenco song frequently making use of the Phrygian cadence and the word ole Cante intermedio (Spanish, literally 'middle song) an arbitrary flamenco song classification between cante grande and cante chico Cante jondo see cante hondo cantellerando (Italian) singing in a low or subdued voice, warbling, murmuring, trilling Canter horse's pace between a trot and a gallop to go or make go at a canter Canterbury a small music-stand with partitions for music-books, usually mounted on castors, and sometimes with small drawers, much used in the nineteenth century (the name applies also to a plate and cutlery stand from the late eighteenth cneutyr) canterellare (Italian) to hum, to sing softly, to sing to oneself, to speak in a jesting tone, to trill Canterino (m.), Canterina (f.) (Italian) singer Cantes de las minas flamenco style that has as its theme the mines, its men and their difficulties Cantes extremeños flamenco songs from the Extremadura region Cantharidin (English, German n.) a poisonous chemical compound, secreted by the Spanish fly (Lytta vesicatoria), the active ingradient in one of the world's most well-known aphrodisiacs, but also used as an abortifacient, a stimulant (since one of its effects was producing insomnia and nervous agitation), and as a poison Cantharus (Latin) a large two-handled drinking-vessel, a fountain in the courtyard of a church Canthaxanthin (English, German n.) a red carotenoid pigment used as a food colour, which can be added to the diet of broiler chickens to colour the skin and shanks, and to the diet of farmed trout and salmon to produce the same colour as is seen in wild fish, which is derived from carotenoids in natural foodstuffs. It is also used to maintain the plumage colour of flamingos kept in captivity. Tanning pills containing canthaxanthin have been associated with health problems, including an eye disorder called canthaxanthin retinopathy, which is the formation of yellow deposits on the eye's retina. Canthaxanthin has also been reported to cause liver injury and a severe itching condition called urticaria Cantible a misspelling of cantabile. The Italian root is cantare (literally, 'to sing') and so the 'i' in cantible is illogical. Unfortunately, cantible is widely used and like cappella (correct) and capella (incorrect) the wrong spelling is almost as widespread as the correct one Canti carnascialeschi (Italian) fifteenth- and sixteenth-centuries Florentine carnival songs Canti carnascialeschi Cantica (Italian pl.) canticles, hymns Canticae (Latin pl.) canticles, hymns Canti carnascialeschi (Italian pl.) song of carnival week Canti carnevali (Italian pl.) song of carnival week Canticchiando see canterellando canticchiare (Italian) to hum, to sing Cantici (Italian pl.) canticles, hymns Canticle cantico (Italian m.), Lobgesang (German m.), cantique (French m.), cántico (Spanish m.) (from the Latin, canticulum, (diminutive of canticum, 'a song') and canere, 'to sing') used in the English Catholic translation of the Bible as the equivalent of the Vulgate canticum in most, but not all, of the uses of that word; for where canticum is used for a sacred song, as in the ten canticles found in the Breviary (Hohelied Salomonis German n.), it is always rendered 'canticle', whilst in other connections (e.g. Gen., xxxi, 27, secular songs; Job, xxx, 9, song of derision; Is., xxiii, 15, "harlot's song") it is rendered 'song'. The Authorized Version does not make such a distinction, but regularly translates from the Hebrew and the Greek 'song' Canticle from which this extract has been taken Cantico (Italian m.) canticle, hymn, Lobgesang (German m.), cántico (Spanish m.), cantique (French) Cántico (Spanish m.) canticle, hymn, cantico (Italian m.), Lobgesang (German m.), cantique (French) Canticum (Latin, German m.) canticle, hymn Cantidad (Spanish f.) quantity, amount, sum, number, figure, lots of (familiar: also other terms for unspecified but large quantities, namely 'hundreds', 'thousands', 'millions', 'masses', 'tons', 'loads', 'so many', 'so much', and so on) cantidad (Spanish) a lot Cantidad adicional (Spanish f.) supplement (to a book, newspaper, etc.) Cantidad aproximada (Spanish f.) rough amount, approvimate amount Cantidad de cartas recibidas (Spanish f.) number of letters received Cantidad de libros (Spanish f.) thousands of books (colloquial), loads of books (colloquial), tons of books (colloquial) Cantidad de pagar (Spanish f.) amount to pay, payment Cantidades industriales (Spanish) loads, tons Cantiga(s) (Spanish f.) a Spanish or Portuguese folk song (Spanish f.) a thirteenth-century monophonic Spanish vernacular song, often dedicated to the Virgin Mary (Spanish f.) medieval poem Cantiga de amigo a particular genre of Spanish medieval poetry, intended to express the female perspective on absent love Cantigas de Santa Maria a manuscript, of which several copies survive, that represents the epitome of one of the richest Mediterranean medieval musical phenomena by its formal and thematic coherence, its breadth, and the great beauty of its miniatures. For its elaboration, Alfonso X enlisted some thirty artists in the fields of poetry, music, calligraphy, and illumination. Coordinating and supervising the work of these artists, he was himself active in the artistic creation of these cantigas. It is well worth noting that the artists with whom Alfonso surrounded himself were from three different religions. Christian, Muslim, and Jewish, and that they all practiced their art together in perfect harmony, despite their differences Cantilena (Spanish f., Italian f., in the last case meaning a 'lullaby' or 'sing-song') smooth, melodious vocal style, although the term can be applied also to instrumental music a vocal exercise using solfeggio the melody part in a vocal ensemble, usually the top part a polyphonic song not based on a cantus firmus, a form used especially for polyphonic songs by English composers of the late thirteenth to early fifteenth centuries. (Spanish f.) or cantinela, song Il Cantilena is the oldest known literary text in the Maltese language. It dates from the fifteenth century (no later than 1485, the death of its author, and probably from the 1470s) but was not found until 1966 or 1968. Il Cantilena is a poem attributed to one Petrus (or Pietrus or Pietro or Pietru or Peter) Caxaro. It was recorded by Caxaro's nephew, Brandano, in his notarial register (Dec. 1533-May 1563) Cantilena from which this extract has been taken Cantilena (s.), Cantilenae (pl.) (Latin) narrative song, a term applied to both religious and secular songs Cantilenaccia (Italian) a vulgar song Cantilena ductia see ductia Cantilena form all forms of the cantilena type begin and end with a refrain, hence they are also called 'refrain song' cantilenare (Italian) to sing little songs (usually derogative) Cantilena romana (Italian) the Roman chant Cantilenas (Spanish) cantilliation Cantilena scotica (Italian) a Scotch air, a Scotch tune Cantilene (German) cantilena Cantilène (French) cantilena Cantilever bracket or beam, etc. projecting from a wall to support a balcony, etc. beam or girder fixed at one end only Cantilever bridge bridge made of cantilevers projecting from piers and connected by girders Cantillatio (Latin) a declamatory style of singing or chanting Cantillation (from the Latin, cantillatio) unaccompanied chanting in free rhythm as in Jewish liturgical chant Cantimplora (Spanish f.) water bottle, canteen Cantina (Spanish f.) buffet, cafeteria, refectory (university), canteen (factory), mess (barracks), bar (much of Latin America), trattoria (Argentina, Uruguay), churn (Colombia: for making butter) Cantinas a family of song forms from Cadiz that include alegrias, romeras, mirabras, rosas and caracoles. The term is thought originally to describe medieval songs from Galicia in Northern Spain Cantine (French f.) canteen, mensa (Italian f.) , Kantine (German f.), cantina (Spanish f.), comedor (Spanish m.) Cantinela (Spanish f.) song, anthem, antienne (French) cantinflear (Spanish) to babble (familiar) Cantino (Italian m.) top string on a stringed instrument, for example, the top e" string of a violin, Sangsaite (German), Singsaite (German), chanterelle (French) the higher of two strings tuned in octaves on the lower courses of some baroque guitars. The higher courses tend to be tuned in unisono except the top string which will be a single course Cantio (Latin) a religious, monophonic, Latin song of the later Middle Ages Cantional a collection of sacred songs or a hymnbook the term is used especially for Czech collections (kancionály) and German Lutheran hymnbooks of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries - the first collection published in cantional style was published by Lucas Osiander (1534-1604) and appeared in 1586 - the style is associated particularly with three composers, Hans Leo Hassler (1564-1612), Michael Praetorius (1571-1621) and Johann Hermann Schein (1586-1630) Cantional style (of sacred songs or hymns) plainly chordal, rhythmically straightforward settings with the tune in the top voice Cantio sacra (s.), Cantiones sacrae (pl.) (Latin) sacred song, motet, anthem Cantique (French m.) canticle, cantico (Italian m.), Lobgesang (German m.), cántico (Spanish m.) (French m.) since the middle of the sixteenth century, the word cantique has generally referred to a short, easy and popular song in the French language, used to express religious sentiment (French m.) a hymn, inno (Italian m.), Hymne (German f.), hymne (French m.), himno (Spanish m.) Cantique des Cantiques (French m.) Solomon's Song (biblical) Canto (s.), Cantos (pl.) (Italian m., German m., Spanish m.) air, song, melody, singing (Italian m., Spanish m.) the art of singing (Italian m.) the highest part in concerted music (the part that carries the tune) (Italian m.) the soprano voice (Italian m.) the highest string on a string instrument also called 'descant', on an accordion, pertaining to the right (melody) side of the instrument (English, Italian m., German m.) a sub-division of an epic or narrative poem comparable to a chapter in a novel Canto a cappella (Italian m.) vocal church music without instrumental accompaniment Canto Ambrosiano (Italian m., Spanish m.) Ambrosian chant Canto a mi caballero (Spanish m.) a monophonic Spanish folksong which inspired Antonio de Cabezón (Cabeçón) (1510-1566) to arrange it for keyboard, Cristóbal de Morales. (c1500-1553) to use it as a basis for a four-part Missa Dezilde al cavallero and Nicolas Gombert (c.1495-c.1560) to use it as a cantus firmus in his only setting of a Spanish text Canto anglicano (Italian m., Spanish m.) Anglican chant Canto armonico (Italian m.) a vocal composition in two, three or more parts Canto carnascialesco (Italian m.) singular form of canti carnascialeschi Canto cromatico (Italian m.) song, melody, singing in chromatic intervals or chromatic passages Canto del gallo (Italian m.) a cock-crow Canto de órgano (Spanish m.) polyphony from the Renaissance and Baroque periods Canto de velada (Spanish m.) Spanish evening song Canto fermo (s.), Canti fermi (pl.) (Italian m., literally 'fixed melody') plain chant, cantus firmus, choir singing in unision on a simple, plain melody, often given as a basis for counterpoint Canto figurato (Italian m.) or cantus mensurabilis, an elaborately decorated vocal style usually associated with a coloratura or coloraturo Canto funebre (Italian m.) a funeral song Canto fúnebre (Spanish m.) a funeral song Canto gregoriano (Spanish m., Italian m.) Gregorian chant Canto hispánico (Spanish m.) also canto visigótico or canto mozárabe, Spanish chant Canto hondo (Spanish m.) see cante hono Canto litúrgico (Spanish m.) liturgical song Canto litúrgico ortodoxo ruso (Spanish m.) Russian Orthodox liturgical song Canto livre (Portuguese m.) Portuguese modernized fado Canto llano (Spanish m.) plainchant, plainsong Cantometrics cantometrics arose out of 'The Cross Cultural Study of Expressive Style', a multi-disciplinary research programme, formed under the direction of Alan Lomax in 1961. The term refers to a system for the measurement of singing style which had been devised jointly by Lomax and musicologist Victor Grauer, to test a number of hypotheses formed by Lomax during his collecting work. These were; that the dominant values of societies fundamentally influence how their members sing; that this influence applies wherever folksong is found in its natural state; and that the world distribution of singing styles is patterned on the world distribution of human societies Cantometrics: Song and Social Culture from which most of this extract has been taken Canto mozárabe (Spanish m.) also canto visigótico or canto hispánico, Mozarabic chant Canton (English, French m.) a district (in France), a sovereign state (as part of the Swiss confederation) (English) to put (troops) into quarters Canton crepe crêpe de Chine (French m.) Cantonese opera one of the major Chinese opera categories that originated in southern China's Cantonese culture. In the Yuan dynasty (1279-1368), innovations such as specialized roles (dan, female, sheng, male, and chou, clown) were introduced into traditional zaju (variety plays) to produce 'Yuan dynasty opera' which continues today as Cantonese opera. It is popular in Guangdong, Guangxi, Hong Kong, Macau, Singapore and Malaysia. Like all versions of Chinese opera, it is a traditional Chinese art form, involving music, singing, martial arts, acrobatics, and acting Cantonese opera from which most of this extract has been taken Cantonment lodging assigned to troops, (historically) permanent military station in India cantonner (French) to billet (military) Cantonnier (French m.) roadman, road mender Canto nuevo (Spanish m.) Bolivian pop-folk music which evolved out of Chilean nueva canción Canto parlato (Italian m.) speech-song see Sprechgesang Canto plano (Italian m.) plainchant Cantopop a colloquial abbreviation of 'Cantonese pop music', a form of popular music that is a subgenre of 'C-pop'. It is also known as 'HK-pop', short for 'Hong Kong pop'. Cantopop draws influence not only from other forms of Chinese music, but from a variety of international styles, including jazz, rock and roll, rhythm and blues, electronic music, Western pop music and others. By definition, Cantopop songs are almost invariably performed in Cantonese Cantopop from which this extract has been taken Canto popular (Spanish m., literally 'popular song') Uruguayan singer-songwriter nativist music Canto primo (Italian m.) first soprano, first treble Cantor (Spanish m.) singer cantor (Spanish) singing Cantor (m.), Cantora (f.) (Portuguese) singer Cantor (m.), Cantrix (f.) (English, Latin) the director of music in a Lutheran church (in German: Kantor) the leading singer or precentor in a synagogue church choir leader a singer or chanter who in the Mass is the one who calls out the first part of the song or hymn, to which others respond Cantor choralis (Latin m.) precentor, leader of the choir Cantorcicos (Spanish m. pl.) child singers, choristers Cantor-compositor (Portuguese m.) singer-songwriter Cantore (Italian m.) a chorister, a singer, a poet Canto recitativo (Italian m.) recitative, declamatory singing Cantorei (German) a party, or class of choristers, the dwelling reserved for the cantor Cantoren (German) chanters, a choir of voices [corrected by Michael Zapf] Cantor figuralis (Latin) oratorio singer, conductor of a choir Cantoria (s.), Cantorie (pl) (Italian) a gallery for singers or musicians, usually in a church. Two outstanding examples are those by the sculptors Andrea della Robbia and Donatello in Florence cathedral, both of which have richly carved marble panels Cantoris (Latin) a term applied in Anglican church music that refers to the half of the choir sitting on the cantor's side of the church, that which sits on the left side of the congregation, i.e. the north side. The other half of the choir is referred to as the decani which is to the right of the congregation, i.e. the south side, nearest the dean Canto salmódico (Spanish m.) psalm tune, hymn Canto de vaquería (s.), Cantos de vaquería (pl.) (Spanish m.) Colombian cowboy song Canto secondo (Italian m.) second soprano, second treble Canto visigótico (Spanish m.) also canto mozárabe or canto hispánico, Visigothic chant Cantrice (Italian f.) female singer canturrear (Spanish) to hum, fredonner (French) Canturreo (Spanish m.) humming, fredonnement (French) Cantus (Latin) song, melody, singing (Latin) also called chant, monophonic unaccompanied music of Eastern and Western Christian liturgy Cantus the melody at the top of a polyphonic piece, often set over a tenor line, popular in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries Cantus Ambrosianus (Latin) Ambrosian chant Cantus coronatus (Latin) an embellished trouvère chanson Cantus figuralis (Latin) synonymous with cantus mensurabilis Cantus figuratus (Latin) a cantus firmus accompanied by a figurate, figured or florid counterpoint synonymous with cantus mensurabilis Cantus firmus (s.), Cantus firmi (pl.) (English, German m., from the Latin, literally 'fixed melody') a borrowed melody, originally from Gregorian chant, used as the slow-moving basis for a new work in which upper, faster-moving melodies are set in counterpoint against it, particularly common during the period from the fourteenth to seventeenth centuries the cantus firmus in sacred compositions of the early Middle Ages expresses belief in the absolute. Only through submission to its laws does man become free to participate in the essential. In secular motets, the tenor still stands for the primacy of the sacred reference, which increasingly loses its importance in the Renaissance (secular tenors) and experiences a short revival in the form of the German chorale Cantus Firmus discussed in the context of strict or species counterpoint Cantus-firmus mass in the fifteenth century, a setting of the mass where the movements are given some unity through the use of pre-existing musical material derived from plainchant, secular melodies, themes derived from the hexachord or through the use of solmization, or 'motto themes'. It has been suggested (Chew, Geoffrey. The Early Cyclic Mass as an Expression of Royal and Papal Supremacy. Music and Letters 53 (July 1972): 254-69) that, given the choice of cantus firmus in many early English cyclic masses, many were intended to be associated with the king and certain royal rituals. Following decades of problems plaguing the Papacy, a number of cantus firmus masses written at this time, particularly those with references to military symbolism, were probably written in support of recovering Papal power Cantus fractus (Latin, literally 'broken melody') in the fifteenth century, a rhythmicized form of plainchant Cantus Gregorianus (Latin) Gregorian chant Cantus lateralis (Latin) music in which the parts are written separately in a region of the page, hence lateralis, literally 'side-by'side' Cantus mensurabilis (Latin, literally 'measured song') mensurable song in contradistinction to cantus planus, i.e. music consisting of notes of different and fixed time-values, where the singers had to agree to a time-unit of definite speed before they could achieve unanimity, particularly with the new canto figurato. The first known treatise on the subject was written by Franco of Cologne (eleventh and twelfth centuries) Cantus mensuratu (Latin) mensurable or measured chant, which should be distinguished from cantus planus (plain chant) Cantus mollis (Latin) music consisting of the hexachordum molle, formed of the notes f, g, a, b flat, c and d Cantus naturalis (Latin) music consisting of the hexachordum naturale, formed of the notes c, d, e, f, g and a Cantus Planus (German m.) cantus planus Cantus planus (English, from the Latin, literally 'plain chant') plainchant, plainsong Cantus supra librum (Latin) a term that loosely means 'singing according to the rules', the rules that underlay the tradition of improvised polyphony in England involving three voices singing in a primarily parallel style Canular (French m.) hoax Canun see kanun Canut (French pl.) a Lyonnais silk worker, often working on Jacquard looms, canuts were primarily found in the Croix-Rousse neighbourhood of Lyon in the nineteenth century. Although the term generally refers to Lyonnais silk workers, silk workers in the commune of l'Arbresle are also called canuts. The canuts were the subject of songs by Aristide Bruant (1851-1925) and Éric La Blanche Canut from which this extract has been taken Aristide Bruant Éric La Blanche Canvas strong coarse cloth used for sails, tents, oil-painting, and painted scenery for the stage a painting on canvas, esp. in oils Canvasrock (German m.) canvas skirt canvass to solicit votes, especially from a constituency electorate to ascertain the opinions of to seek custom from to propose (an idea or plan, etc.) Canyengue or cañiegue, a very old way of dancing the tango or the milonga, where the steps are short and strongly accentuated on the beat of the music Canyon (s.), Canyons (pl.) (English, German m.) or gorge, a narrow chasm with steep cliff walls, cut into the earth by running water Can y prophwyd Davydd (Welsh) the song of David, the Prophet Canzerogen (German n.) carcinogen Canzo (Provençal) a song Canzo a ballo (Italian m.) a song for dancing Canzona (s.), Canzoni (pl.) (Italian) or canzone, a medieval verse form designed to be set to music and formed of one or a group of two or more identically-structured stanzas, each stanza comprising the frons (with two identical pedes) and the sirma (with two equal voltae) (Italian) also called canzona francese or canzona da sonar, a sixteenth- and seventeenth-century instrumental genre in the manner of a French polyphonic chanson, characterized by the juxtaposition of short contrasting sections (from the Provençal, canzo meaning 'song') a term applied to any of several types of secular vocal music Canzona Canzonaccia (Italian) a vulgar song, a trivial song Canzoncina (Italian) a short song, a short canzone Canzone (s.), Canzoni (Italian pl.), Canzones (English pl.) (English, Italian f.) in literature, an Italian term meaning 'lyric' or 'song', which includes Provençal troubadour poems and the lyrics of Dante, Petrarch, and other thirteenth- and fourteenth-century Italian poets, relating to love or the praise of beauty. The Italian canzone was orginally a stanza or group of identically-structured stanzas designed to be set to music. The ballata was a less complex form of the canzone. Poems in English that bear some similarity to Provençal lyrics are called 'canzones' the term canzone is also used interchangeably with canzona, an important Italian instrumental form of the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Often works designated as such are canzoni da sonar; these pieces are an important precursor to the sonata. Terminology was lax in the late Renaissance and early Baroque music periods, and what one composer might call canzoni da sonar might be termed canzona by another, or even fantasia. In the work of some composers, such as Paolo Quagliati, the terms seem to have had no formal implication at all Canzone from which the comment above has been taken Canzone (Italian f.) song, strain (song,), psalm (Italian f.) a term used by Mozart to describe a serious aria and a short, simple solo song Canzone artistica (Italian f.) art song Canzone blues (Italian f.) blues song Canzone classica (Italian f.) oldie (classical song) Canzone conviviale (Italian f.) drinking song Canzone d'amore (Italian f.) love song Canzone da ballo (Italian f.) dance song Canzone di guerra (Italian f.) war song Canzone di successo (Italian f.) oldie (hit) Canzone d'i Zampognari (Italian f.) also known as 'Sicilian Bagpiper's Carol' or 'The Star Carol', the Italian title alludes to the southern Italian bagpipe known as zampogna which has been played by shepherds, who come into the villages during the Christmas season. This carol's striking resemblance to Handel's He Shall Feed His Flock Like a Shepherd, from the Messiah leads to the speculation that Handel heard this melody, with its characteristic harmony of parallel thirds, during his visit to Naples in 1708 Canzone d'i Zampognari Canzone famosa (Italian f.) oldie (famous song) Canzone napoletana see villanella Canzone popolare (Italian f.) popular song, folk song Canzone sacra (Italian f.) psalm, sacred song Canzone sentimentale popolare (Italian f.) torch song Canzonet Kanzonette (German f.) when the madrigal was imported into England in the late sixteenth century, the term canzonetta went along with it, anglicized to canzonet. Many compositions of the English Madrigal School were entitled canzonets, and although Thomas Morley (1557/8-1602) referred to it specifically as a lighter form of madrigal in his writings, canzonets in England are almost indistinguishable from madrigals: they are longer than Italian canzonettas, more complex, and more contrapuntal Canzonetta from which this entry has been taken Canzonetta (Italian) Kanzonette (German f.) or canzonet in music, a canzonetta (pl. canzonette or canzonettas) was a popular Italian secular vocal composition which originated around 1560. In its earlier versions it was somewhat like a madrigal but lighter in style; but by the eighteenth century, especially as it moved outside of Italy, the term came to mean a song for voice and accompaniment, usually in a light secular style (Italian) a term used by Mozart to describe a serious aria and a short, simple solo song, for example, the set of five by Joseph Haydn for voice and piano, on English texts (1794) sometimes the term canzonetta is used by composers to denote a songlike instrumental piece; a famous example is the slow movement of the Tchaikovsky Violin Concerto Canzonetta from which some of this information has been taken Canzone villanesca alla napolitana see villanella Canzoniere (Italian m.) a collection of songs or lyric poems, the equivalent of the Portuguese cancioneiro and the French chansonnier Caoba (Spanish f.) mahogany, mogano (Italian m.), Mahogani (German n.), acajou (French f.), bois d'acajou (French m.) Caoine (Gaelic, literally 'lament') until recently, it was traditional in many parts of Ireland and Scotland for mourners to caoine at a graveside, or in the home of the deceased person to mourn their passing. Often an older woman in the community was hired to lead the dirge, joined by other family members and friends who were grieving. The sound of this mourning wail is a particularly solemn type of mouth music Caoutchouc (French m.) rubber, rubber band (elastic band) Caoutchouc mousse (French m.) foam rubber caoutchouté (French) rubberized caoutchouteux (m.), caoutchouteuse (f.) (French) rubbery CAP abbreviation of Certificat d'aptitude professionnelle (French: required for employees who do not have a college degree) Cap a soft brimless hat usually with a peak, head-covering worn in a particular profession, cap as a sign of membership of a sports team, mortarboard, top for a bottle (jar, pen, camera lens, etc.) (French m.) cape, headland, course (direction) (Catalan f.) note head from Nepa, dancing bells that are attached to the ankles of chiledren and correspond to the Indian ghungru Cap from which this extract has been taken cap. abbreviation of 'capacity' Capability ability, power, undeveloped or unused faculty Capable (English) competent, able, gifted capable (French) able, capable capable de ... (French) able to ..., capable of ... capable de faire (French) able to do, capable of doing capable de tout (French) likely to do anything, behaviour that is entirely unpredictable Capable of having the ability, fitness, etc. for, admiting of (explanation, etc.) Capachos Colombian maracas Capacious roomy Capacité (French f.) ability, capacity Cap-a-pié (French, old term) from head to foot (a reference to full armour) Capasso bar see 'capotes' Cape (English, French f., German n.) or cloak, any long sleeveless outer garment fastening about the neck Cape Breton fiddling a lively regional violin style which falls within the Celtic Music idiom. Cape Breton Island's fiddle music was brought to North America by Scottish immigrants during the Highland Clearances. These Scottish immigrants were primarily from Gaelic-speaking regions in the Scottish Highlands and the Outer Hebrides. Although fiddling has changed considerably since this time in Scotland, it is widely held that the tradition has been better preserved in Cape Breton Cape Breton fiddling from which this extract has been taken Capella incorrect spelling of cappella Capellán (Spanish m.) chaplain Capelle (French) chapel Capellmeister (German m.) see Kapellmeister Caper jump or run playfully, prank, illicit activity (slang) Capetians any member of the Capetian dynasty, a Frankish dynasty founded by Hugh Capet that ruled from 987 to 1328 Capetinger (German pl.) Capetians Cape Verdean hip hop Cape Verdean hip hop Capeverdean kizomba see kizomba crioula Capeverdean music Cape Verde is known internationally for morna, a form of folk music usually sung in Creole-Portuguese, accompanied by clarinet, accordion, violin, guitar and cavaquinho. Morna has primarily European roots, but the islands also boast funana and batuco music that are more closely related to West African styles Music of Cape Verde from which this extract has been taken Capgras syndrome or Capgras delusion, a rare disorder in which a person holds a delusional belief that an acquaintance, usually a spouse or other close family member, has been replaced by an identical-looking impostor Capgras-Syndrom (German n.) Capgras delusion, Capgras syndrome Capias (Latin) a writ that authorizes a sheriff to arrest and person or seize goods Capilla (Spanish f.) chapel, chapelle (French), Kapelle (German), cappella (Italian) (Spanish f.) choir Capilla ardiente (Spanish f.) chapel of rest, funeral chapel Capilla flamenca (Spanish f.) the Flemish chapel that accompanied Charles V (1500-1558), considered the first King of Spain though in fact his son was the first to use that title, on his travels throughout his northern empire and his kingdom in Spain, and brought the finest polyphonic treasures back to the Iberian peninsula capillaire (French) hair (lotion, etc.), capillary (narrow tube) Capilotade a ragout or stew of game or chicken cap in hand humbly Capirola Lutebook an illuminated manuscript prepared in the 1520s, which is considered to be one of the most important sources of lute music of the early sixteenth century. The Lutebook contains the earliest known examples of legato and non-legato indications, as well as the earliest known dynamic indications. The pieces vary from simple studies suitable for beginners on the instrument, to immensely demanding virtuoso pieces. There are also 13 ricercars in the book, which alternate passages in brilliant toccata style with passages in three-part counterpoint similar to that of the vocal music of contemporary composers such as Jacob Obrecht. In addition to music by Capirola (and others - Capirola evidently transcribed several pieces by other composers for the book), the Lutebook contains a preface which is one of the most important primary sources on early sixteenth-century lute-playing. It includes information on how to play legato and tenuto, and how to perform ornaments of various types, how to choose the best fingering for passagework. It also includes very practical details such as how to string and tune the instrument Vincenzo Capirola from which this material has been taken Capiscolus (Latin) an obsolete term for a chanter, or precentor of a choir Capistrum (Greek) a device used to relieve the strain on the cheeks when blowing ancient trumpets Capitaine (French m.) captain Capital (French m.) capital (in a business), stock (figurative) the head or crowning feature of a column capital (m.), capitale (f.) (French) major, fundamental, capital (letter) Capitale (French) capital (city, letter) Capitalisme (French m.) capitalism Capitaliste (French m./f.) capitalist capitaliste (French) capitalist cap it all, to after everything else Capitaux (French m. pl.) capital (in a business) capiteux (m.), capiteuse (f.) (French) heady capitonné (French) padded capitular (Spanish m.) to capitulate, to surrender, to reach an agreement, to give in (Spanish) of the chapter Capitulare (German f.) capitulary Capitularium (Latin) capitulary Capitulary a series of legislative or administrative acts emanating from the Frankish court of the Merovingian and Carolingian dynasties, especially that of the first emperor, Charlemagne Capitulation (English, French f.) give in, surrender Capítulo (Spanish m.) chapter, area, episode (of a series on radio or television) Capítulo aparte (Spanish m.) separate chapter, separate area esto merece un capítulo aparte (Spanish: this deserves a separate chapter) Capo (Italian) head, beginning, first part, leader, the top Capo abbreviated form of capotasto Capocchia (Italian) note head Capo-cordiera (Italian m.) sillet du bas (French m.), Untersattel (German m.), (on a violin, etc.) the lower saddle takes the pull of the tailgut off the edge of the belly Capodaster (German) capotasto Capodastère (French m.) capotasto (English, Italian), Kapodaster (German), barre (French) Capo d'astro (English corruption of the Italian) capotasto Capodastro (English corruption of the Italian) capotasto Capoeira a Brazilian martial arts/dance style, developed by the slaves to teach one another how to defend him or herself, in which the music is as unusual as the instruments used to perform it. Capoeira takes place in a roda (circle) usually made up of other capoeiristas or bystanders standing or sitting in a circle there are two main distinct styles of capoeira: Angola associated with Vicente Ferreira Pastinha (1889-1981) also known as Mestre Pastinha characterised by slow, low play with particular attention to the rituals and tradition of capoeira Regional associated with Manuel dos Reis Machado (1900-1974) also called Mestre Bimba characterised by fluid acrobatic play, where technique and strategy are the key points capoeira contemporânea capoeira atual there are, today, many fusion styles, which mix the Angola and Regional traditions. Some refer to this as capoeira atual, or capoeira contemporânea Capoeira music Capoeira Mestre Pastinha Mestre Bimba Capo d'opera (Italian) a composer's finest or best work Capoeiristas practitioners of capoeira Caporal (French m.) a cigarette made from a kind of light shag tobacco, a kind of light shag tobacco Caporale (French m.) corporal Capot (French m.) bonnet (of a car) Capotasto (Italian m.) the nut (at the top of the fingerboard on a string instrument), Obersattel (German m.), sillet (du haut) (French m.) barre (French), capodaste (French), Kapodaster (German), a device that clamps to the neck of a plucked string instrument (e.g. a guitar) thereby changing its tuning by shortening the sounding length of every string. More recent capos have been designed that barre only specific strings, leaving the remainder unbarred Capo Capote (French f.) hood (of a car), condom capoter (French) to overturn Capotes (capotes meaning "head" (capo) of "key" or "tapper" (tanto)) or 'capasso bar', relating to the piano, a heavy metal bar that bridges the strings just before they tie off at the tuning pins. It keeps the strings in place, much as the fingerboard nut on a violin does Cappa magna (Latin) or cappamagna (Italian), a long ceremonial cloak with train and hood worn by senior dignitaries of the Church Cappella (Italian) chapel Cappella, a see a cappella Cappella musica (Italian) chapel or church music Cappella Sistina the papal choir of the Sistine chapel Cappello cinese (Italian m.) or mezza luna, bell tree Cappuccino (Italian m.) black coffee topped with frothed hot milk or cream Câpre (French f.) caper (ingredient in cooking) Capriccietto (Italian) a short capriccio Capriccio (s.), Capricci (pl.) (Italian, German n.) in the sixteenth century, a madrigal (Italian, German n.) in the early seventeenth century, a keyboard work often employing fugal imitation (Italian, German n.) in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, similar to a canzona, ricercar or toccata (Italian, German n.) the title of virtuoso technical studies for the violin composer by Niccolò Paganini (1782-1840) (Italian, German n.) Telemann's Capriccio for flute and continuo from Der getreue Music-Meister alternates fast and slow passages Pietro Locatelli (1695-1764) composed the Arte del violino, opus 3, twelve concertos for the instrument, which incorporate twenty four technically demanding capriccios which could function as extended cadenzas, but are now usually extracted and played in isolation from the concertos (Italian, German n) from the nineteenth century, a quick, light, sometimes fanciful composition, a jeu d'esprit capriccio, a see a capriccio capricciosamente (Italian) in a lively style, capriciously capriccioso (Italian) capricious, in a capricious style Caprice (French m., German f., English) capricho (Spanish), capriccio (Italian), Grille (German) (French m., German f., English) whim (French m., German f., English) a quick, light, sometimes fanciful composition, capriccio Capricho (Spanish m.) caprice caprichoso (m.), caprichosa (f.) (Spanish) capriciously capricieusement (French) capriciously capricieux (m.), capricieuse (f.) (French) capricious, temperamental, capriccioso Caprihose (German f.) Capri trousers Capri pants Capri trousers Capri trousers calf-length loose pants, slightly tapered to the mid calf, often having a slit on the outside of the leg bottoms Capstan screws on a piano, specially shaped brass wood-screws, located near the end of the keys, providing an adjustable contact point between keys and action Capsula (Italian f.) or copri-ancia (Italian m.), windcap (musical instrument), Windkapsel (German f.), bocal (French m.), capsule (French f.), cápsula (Spanish f.) Cápsula (Spanish f.) capsula (Italian f.), copri-ancia (Italian m.), windcap (musical instrument), Windkapsel (German f.), bocal (French m.), capsule (French f.) Capsule (French f.) capsule (pill) (French f.) windcap (musical instrument), capsula (Italian f.), copri-ancia (Italian m.), Windkapsel (German f.), bocal (French m.), cápsula (Spanish f.) Captador magnético (Portuguese) pick-up, as found on electric guitars Captain military and naval ranks or 'captain of industry', head of a large industrial company (German m. - Switzerland) captain capter (French) to tap (water), to pick up (signal), to win (figurative), to capture (figurative) Captif (m.), Captive (f.) (French) captive captif (m.), captive (f.) (French) captive Captiva Island (English, German) an island in Lee County in southwest Florida, USA, located just offshore in the Gulf of Mexico captiver (French) to captivate Captivité (French f.) captivity Captivity narrative a narrative, usually autobiographical in origin, concerning colonials or settlers who are captured by Amerindian or aboriginal tribes and live among them for some time before gaining freedom Literary Terms and Definitions from which this entry has been taken Capture (French f.) capture capturer (French) to capture Capuche (French f.) hood Capuchon (French m.) hood, cap (of a pen) Caput lupinum (Latin) an outlaw Caput mortuum (Latin, literally 'dead head') the residue that remains after prolonged distillation, red oxide of lead used as a pigment Capybara see 'Kyma' Caquetage (French m.) cackle caqueter (French) to cackle Caqueteuse (French f., literally 'gossip-seat') or caquetoire, a chair with a triangular seat, narrow back and widespread arms Caquetoire see caqueteuse car (French) because, for Cara (Spanish f.) face Cará South American maracas cara a (Spanish) facing cara a cara (Spanish) face to face Carabalèn see laras Carabine (French f.) rifle Carabiniere (s.), Carabinieri (pl.) (German m., Italian m.) Italian policeman armed with a rifle Caracachás South American scraper Caracole (French) in riding, a half-turn to the right or left caracoler (French) to prance Caracoles a flamenco style from Cadiz that belongs to the cantiñas group Carácter (Spanish m.) character, Charakter (German m.), carattere (Italian m.), caractère (French m.) Caractère (French m.) character, specific ambiance, Charakter (German m.), carattere (Italian m.), carácter (Spanish m.) a dance based on a specific national or traditional architype or on the movements associated with a particular trade or way of living Caractères de musique (French m. pl.) all the marks or symbols used in the notation of music Caractères d'imprimerie (French m. pl.) block letters Caractériel (m.), Caractérielle (f.) (French) disturbed child caractériel (m.), caractérielle (f.) (French) character caractérisé (French) well-defined caractériser (French) to characterize carácteristico (m.), carácteristica (f.) (Spanish) characteristic, typical caractéristique (French) characteristic Carafe (French f., from the Arabic) decanter (for wine), an ornamental glass bottle for holding water, a jug caraïbe (French) Caribbean Caraïbes, les (French) the Caribbean Carajillo (Spain) small clapper Carambolage (French m.) multiple smash-up Caramel (English, French m., from the Spanish) burnt sugar or syrup used as a flavouring or colouring, light brown (colour) carameliser (French) to caramelize Caramillo (Spanish m.) chalumeau Caramusa (Corsica) a bagpipe made of wood, leather and reed Carapace (English, French f.) shell carapax (German m.) carapace Carat (English, French m.) a unit of weight for precious stones (200 mg.), measure of pruity of gold (pure gold = 24 carats) Caratage gold jewellery is usually described in terms of caratage (or karatage), which is an indication of its gold content, for example 18 carat or 18K. Alternatively, the gold content can be described in terms of ‘fineness’, which is the gold content expressed in parts per thousand, for example 750 (which is 18 carat or 75.0% gold) Carattere (Italian m.) character, characteristic, type, quality, degree, emphasis, caractère (French m.), Charakter (German m.), carácter (Spanish m.) Caratteristico (Italian f.) characteristic caratteristico (Italian) characteristic, quaint (picturesque) caratterizzare (Italian) to characterize Carátula (Spanish f.) mask, theatre (figurative) Caravan (English, German m.) a procession (of wagons or mules or camels) traveling together in single file Caravane (French f.) caravan, trailer (US) Caravangespann (German n.) car and caravan Caravaning (English, German n.) or, in English, 'caravanning', the practice of taking holidays in a caravan Caravanserai (French, from the Persion) an Oriental inn with a courtyard where caravans can put up Carbonband (German n.) carbon ribbon Carbone (French m.) carbon, carbon copy Carbonfaser (German f.) carbon fibre Carbon fibre also 'carbon-fibre' (UK), 'carbon-fiber' (US) or 'carbon fiber' (US), a material that has small fibres or "hairs" of carbon added for strength. The base material is typically plastic, which can be moulded and shaped as required Luis and Clark Carbon-Fiber instruments RainSong Graphite guitars Green Line Clarinets carbon ink black ink in which the major colouring matter is soot carboniser (French) to burn (to ashes) Carbonless pressure sensitive writing paper that does not use carbon Carbonnade a meat dish, stewed in beer Carbon paper paper coated on one side with a layer of a loosely bound dry ink or pigmented coating, usually bound with wax. It is used for making one or more copies simultaneous with the creation of an original document Carbon ribbon type of printer and typewriter ribbon similar to carbon paper that is commonly used with impact printers Carbonstahl (German m.) carbon steel Carbon steel representing 90% of world-wide production, carbon steel is the most widely used kind of steel (often containing a little manganese) with a carbon content of less than 2 percent and usually of less than 1 percent Carburant (French m.) (motor) fuel Carburateur (French m.) carburettor Carcajada (Spanish f.) burst of laughter Carcan (French m.) yoke (constraint) Carcere (Italian m.) prison, imprisonment (punishment) Carcerato (Italian m./f.) prisoner Carceriere (Italian m./f.) gaoler Carcasse (French f.) carcass, frame (car, furniture) Carceleras (Spanish, 'prisoner's song') a type of tonás, originally sung by incarcerated gypsies held in the prisons of Andalucia Carcinogen (English, German n.) a cancer-causing substance or agent carcinogen (German) carcinogenic Carciofo (Italian m.) artichoke Carcoma (Spanish f.) woodworm Cardboard music see 'book music' cardiaco (Italian) cardiac Cardiaque (French m./f.) heart patient cardiaque (French) heart Cardigan (English, German, m., French m.) knitted jacket that is fastened up the front with buttons or a zipper Cardinal (English, French m.) senior member of the Roman Catholic Church clergy one of the college that elects the Pope small scarlet North American songbird seventeenth-century women's hooded shoulder cape a vivid red, which gets its name from the cassocks worn by cardinals Cardinality (in tuning theory) the number of degrees in a scale Cardinal number number denoting quantity (e.g. 1, 2, 3, etc.), as opposed to an ordinal number (e.g. first, second, etc.) Cardinal points four main points of the compass - N. (for north), S. (for south), E. (for east), W. (for west) Cardinal virtues also called the four pagan virtues, fortitude, justice, prudence and temperance. In contrast, the three spiritual or Christian virtues are fides (faith), spes (hope), and caritas (love, charity) Cardine (Italian m.) hinge Cardiologo (Italian m.) heart specialist Cardiologia (Italian f.) cardiology Cardiophobia a fear of developing heart conditions, a fear of developing heart disease Cardo (Italian m.) thistle Cardoon southern European plant (Cynara cardunculus) having spiny leaves and purple flowers cultivated for its edible leafstalks and roots Card photo a photograph, usually albumen, pasted onto stiff paperboard. Early photographs were made on thin sheets of paper that suffered from extreme curling due to the emulsion on one sided drying at a different rate than the plain paper back. They were pasted to paperboard to prevent this curling. Card photos almost always had borders and came in a range of set sizes so they could more easily be collected in albums. Each size had its own name with the most popular varieties being the cartes de visite, the 'cabinet card', and the 'stereo-view' Card stock also called cover stock, pasteboard or pressboard, a stiff heavyweight paper used when durability is needed. It can be manufactured in a thick single sheet but it usually consist of many thinner sheets of paper pressed or pasted together. Each layer is referred to as a ply Card stock Cardy (German f.) cardoon carece de aptitudes para el ballet (Spanish) she shows no talent for ballet Caremèra the autochtonous horn of Gascony, similar to the albora Carême (French m.) Lent Carence (French f.) inadequacy, deficiency (lacking) Carenza (Italian f.) lack, scarcity caressant (m.), caressante (f.) (French) endearing, caressing, tenderly Caresse (French f.) caress caresser (French) to caress, to stroke, to cherish (hope) Caressing mimoso (Spanish), zalamero (Spanish), lusingando (Italian), schmeichelnd (German), caressant (French) touching or stroking gently or lovingly Carestia (Italian f.) famine, dearth Caret (Latin, literally 'it is wanting') a proofreading symbol in a line of writing used to show that something has been omitted at that point (the missing words are written above the line or in the margin) ^, petit chapeau (French m.), Caret-Zeichen (German n.) exponentiation operator, as, for example, 10^2, exponential notation for 100 - i.e. 10 to the power of 2) on VDUs, the vertical or slanted blinking bar or > that shows where the user is when creating notes or typing text - sometimes called a cursor or insertion point see musical symbols page Caret-Zeichen (German n.) ^, caret, petit chapeau (French m.) Carezza (Italian f.) caress carezzando (Italian) in a caressing, tender style carezzevole (Italian) in a caressing, tender style carezzevole (Italian) accarezzevolmente (Italian), accarezzevole (Italian) or accarezzando (Italian), caressing, coaxing, liebkosend (German), en caressant (French), câlin (French) (Italian) in a caressing, tender style carga agobiante para él, una (Spanish) a terrible burden on him Cargaison (French f.) cargo Cargo (French m.) cargo boat (English, German m.) goods carried on a ship, boat or aircraft Cargo cult a cult is focused on obtaining the material wealth of the advanced culture through magical thinking, religious rituals and practices, believing that the wealth was intended for them by their deities and ancestors Cargo cult from which this extract has been taken Cargohose (German f.) cargo trousers Cargo-Kult (German m.) cargo cult Cargo pants or 'cargo trousers', much like regular khaki pants, but designed originally for tough, outdoor activities Cargorock (German m.) cargo skirt Cargo skirt much like regular khaki skirt, but designed originally for tough, outdoor activities Car horn klaxon or trompe d'auto (French), Autohupe or Hupe (German), clacson (Italian), bocina (Spanish) as a musical instrument, most famously employed in George Gershwin's An American in Paris, tuned in A, B, C and D, although in the majority of cases the horn is not expected to be tuned cariato (Italian) decayed (tooth) Caribbean music the music of the Caribbean is a diverse grouping of musical genres. They are each syntheses of African, European, Indian and native influences. Some of the styles to gain wide popularity outside of the Caribbean include reggae, zouk, salsa and calypso Caribbean music from which the information about the Cuban carnival has been taken Carica (Italian f.) office, (electrical) charge caricare (Italian) to load, to charge (electrical), to wind up (a clock) Caricato (Italian) exaggerated, caricatured (Italian) in music, particularly, overwhelmed with embellishments, dissonances and instrumentation) Caricatura (Italian f.) caricature caricatural (French) caricature-like Caricature (French f.) caricature Carico (Italian m.) load, cargo in a ship), loading carico (Italian) loaded, dark (colour), wound (up) (clock), charged (battery) carico di (Italian) loaded with a carico di (Italian) to be charged to (an account), to be dependent on (a person) Carie (French f., Italian f.) cavity, decay (tooth) carie, la (French) tooth decay carié (French) decayed (tooth) Cariglione (Italian m.) musical box Carillion Anglicised form of carillon Charles Scott Zimmerman advises that this spelling is 'considered a mis-spelling in all English-speaking carillon cultures except that of Australia' (personal communication) Carillon (French m., German n.) a mixture stop in an organ, combining a stopped flute and one or more ranks of high-pitched pipes tuned to the harmonics of the desired note, so named because, when played staccato, they are imitative of small bells (Italian m.) musical box a composition that is imitative of that played on bells (Italian m., English, French m., German n.) bell or bells (from Latin, quadrilionem) four stationary bells commonly used in France to indicate the time. Three high-pitched bells chimed the quarter-hours, while a fourth- and deeper-toned one tolled the hour Gordon Slater writes that a carillon bell is cast in bell bronze and then tuned very carefully by paring metal away, usually from the bell's inside surface. Correctly tuned, the partial tones comprising the bell's sound are in such harmonious relationship to each other that many bells so tuned may be sounded together, in a variety of chords, with a concordant and pleasing result. A carillon is an instrument of at least twenty-three such bells that are played from a keyboard that permits a considerable control of expression through variation of the touch. Where the action is electric or the bells are actuated via a pinned drum, etc. neither of which allows the player to vary the dynamics through touch, properly that instrument should not be termed a carillon What is a Carillon? Carillon Carillón (Spanish m.) chime, carillon (Italian m., French m.) Carillon à clavier (French m.) carillon, sets of bells operated through a keyboard or pedals Carillon a tastiera (Italian m.) carillon Carillon de verre (French m.) glass chimes Carillón de viento (Spanish m.) wind chime Carillón de viento de bambú (Spanish m.) bamboo wind chime Carillón de viento de metal (Spanish m.) metal wind chime Carillón de viento de vidrio (Spanish m.) glass wind chime carillonner (French) to chime, to peal the bells, to ring the bells Carillonneur (French m.) or cariloneur, a term widely applied to the player of the chimes or carillon Cariloneur see carillonneur Carimbó (Portuguese) an African drum made of a hollow trunk and covered with a deerskin an exotic Brazilian dance accompanied by the beat of the carimbó drum. In the dance, which came originally from the Brazilian region of Pará, a woman throws her handkerchief on the floor and her male partner must attempt to retrieve the handkerchief using solely his mouth carino (Italian) pretty, agreeable Carioca a dance similar to the samba, choreographed for the Fred Astaire's movie Flying Down to Rio (1933), where he paired with Ginger Rogers for the first time. It was based on earlier versions of a stage dance with the same name by Fanchon and Marco. The word carioca itself refers to inhabitants of Rio de Janeiro Cariola (German f. - Austria) wheelbarrow Carisma (Italian m.) charisma carismatico (Italian) charismatic Cariso a Virgin Island variety of calypso Carità (Italian f.) charity, affection, tenderness, feeling Caritas (English, German f., from Latin) Christian charity caritatevole (Italian) charitable caritatif (m.), caritative (f.) (French) charitable Carlingue (French f.) cabin (plane) Carload in the printing industry, a truck load of paper weighing 40000 pounds Carmagnole (French) a Savoyard revolutionary round dance and song named after a short coat from Carmagnola in Piedmont, northern Italy Carmagnole Carmañola (Spanish) carmagnole Carmelite order of mendicant friars originally founded in Palestine in the 12th century, then reformed in Europe in the 13th century after the failure of the Crusades; also known as the White Friars Carmen (Latin, literally 'song' or 'poem') vocal line in a Middle Ages or Renaissance composition, poem, ode instrumental music derived from vocal chansons an opera in four acts by Georges Bizet (1838-1875) produced in Paris in 1875 carn. abbreviation of 'Carnival' Carnage (English, French m.) death and destruction, for example that associated with battle Carnagione (Italian f.) complexion Carnaio (Italian m.) shambles, complete mess (figurative) carnale (Italian) carnal carnassier (m.), carnassière (f.) (French) flesh-eating Carnatic flute see kazhal Carnatic music the classical music that originated in the South Indian region of present day Karnataka. Lyrics in Carnatic music are largely devotional; most of the songs are addressed to the Hindu deities Carnatic Music Carnatic Music Webring Carnaubawachs (German n.) carnauba wax Carnauba wax hard yellowish to brownish wax from leaves of the carnauba carnaubeira palm (Copernicia prunifera) used especially in floor waxes and polishes Carnaval (Portuguese, French m.) carnival Carnavalesco (Portuguese) the master costume designer for a samba school, escuela de samba Carnet (German n., French m.) notebook, book (of tickets, etc.), a small booklet (of official documents) Carnet de chèques (French m.) chequebook Carnet de notes (French m.) school report Carnet de Passages (en Douane) (German n., French m.) required in many countries around the world, a customs document that identifies your motor vehicle Carnival (from the Latin, carnem levare, 'putting away meat as food') the period before Lent, a period associated with sumptuous festivity (as in Venice) and licentiousness (as in Rome). The origins of carnival date back to the ancient Greek spring festival in honour of Dionysus, the god of wine. The Romans adopted the celebration with Bacchanalia (feasts in honour of Bacchus, the Roman equivalent to Dionysus), and Saturnalia, where slaves and their masters would exchange clothes in a day of drunken revelry. Saturnalia was later modified by the Roman Catholic Church into a festival leading up Ash Wednesday. It quickly evolved into a massive celebration of indulgences before the period of 40 days of personal reflection, abstinence, and fasting until Easter (in Portuguese, carnaval) the origin of Brazil's carnival goes back to a Portuguese pre-Lent festivity called entrudo, a chaotic event where participants threw mud, water, and food at each other in a street event that often led to riots (an event quite similar to today's Andean carnival). Rio's first masquerade carnival ball (set to polkas and waltzes) was in 1840. Carnival street parades followed a decade later with horse drawn floats and military bands. The samba now so closely associated with the Brazilian carnival wasn't part of carnival until 1917. The samba is a mix of Angolan semba, European polka, African batuques, with touches of Cuban habanera and other styles, a result of the arrival of black Brazilians (primarily from Bahia) to the impoverished slums or favelas surrounding Rio following the abolition, in 1888) of slavery in Brazil. Today the carnival is organized by the escolas de samba (samba schools). They first appeared in 1928. Much more than musical groups, they are in fact, neighbourhood associations that provide a variety of community needs such as educational and health care resources History of Carnival in Brazil in Santiago de Cuba, cabildos and neighbourhood groups took to the streets in June and July in masked celebrations known as fiestas de mamarrachos, which extended from St. John's Day (June 24) to St. Ann's Day (July 26). In Havana, the cabildos held public celebrations on the Dia de los Reyes, or Epiphany (January 6), thus creating that city's first Black carnival. In both cities, these Catholic holidays were opportunities for the public display of African dress, dance and musical instruments. Carnival has of course expanded from these beginnings, adding such elements as floats, allegorical dances, figures from contemporary popular culture, and dance bands. Yet there is a constant re-historicizing of the event, with reminders of its African roots. In the Havana carnival, for example, one can still see carved guardian figures similar to those that appeared in old cabildo processions described by the nineteenth-century observer Fernando Ortiz. In another sort of historical reminder, carnival in Cuba now coincides with July 26 (St. Ann's Day). It was on that date in 1953 that Fidel Castro and his troops attacked the Moncada barracks in Santiago while the city was absorbed in celebration. Cuban carnival now commemorates that event nationally Brief Cultural History from which the information about the Cuban carnival has been taken Carnival song see canto carnascialesco Carnyx (s.), Carnyces (pl.) (English, German f.) a long Celtic trumpet made of beaten bronze and held vertically so that the sound travels from more than three metres above the ground. It was known through much of Europe from about 200 BC to 200 AD and was widely depicted - notably on the Gundestrup bowl which shows three carnyces being played simultaneously. The best surviving part of a carnyx was found in North East Scotland and exhibits local design elements. The end of the instrument is in the form of a wild boar's head, and it has a movable tongue and lower jaw. The original instrument is now owned by the National Museums of Scotland The Carnyx from which this information has been taken Carol (from the French word caroller, a circle dance accompanied by singers, in turn derived from the Latin choraula) English medieval strophic song, dramatic, lyrical or narrative formed of verses coupled with a refrain, called a 'burden' a term applied today, in English, to any Christmas song, of which the French equivalent is the noël (noëls pl.) and the German, the Weinachtslied (Weinachtslieder pl.) carol to sing joyously Carola (German f., Italian f.) in French carole or carole medievale (French f.), a round dance of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries of which there is no surviving example, which was replaced in the mid fourteenth century by the basse dance Carol caroláre (Italian, mentioned in John Florio's Queen Anna's New World of Words (1611)) to carol, to sing, to revel Carole (medievale) (French f.) carola (Italian f., German f.) Caroletta (Italian f.) a little dance Carolina beach music see 'beach music' Carolina Shag see 'shag' Carolina Star one of the big circle figures danced by all couples in one large circle facing the centre which are traditionally associated with square dancing Big Circle Figures Carolingian ballads the French Song of Roland and the Castilian Epic of El Cid present a series of morphological, phraseological, and more general similarities. These are believed to confirm the warm relations that prevailed between the French and the Castilian thrones during the eleventh and twelfth centuries, and also to the close religious affinities of these two during this time. Furthermore, the Carolingian ballads, the sole Castilian epic-lyric, came into being, demonstrating the Castilians' interest in songs composed across the Pyrenees. Despite the similarities, there are significant differences between the two, both in metric style and in the degree to which they recount actual events of the time, in other words, the historicity of the narrated stories. The Castilian epic preserves more traditional elements, which have survived intact in South America and also among the Spanish Jews. This older epic heroic element is deeply rooted in the literary sentiment and the national consciousness of those peoples [corrected by Michael Zapf] Carolingian referring to the reign of Charlemagne (AD 768-814) Carolingian era c.742-814, the time of Charlemagne, a period when the Roman liturgy spread through the Frankish empire Charlemagne Caroller (French, derived from the Latin choraula) a circle dance accompanied by singers Caron (see small letter s with caron, š) also known as a haček (or háček), wedge, inverted circumflex, inverted hat, a diacritic placed over certain letters to indicate present or historical palatalization, iotation, or postalveolar pronunciation in the orthography of some Baltic, Slavic, Finno-Lappic, and other languages Carotte (French f.) carrot carotter (French) to swindle (slang), to wangle (slang) Carousel organ or 'fairground organ', band organ used on a carousel or merry-go-round Carpaccio (English, German m./n.) a dish of raw beef, veal or tuna traditionally thinly sliced or pounded thin served as an appetiser, antipasto (Italian) or hors d'oeuvres (French) Carpe (French f.) carp (fish) Carpe diem (Latin, 'seize the day') seize the opportunity, make the most of the moment in classical literature, the term refers to a common moral or theme that the reader should make the most out of life and should enjoy it before it ends. Poetry or literature that illustrates this moral is often called poetry or literature of the carpe diem tradition Literary Terms and Definitions from which the second entry has been taken Carpentariagolf (German m.) Gulf of Carpentaria (a wide shallow inlet of the Arafura Sea in northern Australia) Carpenter effect see 'ideomotor effect' Carpenter-Effekt (German m.) ideomotor effect Carpet a thick fabric for covering floor or stairs, a thick covering (for example, carpet of snow) to cover with or as with carpet, to reprimand (colloquial) Carpet-bag travelling-bag, originally made of a carpet-like material Carpet-bagger political candidate, etc. without local connections (colloquial: especially US) unscrupulous opportunist Carpeting material for carpets, collective term for carpets Carpet slipper soft slipper Carpet-sweeper household implement for sweeping carpets Carpette (French f.) rug Carphologia see 'carphology' Carphology the movements of delirious patients, as if searching for or grasping at imaginary objects, lint-picking behaviour, or picking the bed-clothes Carport (s.), Carports (pl.) (English, German m.) or, in English, car port, a garage for one or two cars consisting of a flat roof supported on poles Carpus (s.), Carpi (pl.) (English, German m., Latin from Greek) also 'wrist', 'wrist joint', 'radiocarpal joint', 'articulatio', a joint between the distal end of the radius and the proximal row of carpal bones Carraca (Spanish f.) or matraca (Spanish f.), ratchet, raganella (Italian f.) Carrageen, Carrageenan, Caragheen (English, German n.) a food additive made from a purified extract of red seaweed (also called Irish moss), commonly used, as a natural emulsifier and thickening agent, in ice cream and other dairy products, toothpaste, beer, processed meat, diet sodas, and soy milk Carrara marble used since the time of Ancient Rome (for example, the Pantheon and Trajan's Column in Rome are constructed of it), many sculptures of the Renaissance, such as Michelangelo's David, were carved from this highly-prized marble. For Michelangelo at least, Carrara marble was valued above all other stone, except perhaps that of his own quarry in Pietrasanta. The same marble was used for London's Marble Arch and the Duomo di Siena Carraramarmor (German m.) Carrara marble Carrara-Marmor (German m.) Carrara marble carraspear (Spanish) to clear one's throat Carré (French m.) square, patch (of ground) carré (French) square (in form), straightforward (figurative) Carreau (French m.) (window) pane, tile (wall, floor), check (design), diamonds (cards) Carrée (French) a breve (double whole note) equal to two semibreves (whole notes) Carrefour (French m.) crossroads Carrel small cubicle for a reader in a library (German n.) booth Carrelage (French m.) tiling, tiles carreler (French) to tile Carrelet (French m.) plaice (fish) carrément (French) straight, (say) straight out Carretera de cuota (Spanish - Latin America) toll road Carrier (English, German m.) someone whose employment involves carrying something, someone who carries an infectious agent and thereby passes it to others Carrière (French f.) career, quarry Carrière jalonnée de succès (French f.) a career marked out with successes, a career punctuated with successes Carrière jalonnée d'obstacles (French f.) a career marked out with obstacles, a career punctuated with obstacles Carrocio see 'bell carriage' carrossable (French) suitable for vehicles Carrosse (French m.) (horse-drawn) coach Carrosserie (French f.) body(work) (car) Carrossier (French m.) body-builder (vehicles) Carrousel (French) a roundabout, a merry-go-round, a rotating display for a shop window, a festive tournament Carrozza (s.), Carrozze (pl.) (Italian f.) a coach, a cab Carrure (French f.) build, calibre (figurative) Carsharing (German n.) car sharing, carsharing Car sharing as a means of reducing traffic congestion, two or more unrelated people share a single vehicle as a means travelling to work, etc. Car-Sharing (German n.) car sharing Carta (Spanish f.) letter, document, menu (restaurant), (wine) list, map, chart (nautical), card (playing card) Carta abierta (Spanish f.) open letter Carta adjunta (Spanish f.) covering letter Carta assorbente (Italian f.) blotting paper Carta astral (Spanish f.) birth chart (astrological) Carta blanca (Spanish f.) free hand, carte blanche Cartable (French m.) satchel Carta certificada (Spanish f.) registered letter Carta de acompañamiento (Spanish f.) letter of introduction Carta de amor (Spanish f.) love letter Carta da lettere (Italian f.) writing paper Carta da musica (Italian f.) music paper Carta da parati (Italian f.) wallpaper Carta de crédito (Spanish f.) credit card Carta de muestra (Spanish f.) sample letter Carta de naturaleza (Spanish f.) naturalisation papers Carta de presentación (Spanish f.) letter of introduction Carta de recomendación (Spanish f.) reference (letter supporting somebody's application for a job, etc.), letter of recommendation Carta de vinos (Spanish f.) wine list Carta di credito (Italian f.) credit card Carta explicatoria (Spanish f.) covering letter Cartageneras a toque libre song form, fandango-based, that takes it name from the area of origin, Cartagena Carta igienica (Italian f.) toilet paper Carta urgente (Spanish f.) express letter, special-delivery letter Carta velina (Italian f.) tissue paper Carta vetrata (Italian f.) sandpaper Carte (French f.) card, map, (nautical) chart, menu (in a restaurant) Carte blanche (French) a free hand, absolute freedom of action Carte de crédit (French f.) credit card Carte des vins (French f.) wine list Carte de visite (French f., literally 'visiting card') (business) card or 'album card', introduced by the Frenchman Andre Adolphe Eugene Disdore in the 1850s, originally a photograph pasted to a rigid 2 1/2 by 4" card, that was intended to serve as a visting card Carte d'identité (French f.) identity card Carte du jour (French f.) menu of the day Carte grise (French f.) (car) registration card Cartel (French m.) a written agreement between warring parties under which prisoners of war may be exchanged (French m.) an agreement made between corporations to work together in addressing mutual business concerns such as price fixing, supply limits, and sales quotas, all to stifle competition (and which now are generally considered illegal) (French m.) in music, an obsolete term for the first sketch of a composition or of a full score Cartel box a large cylinder musical box first made in Geneva, Switzerland Cartella (Italian) small enamelled board on which musical exercises were written and then erased Cartelle (s.), Cartelles (pl.) (Italian) hides or large clothes prepared and varnished and provided with musical staves upon which music could be written and, when necessary, effaced Cartellino (s.), Cartellini (pl.) (Italian m.) a painted representation of a small paper scroll, often bearing an inscription Cartellone (Italian, literally 'a large placard') a large play-bill, a printed list of operas to be performed during a particular season Cartephilia an archaic term used in the early 20th century to describe postcard collecting Carte postale (French f.) postcard Carterton established in 1894, in Oxfordshire, by the philanthropist and entrepreneur William Carter. An attempt to draw industrial town-dwellers back to the land, and to make them self-sufficient. The land was divided into plots of 6 acres and sold for £20 an acre with bungalows costing from £120. Many of the settlers were retired soldiers and 'refugees' from the towns. Carterton soon made its name in the market gardening world. Black grapes from Frenchester Nurseries and the famous Carterton tomatoes were sold at Covent Garden Market. There are still a few of the original tin or asbestos settlers' bungalows in the town. The village flourished, with a tin mission church and the first large building - The Emporium - being built in 1911 with an upstairs room for meetings and dances. The village expanded rapidly following the building of an airfield in 1935 Cartes (French f. pl.) (playing) cards Carthusian a monastic order founded in Chartreuse, in France, in the 11th century; a contemplative order whose brethren were bound to vows of silence and renunciation of the world Cartilage (English, French m.) firm flexible connective tissue, which is replaced progressively by bone in adulthood Cartilago (German f.) cartilage Cartina (Italian f.) a part containing only one solo for a voice of a choir (Italian f.) small piece of paper Carton (French m.) cardboard, (cardboard) box Cartón (Spanish m.) carton (milk, cigarettes, etc.), cardboard, tray (for eggs) Carton à dessin (French m.) portfolio Cartón con abrefácil (Spanish m.) easy-open carton Cartone animato (s.), Cartoni animati (pl.) (Italian m.) animated cartoon (film) Cartonnage (French m.) cardboard packing cartonné (French) hardback (book) Cartonnier (French m.) an ornamental cabinet used to store prints, drawings, etc. (it has large flat drawers upon which the drawings and pictures can lie unfolded Cartón ondulado (Spanish m.) corrugated cardboard Carton-pâte (French m.) pasteboard Cartón piedra (Spanish m.) papier mâché Carton-pierre (French m.) papier mâché made to imitate stone Cartoon (s.), Cartoons (pl.) (English, German m./n.) a humorous or satirical drawing published in a newspaper or magazine, a diagram of the rug design that weavers follow when knotting an oriental rug, a film made by photographing a series of cartoon drawings to give the illusion of movement when projected in rapid sequence, a full-size design for a window or panel, a full size drawing of the mosaic which can include colour and andemento Cartoonist (German m.) artist who draws cartoons Cartouche (French f.) cartridge, carton (of cigarettes) an oval or rectangular outline enclosing a proper name in Egyptian hieroglyphics a framework for an inscription simulating a sheet of paper with the ends rolled in cooking, a round cover of greaseproof paper Cartouchière (French f.) cartridge-belt Cartulary variant of 'chartulary' Cartwheel a feature of the French can-can, a handspring in which the body turns over sideways with the arms and legs spread like the spokes of a wheel